HLY 029-688 Rev 0 (12/07/05) 106869 VIII - 1

VIII. CONDUCTOR AND LINE ANALYSIS

VIII-1 Conductor Thermal Rating
The integrity oI conductors can be aIIected by temperature. It is commonly accepted that
aluminum begins to anneal at a conductor temperature oI about 100C. Annealing results
in loss oI aluminum strength. For all aluminum conductors (AAC), this can be an
important consideration. Conductors that get much oI their strength Irom steel
(aluminum conductor steel reinIorced - ACSR) will tolerate more annealing. Annealing
is a cumulative aIIect and is a Iunction oI both aluminum temperature and time.
Conductors can withstand high Iault currents Ior short times (tenth oI seconds) that are
many times greater than the load current Ior which they are designed. A Figure in the
Aluminum Electrical Conductors Handbook indicates that an aluminum conductor may
lose 5 oI its strength aIter 500 hours at 100C or 2 hours at 150C. Aluminum melts at
about 650C. This temperature must be avoided.
Another consideration aIIected by conductor temperature is clearance. As conductor
temperature goes up, the conductor expands and the line sag increases. The exact
transmission line design and right-oI-way maintenance dictate how much sag can be
tolerated. This must be evaluated on a line by line and span by span basis.
Historically, three current rating have been used Ior transmission line conductors.
SMECO`s deIinition oI Emergency Rating is based on allowing the conductor to operate
at 75C. This is conductor Rating 2 in the Transmission 2000 (T2000) database.
Conductor Rating 1 is the Normal Rating Ior this TLRP analysis. Normal Rating is a
current that is 75 oI the Emergency Rating (Rating 2) current. SMECO`s system is
designed so that with the system in its normal conIiguration, conductor currents do not
exceed this Normal Rating. Conductor Rating 3 is deIined as 115 oI the Emergency
Rating 2 current Ior this TLRP analysis.
HLY 029-688 Rev 0 (12/07/05) 106869 VIII - 2
Electrical Heating
There are two main eIIects that add heat and two that remove heat Irom current carrying
conductors. The largest source oI heating Ior conductors is I
2
R where I is the line current
and R is the resistance per unit length oI the conductor. More current causes more
heating and higher temperatures cause increased resistance. Both eIIects must be
considered in current rating calculations.
The other eIIect that contributes to higher conductor temperatures is solar heating. Solar
heating is a Iunction oI transmission line orientation, time oI year, time oI day, latitude oI
the service area, and clarity oI the atmosphere. A conductor property that aIIects solar
heating is its absorptivity coeIIicient. This coeIIicient is a measure oI the portion oI
available solar energy that is absorbed by the conductor and is a Iunction oI conductor
age. Test data has indicated that a new aluminum conductor may have an absorption
coeIIicient oI about 0.59 and that a conductor aged in service more than eight years in the
Washington D. C. area will have and absorption coeIIicient oI about 0.92.
The two mechanisms that remove heat Irom line conductors are convection and radiation.
Convection has the most cooling power and is made up oI the natural motion oI air due to
temperature gradients and wind that is a Iunction oI meteorological eIIects. Wind speed
and its angle to the conductors is the most powerIul line cooling aIIect.
Radiative cooling depends upon the temperature gradient between the conductor and the
surrounding atmosphere. It is a Iunction oI the conductor`s coeIIicient oI emissivity.
Emissivity is a measure oI the conductor`s ability to radiate energy. It is a Iunction oI the
conductor`s surIace condition and gets higher as the conductor ages. Higher emissivity
coeIIicients indicate that more heat is radiated Irom the conductor. Test data has
indicated that a new aluminum conductor may have an emissivity coeIIicient oI about 0.3
and that a conductor aged in service more than twenty years in the Washington D C. area
will have and absorption coeIIicient oI about 0.82. Figure VIII-1 shows the results oI
emissivity and absorptivity tests on conductor samples aged in the Washington D. C.
area.
HLY 029-688 Rev 0 (12/07/05) 106869 VIII - 3
Figure VIII-1: Absorptivity and Emissivity ACSR Conductors
The calculation oI conductor current rating solves the energy balance relationship
equating heat energy going into the conductor to heat energy going out oI the conductor
according to the principles indicated above. Computer programs are available Irom
manuIacturers and as part oI IEEE standards to compute conductor ratings.
