There are three sources of genetic variation in sexual reproduction:

Independent assortment in meiosis

Crossing over in meiosis
Random fertilisation
There are basically three kinds of gene mutation:
Substitution
Deletion
Insertion
Variation means the differences in characteristics phenotype! "ithin a species#
In any population, the total variety of genes and alleles present is called the gene pool.
People who are heterozygous for sickle cell anaemia are much less likely to get the potentially
lethal malaria than those who have 2 copies of the normal allele.
Definition of a species
A group of organisms with similar morphological, physiological and behavioural features,
which can interbreed to produce fertile offspring, and are reproductively isolated from
other species.
Isolating mechanisms
A population becomes physically separated by a barrier that prevents them from mixing. or
example! a stretch of water "as has happened in the #alapagos Islands$ or a road being cut into a
forest.
#eographical%
In the two areas there could be very different selection pressures, resulting in different alleles
being advantageous and thus increasing in fre&uency.
'ver time, the morphological, physiological and behavioural differences are so great that they
can no longer interbreed.
(abitat% A population becomes separated because two groups may live on the same mountain but
at different altitudes, or in the same area but in differing types of soil.
)ehavioural% A population becomes separated because two groups behave differently. or
example! one group of birds may sing one song, another group sings a different song and neither
group recognises the other.
*he human male reproductive system performs two main functions namely%
a$ ormation of the sperms
b$ *ransfer of sperms to the female genital tract
*he human female reproductive system performs the following functions%
a$ ormation of eggs
b$ +eception of sperms during copulation
c$ Providing a conducive environment for fertilisation
d$ Providing shelter and nourishment to the growing embryo.
$vum structure%