POWER used the Southwire Company SWrate soItware program to calculate the thermal
ratings Ior the overhead transmission line conductors. The SWrate program is based on
IEEE Standard 738-1993, IEEE Standard Ior Calculating the Current-Temperature
Relationship oI Bare Overhead Conductors.
HLY 029-688 Rev 0 (12/07/05) 106869 VIII - 4
The SWrate program input data includes the Iollowing:
- Air temperature (degrees C)
- Wind speed (Ieet/second)
- Wind angle relative to conductor (degrees)
- Elevation above sea level (Ieet)
- Latitude (degrees N)
- Solar time (hours)
- Conductor name
- Diameter (inches)
- CoeIIicient oI emissivity
- CoeIIicient oI solar absorptivity
- Conductor resistance (ohms/mile)
- Conductor temperature (degrees C)
- Date (month/day)
- Conductor orientation (north-south or east-west)
- Atmosphere (clear or industrial)
Input data that controls the conditions Ior the rating calculations is always a subject Ior
discussion. It must be decided upon by the operations, planning and system design
personnel. Considering SMECO`s 75C conductor temperature Emergency Rating,
operating practice, summer conditions, geographical location and POWER`s experience,
the Iollowing data was used as input to the conductor rating program:
Emergency Conductor Temperature: 75C
Air temperature: 35C
Wind Speed: 2.0 Ieet/second
Wind Angle: 45
Elevation: 150 Ieet
Latitude: 38.5
Emissivity coeIIicient: 0.7
Absorptivity coeIIicient: 0.8
Date: 07/01
Solar Time: 12:00 PM
North-South Lines
Clear Atmosphere
HLY 029-688 Rev 0 (12/07/05) 106869 VIII - 5
The above input data results in the Iollowing conductor currents and temperatures Ior
common aluminum conductors.
Table VIII-1: Current Ratings and Conductor Temperatures
(Based on 75C Conductor Temperature Criterion)
Cond.
MCM
Cond.
Type
Cond.
Name
Ampacity
Rating 1
75 of
the 75C
Rating 2
Amps
Conductor
Temp.
with
Rating 1
Ampacity
C
Ampacity
Rating 2
100
with 75C
Conductor
Temp.
Amps
Ampacity
Rating 3
115 of
the 75C
Rating 2
Amps
Conductor
Temp.
With
Rating 3
Ampacity
C
2312 ACSR Thrasher 921 A 65.4 1228 A 1412 A 82.3
1750 AAC Jessamine 782 A 64.9 1043 A 1199 A 82.6
1590 ACSR Falcon 768 A 65.0 1024 A 1178 A 82.7
1590 AAC Coreopsis 744 A 64.8 992 A 1140 A 82.7
556.5 ACSR Dove 415 A 63.6 554 A 637 A 83.6
336.4 ACSR Linnet 306 A 62.9 408 A 469 A 84.1
2/0 ACSR Quail 163 A 61.6 218 A 251 A 86.2
The conductor ratings in Table VIII-1 are more conservative than necessary and they are
below the ampacity values that SMECO presently uses .
POWER suggests that SMECO can increase their Emergency Rating (Rating 2)
conductor temperature Irom 75C to 85C to take more advantage oI the conductor`s
thermal capability. Also, the 115 oI Emergency Rating 2 current may be increased to
allow the conductor temperatures to approach 100C.
The Iollowing input data is recommended Ior the calculation oI SMECO`s aluminum
conductor ampacity ratings:
HLY 029-688 Rev 0 (12/07/05) 106869 VIII - 6
Recommended Summer Conductor Rating Data
Emergency Conductor Temperature: 85C
Air temperature: 35C
Wind Speed: 2.0 Ieet/second
Wind Angle: 45
Elevation: 150 Ieet.
Latitude: 38.5
Emissivity coeIIicient: 0.7
Absorptivity coeIIicient: 0.8
Date: 07/01
Solar Time: 12:00 PM
North-South Lines
Clear Atmosphere
The above input data results in the Iollowing conductor current and temperature ratings
Ior common aluminum conductors.
Table VIII-2: Summer (35C Air) Current Ratings and Conductor Temperatures
(Based on 85C Conductor Temperature Criterion)
Cond.
MCM
Cond.
Type
Cond.
Name
Ampacity
Rating 1
75 of
the 85C
Rating 2
Amps
Conductor
Temp.
with
Rating 1
Ampacity
C
Ampacity
Rating 2
100
with 85C
Conductor
Temp.
Amps
Ampacity
Rating 3
115 of
the 85C
Rating 2
Amps
Conductor
Temp.
With
Rating 3
Ampacity
C
2312 ACSR Thrasher 1105 A 70.8 1473 A 1694 A 95.8
1750 AAC Jessamine 932 A 70.3 1243 A 1429 A 96.2
1590 ACSR Falcon 915 A 70.3 1220 A 1403 A 96.2
1590 AAC Coreopsis 884 A 70.2 1179 A 1356 A 96.4
556.5 ACSR Dove 487 A 69.0 649 A 746 A 97.4
336.4 ACSR Linnet 355 A 68.3 474 A 545 A 97.9
2/0 ACSR Quail 185 A 66.2 247 A 284 A 100.3
The current values in Table VIII-2 are very close to the ratings that SMECO has
historically used Ior conductor ratings. It is believed that the results indicated in this
HLY 029-688 Rev 0 (12/07/05) 106869 VIII - 7
table are good Ior SMECO`s service area. They are based on reasonable assumptions
consistent with SMECO`s service area and consistent with SMECO`s past practice.
Winter conductor ratings may take advantage oI lower air temperatures and should
employ a diIIerent month Ior solar heating considerations. POWER recommends that
SMECO use these eIIects and assume 20C as a conservative winter air temperature and
February as a representative winter month Ior ampacity rating calculations. Combining
these recommendations with the previous recommendations yields the Iollowing set oI
input data and winter ratings.
Recommended Winter Conductor Rating Data
Emergency Conductor Temperature: 20C
Air temperature: 35C
Wind Speed: 2.0 Ieet/second
Wind Angle: 45
Elevation: 150 Ieet
Latitude: 38.5
Emissivity coeIIicient: 0.7
Absorptivity coeIIicient: 0.8
Date: 02/01
Solar Time: 12:00 PM
North-South Lines
Clear Atmosphere
HLY 029-688 Rev 0 (12/07/05) 106869 VIII - 8
Table VIII-3: Winter (20C Air) Current Ratings and Conductor Temperatures
(Based on 85C Conductor Temperature Criterion)
Cond.
MCM
Cond.
Type
Cond.
Name
Ampacity
Rating 1
75 of
the 85C
Rating 2
Amps
Conductor
Temp.
with
Rating 1
Ampacity
C
Ampacity
Rating 2
100
with 85C
Conductor
Temp.
Amps
Ampacity
Rating 3
108 of
the 85C
Rating 2
Amps
Conductor
Temp.
with
Rating 3
Ampacity
C
2312 ACSR Thrasher 1437 A 59.4 1916 2069 A 95.2
1750 AAC Jessamine 1201 A 59.1 1602 1730 A 95.4
1590 ACSR Falcon 1180 A 59.1 1573 1699 A 95.3
1590 AAC Coreopsis 1137 A 59.0 1516 1637 A 95.4
556.5 ACSR Dove 612 A 58.1 816 881 A 95.8
336.4 ACSR Linnet 443 A 57.7 591 638 A 96.2
2/0 ACSR Quail 227 A 54.9 303 327 A 98.4
Note that Conductor Rating 3 now must use 108 oI the 85C Emergency Rating to keep
the temperature below 100C in the winter Ior all the conductors listed rather than 115
as was the case in the summer. This is because heat into the conductor is proportional the
square oI current. The 85C conductor temperature allows more current with the 20C
winter air temperature than with the 35C summer air temperature. II the winter 85C
Emergency Rating current were raised the same 15 as in the summer, the absolute
current increase would be more. The current squared eIIect would add more heat to the
conductor. The temperature would rise more resulting in the temperature oI some
conductors going above 100C.
HLY 029-688 Rev 0 (12/07/05) 106869 VIII - 9
VIII-2 High Temperature Low Sag (HTLS) Conductors
There are a number oI new High Temperature Low Sag (HTLS) conductors on the
market designed to operate at temperatures oI 200C to 300C. This is well above the
normally accepted maximum operating temperature oI 100C allowed Ior more standard
AAC and ACSR conductors. These new conductors still employ aluminum as the main
current conducting medium. They have a core material inside the aluminum that
provides high mechanical strength with a low coeIIicient oI thermal expansion. This
internal core material is the main diIIerence between conductors supplied by the various
manuIacturers. The new conductors are capable oI carrying two to Iour times as much
current as the more standard AAC and ACSR conductors oI similar diameters and
weights while minimizing sag.
Limited experience indicates that the new conductors perIorm as advertised. They tend
to cost two to six times more than standard conductors to purchase and install. Some
require special handling and equipment Ior installation and maintenance. When applying
these new conductors, only manuIacturer recommended splices and dead ends must be
installed using extreme care. These tend to be the weak links in line construction and any
Ilaws at these points will most likely lead to conductor Iailures.
Since the conductors operate at very high temperatures, they must not be connected
directly to oil and/or paper insulated bushings. Leads Irom HTLS dead end towers to
equipment bushings may be constructed with a bundle oI standard AAC or ACSR
conductors designed to carry the total current Irom the HTLS line without heating above
their normal limits.
The new HTLS conductors are generally used Ior speciIic applications or to solve
existing problems. For example, iI reconductoring an existing line is required Ior load
purposes, and installing a larger conductor will require extensive structural work to
increase strength and/or height, an HTLS conductor may be considered. A trade-oII can
HLY 029-688 Rev 0 (12/07/05) 106869 VIII - 10
be evaluated between cost oI the HTLS conductor and the cost oI the structural
modiIications.
Currently, HTLS conductors are only used Ior specialized high current applications.
These applications tend to occur at voltages oI 230 kV or less. Above that level, lines
tend to be designed with bundled conductors having suIIicient current carrying capability
to avoid overload problems. Long high voltage lines sometimes have series capacitors
added to compensate Ior the line inductive reactance voltage drop and phase shiIt to
allow more current to Ilow in the normal line conductors than would be possible without
compensation.
The new HTLS conductors will probably have limited application Ior new line
construction. For new construction, the line will be designed with load current, sag and
conductor strength requirements taken into proper account. New lines will be installed at
a signiIicantly lower cost using standard, accepted, and proven design techniques than
using HTLS conductors having higher costs and requiring special construction
techniques.
HLY 029-688 Rev 0 (12/07/05) 106869 VIII - 11
VIII-3 Transmission Line Parameters
Electrical characteristics oI transmission lines are deIined by their inductance, resistance,
and capacitance. These parameters are a Iunction oI the conductor characteristics and the
physical location oI the conductors in space relative to each other and to earth. The
parameters are speciIied in two matrices. One matrix contains selI and mutual
inductances and resistances. The other matrix contains phase to phase and phase to
ground capacitances. For the purpose oI power Ilow and short circuit calculations, the
parameters are generally simpliIied into positive, negative, and zero sequence
components. Mutual coupling between sequence components are ignored. This
technique has proven to be acceptable Ior most steady state system perIormance
calculations. The present TLRP is concerned with power Ilow in the transmission system
and requires only the positive sequence impedances and capacitances oI the transmission
lines. Thermal capabilities oI the conductors are also oI concern. This topic is
considered the Conductor Thermal Ratings section oI this report.
Conductor properties are listed in many reIerence books and manuIacturer`s catalogs.
Table IV-4, Conductor Data Irom ReIerences, lists data obtained Irom the various sources
indicated in the last column. Conductor ampacity ratings are a Iunction oI the
assumptions made Ior the calculations as indicated by the diIIerences in the tabulated
values. Tabulated resistances are at 25C and 75C during steady state 60 hertz operation
except as noted. Skin eIIect at 60 hertz is included in the values listed. The inductances,
X
a
, tabulated are at 60 hertz Ior a one Ioot triangular conductor conIiguration on a Iully
transposed line. Conductor diameter, conductor resistance, and X
a
are input to the line
parameter program Ior computing the impedance and capacitance matrices.
The reIerence data is in near complete agreement on the diameters and X
a
values. The
resistance values are reasonably close to the same values. Conductor temperature is
selected at 75C Ior this TLRP analysis. This produces the most resistive voltage drop
HLY 029-688 Rev 0 (12/07/05) 106869 VIII - 12
and the most conservative system design. When there is disagreement among the data
sources, data Irom the Aluminum Conductor Handbook is used Ior this TLRP analysis.
Calculated Properties
The IEEE Standard 738-1993, IEEE Standard Ior Calculating the Current-Temperature
Relationship oI Bare Overhead Conductors, method is used Ior conductor thermal
calculations in this report. Both the results in the Iollowing Table VIII-5 and the results
in the Conductor Thermal Rating section oI this report were obtained by this method.
Table VIII-5 shows conductor ratings using the assumptions shown in the table Ioot
notes. These are the assumptions that have been historically used by SMECO Ior
conductor thermal rating calculations. The currents listed in the 75C conductor
temperature column are in good agreement with SMECO`s corresponding data. The
second table below also lists electrical parameters computed Ior lines with the conductors
considered Ior use in the transmission system.
Electrical parameters are computed Ior line upgrades and new lines considered Ior the
transmission system. Line parameters are computed using the Line Constants subroutine
in the Alternate Transients Program, ATP. This program was initially developed by the
Bonneville Power Administration (BPA). It is not public domain soItware, but is
available Iree to licensed users. Transmission line conIiguration is based on 66 kV Steel
Pole, TP66EF7-S as shown on SMECO Drawing A 1340. This is the construction used
Ior the 2005 Hughesville bypass project.
Figure VIII-2 is a sample output Irom the ATP Line Constants subroutine Ior the 1590
MCM AAC Coreopsis conductor recommended Ior use in SMECO`s new construction.
Zero is entered in the Skin EIIect Iield Ior the phase conductors because the 60 hertz skin
eIIect is already included in the resistance and inductance input data. Skin eIIect Ior the
57OPT Iiber static wire is computed based on an assumed conductor thickness to outside
diameter ratio (T/D) oI 0.25. The value oI 1 Ior the phase conductor X-type tells the
program to use the X
a
values entered at a one Ioot spacing Ior the inductance calculations
rather than calculating the conductor internal inductance based on tubular conductor
HLY 029-688 Rev 0 (12/07/05) 106869 VIII - 13
geometry. X-type oI 4 is used Ior the static wire so that its internal inductance will be
computed based on tubular geometry. The 99999 in the reactance data column Ior the
static wire is a Ilag to the user that this value is not used in the calculations.
Conductor height at the pole is controlled by the pole geometry. A sag oI ten Ieet (10`) is
assumed between poles and the subroutine computed the average conductor heights as
indicated.
Output Irom the subroutine shows the complete capacitance and impedance matrices oI
symmetrical components. The positive and zero sequence values computed Ior the line
are listed near the bottom oI Figure VIII-2. The positive and zero sequence propagation
velocities provide a sanity check on the calculation. For overhead lines, the positive
sequence wave propagation velocity is always a little less that the speed oI light (186,000
miles per second) and the zero sequence propagation velocity is on the order oI twenty
per cent less (150,000 miles per second). The Figure shows that the positive sequence
impedance oI the line is 0.0749 j0.626 ohms per mile and the positive sequence shunt
susceptance is j6.93 mho/mile (X
c
-j144,000 ohm miles). These are the values upon
which new 1590 MCM AAC Coreopsis lines are based in this TLRP.
HLY 029-688 Rev 0 (12/07/05) 106869 VIII - 14
Table VIII-4: Conductor Data from References
Cond.
Size
MCM
Cond. Type Code
Name
Diameter
Inches
25
o
C
R
Ohm/
mile
75
o
C
R
Ohm/
mile
X
a
Ohm/
mile
Ampacity
Amperes
Reference
2312 ACSR Thrasher 0.0454 0.0528 0.343 Al Electrical Conductor Handbook
2312 ACSR Thrasher 1.802 0.0446 0.0518 0.342 EPRI Trans Line ReIerence Book
2312 ACSR Thrasher 1.802 0.0396
*
0.0528
*
1673
**
Sural (www.sural.com)
2312 ACSR/AW Thrasher 1.802 0.0391
*
0.0524
*
1680
**
Sural (www.sural.com)
1750 AAC Jessamine 1.525 0.0587 0.0684 0.366 EPRI Trans Line ReIerence Book
1750 AAC Jessamine 1.525 0.0522 0.0681 1408
**
Sural (www.sural.com)
1590 ACSR Falcon 0.0611 0.0721 0.358 Al Electrical Conductor Handbook
1590 ACSR Falcon 1.545 0.0602 0.0712 0.358 EPRI Trans Line ReIerence Book
1590 ACSR Falcon 1.545 0.0570
*
0.0739
*
1359
**
Sural (www.sural.com)
1590 ACSR/AW Falcon 1.545 0.0555
*
0.0704
*
1391
**
Sural (www.sural.com)
1590 ACSR Falcon 1.545 0.0611 0.0739 0.359 1200
***
SMECO Conductor Characteristics
1590 AAC Coreopsis 0.0634 0.0743 0.372 Al Electrical Conductor Handbook
1590 AAC Coreopsis 1.454 0.0636 0.0745 0.372 EPRI Trans Line ReIerence Book
1590 AAC Coreopsis 1.454 0.0576
*
0.0744
*
1333
**
Sural (www.sural.com)
1590 AAC Coreopsis 1.454 0.0635 0.0743 0.372 1174
***
SMECO Conductor Characteristics
795 ACSR Drake 0.1170 0.1390 0.399 Al Electrical Conductor Handbook
795 ACSR Drake 1.108 0.1190 0.1306 0.399 EPRI Trans Line ReIerence Book
795 ACSR Drake 1.108 0.1129
*
0.1388 907
**
Sural (www.sural.com)
795 ACSR/AW Drake 1.108 0.1127
*
0.1393 896
**
Sural (www.sural.com)
795 ACSR Drake 1.108 0.1166 0.1390 0.399 788
***
SMECO Conductor Characteristics
HLY 029-688 Rev 0 (12/07/05) 106869 VIII - 15
Table VIII-4: Conductor Data from References (continued)
Cond.
Size
MCM
Cond. Type Code
Name
Diameter
inches
25
o
C
R
Ohm/
mile
75
o
C
R
Ohm/
mile
X
a
Ohm/
mile
Ampacity
Amperes
Reference
556.5 ACSR Dove 0.1660 0.1980 0.420 Al Electrical Conductor Handbook
556.5 ACSR Dove 0.927 0.1694 0.2026 0.420 EPRI Trans Line ReIerence Book
556.5 ACSR Dove 0.927 0.1616
*
0.1980
*
726
**
Sural (www.sural.com)
556.5 ACSR/AW Dove 0.927 0.1562
*
0.1915
*
737
**
Sural (www.sural.com)
556.5 ACSR Dove 0.927 0.1655 0.1978 0.420 625
***
SMECO Conductor Characteristics
336.4 ACSR Linnet 0.273 0.327 0.451 Al Electrical Conductor Handbook
336.4 ACSR Linnet 0.720 0.2666
*
0.3494
*
529
**
Sural (www.sural.com)
336.4 ACSR/AW Linnet 0.720 0.2586
*
0.3162
*
537
**
Sural (www.sural.com)
336.4 ACSR Linnet 0.720 0.2728 0.3264 0.451 450
***
SMECO Conductor Characteristics
4/0 Cu 7-strand 0.522 0.278 0.3030

0.503 420

Westinghouse T&D ReIerence Book

4/0 Cu 7-strand 0.5217 0.2808 0.3326 0.504 405
***
SMECO Conductor Characteristics
2/0 ACSR Quail 0.6870 0.9290 0.590 295 Al Electrical Conductor Handbook
2/0 ACSR Quail 0.4470 0.6653
*
0.9293
*
276
**
Sural (www.sural.com)
2/0 ACSR/AW Quail 0.4470 0.6478
*
0.7888
*
301
**
Sural (www.sural.com)
2/0 ACSR Quail 0.4470 0.6810 0.9320 0.590 231
***
SMECO Conductor Characteristics
1/0 Cu 7-strand 0.3680 0.555 0.607

0.546 265

Westinghouse T&D ReIerence Book

1/0 Cu 7-strand 0.3684 0.5615 0.6658 0.546 259
***
SMECO Conductor Characteristics
* Sural Resistance given at DC 20
0
C, AC 75
0
C.
** Sural Ampacity Ior 25
0
C ambient, 75
0
C conductor, 2 Ieet/second wind, 0.5 coeIIicients oI emissivity and absorption.
*** SMECO Ampacity Ior 40
0
C ambient, 75
0
C conductor, 2 Ieet/second wind, 0.5 coeIIicients oI emissivity and absorption.

Westinghouse T & D reIerence Book, 50

0
C Ior copper conductor resistance

Westinghouse T & D ReIerence Book, 75

0
C Ior copper conductor and 40
0
C ambient Ior ampacity (Fig. 25)
HLY 029-688 Rev 0 (12/07/05) 106869 VIII - 16
Table VIII-5: Calculated Conductor and Line Properties
Cond.
MCM
Cond.
Type
Cond.
Name
75
o
C
Cond.
Amp
90
o
C
Cond.
Amp
100
o
C
Cond.
Amp
66 kV Steel Pole Construction
TP66EF7-S SMECO Drawing A 1340
R1 X1 R0 X0 B1 B0
Ohms / mile 10
-6
Mho / mile
2312 ACSR Thrasher 1492 1764 1920 0.0534 0.597 0.615 2.120 7.256 3.227
1750 AAC Jessamine 1242 1468 1597
1590 ACSR Falcon 1215 1433 1558 0.0727 0.612 0.635 2.135 7.023 3.180
1590 AAC Coreopsis 1174 1386 1507 0.0749 0.626 0.637 2.149 6.935 3.162
795 ACSR Drake 788 927 1007
795 ACSR
Drake
2 cond.
Bundle
1418
*
1669
*
1813
*
0.0701 0.461 0.630 1.963 9.227 3.632
556.5 ACSR Dove 624 732 792 0.1986 0.674 0.760 2.197 6.347 3.034
336.4 ACSR Linnet 450 528 573
4/0 Cu 7-strand 420
2/0 ACSR Quail 232 268 288
1/0 Cu 7-strand 265
Ambient Temperature: 40
o
C Latitude: 38.5
o
Wind Speed: 2 Ieet/second Clear Atmosphere
North-South conductor CoeIIicient oI Absorption: 0.5
Wind Angle: 45
o
CoeIIicient oI Emission: 0.5
No Solar EIIect
*
Bundle rating is 10 less than the conductor rating sum
Altitude: 150 Ieet
HLY 029-688 Rev 0 (12/07/05) 106869 VIII - 17
Figure VIII-2: ATP Line Constants Example - 1590 MCM AAC Coreopsis
Line conductor table after sorting and initial processing.
Table Phase Skin effect Resistance Reactance data specification Diameter Horizontal Avg height
Row Number R-type R (Ohm/mi) X-type X(ohm/mi) or GMR (inches) X (feet) Y (feet)
1 1 .00000 .07430 1 .372000 1.45400 3.750 50.833
2 2 .00000 .07430 1 .372000 1.45400 3.750 43.833
3 3 .00000 .07430 1 .372000 1.45400 -3.750 43.833
4 0 .25000 1.18100 4 99999.000000 .46500 0.667 59.167
Matrices are for earth resistivity = 1.00000000E+02 ohm-meters and frequency 6.00000000E+01 Hz. Correction
factor = 1.00000000E-06
Capacitance matrix, in units of [farads/mile ] for symmetrical components of the equivalent phase conductor
Rows proceed in sequence (0, 1, 2), (0, 1, 2), etc.; columns proceed in the sequence (0, 2, 1), (0, 2, 1), etc
0 8.387048E-09
0.000000E+00
1 2.120474E-10 -2.450550E-10
-1.931703E-10 -8.312831E-10
2 2.120474E-10 1.839555E-08 -2.450550E-10
1.931703E-10 2.452663E-25 8.312831E-10
Impedance matrix, in units of [ohms/mile ] for symmetrical components of the equivalent phase conductor
Rows proceed in sequence (0, 1, 2), (0, 1, 2), etc.; columns proceed in the sequence (0, 2, 1), (0, 2, 1), etc.
0 6.367723E-01
2.149059E+00
1 5.858032E-05 -2.618439E-02
-2.428065E-02 9.281198E-03
2 2.563464E-02 7.485916E-02 2.729865E-02
-2.506301E-02 6.257380E-01 9.213317E-03
Sequence Surge impedance Attenuation velocity Wavelength Resistance Reactance Susceptance
magnitude(ohm) angle(degr.) db/mile miles/s miles ohm/mile ohm/mile mho/mile
Zero : 8.41959E+02 -8.25235E+00 3.31893E-03 1.43094E+05 2.38489E+03 6.36772E-01 2.14906E+00 3.16184E-06
Positive: 3.01451E+02 -3.41103E+00 1.08039E-03 1.80651E+05 3.01085E+03 7.48592E-02 6.25738E-01 6.93496E-06
HLY 029-688 Rev 0 (12/07/05) 106869 VIII - 18
VIII-4 Transmission Line Age Analysis
The table below lists SMECO`s 69 kV and 230 kV transmission lines according to age.
Locations oI the lines Irom 1972 and older are shown on the Aging Transmission map
below. The oldest lines in SMECO`s transmission system were constructed in the 1950s
and have small conductors (2/0 ACSR and 336.4 MCM ACSR). Most oI these lines on
the map below are either in service or available iI needed. II they are perIorming
satisIactorily and not requiring excessive maintenance, it is recommended that they not
be changed until necessitated by system perIormance requirements or begin to require
excessive maintenance. SMECO has a program oI pole inspection whereby each pole is
checked every Iive years. This identiIies problems that occur over time and Ilags
maintenance needs beIore serious system problems develop due to aging.
The Bryantown Switching Station to Holland Switching Station Line 6730 was built in
1950 and is not being used in the present normal system conIiguration. The section oI
the line Irom the Bryantown Switching Station to the new Bryantown Substation will be
needed by year 2025 in Load Block C when the Bryantown Substation is constructed.
This section oI the line should be upgraded to 1590 MCM AAC conductor when the
substation is constructed so that it will be available Ior Iuture system expansion.
Line 6712 Irom Hawkins Gate Switching Station to Bryantown Switching Stationwas
built in 1950. It is only 2/0 ACSR conductor, has some sections missing and is not
presently needed. The right-oI-way Ior this line should be maintained. II the Hawkins
Gate Switching Station and/or Hughesville Substation transmission voltage is ever
increased, this line along with Line 6730 could provide a valuable transmission path Irom
Hawkins Gate to Calvert County (Holland CliIIs).
The Hughesville Substation to Cedarville Substation Line 6720 was built in 1951 and is
only 336.4 MCM ACSR conductor. This line will need to be upgraded to 1590 MCM
AAC conductor by year 2025 to handle the Cedarville Substation and West Brandywine
Substation loads. This portion oI the line is 9.41 miles long. It could be upgraded in
sections over time as maintenance on the original old line is required.
HLY 029-688 Rev 0 (12/07/05) 106869 VIII - 19
Line 6715 Irom the Mattawoman Tap to the Mattawoman Substation was built in 1969
and is 336.4 MCM ACSR conductor. This conductor will need to be upgraded to serve
the substation load by year 2025. It is recommended that the conductor be upgraded to
1590 MCM AAC because it is a weak link between sections oI 1590 MCM AAC
conductor. II Burches Hill becomes a viable supply point, Line 6715 will be valuable to
transIer power south Irom Burches Hill to Forest Park Substation and/or WaldorI
Substation. It could also be part oI another path Irom Hughesville (Chalk Point supply)
to the WaldorI area iI the rest oI Line 6720 Irom Cedarville Substation to Burches Hill
were upgraded to 1590 MCM AAC conductor.
The portion oI Line 6717 Irom LaPlata Substation to Marshall`s Tap was built in 1971
with 556.5 MCM ACSR conductor. This section oI Line 6717 and the next section oI the
same line between Marshall`s Tap and the Ripley Switching Station (also 556.5 MCM
ACSR built in 1992) are located in a main transmission path Irom the Hawkins Gate
supply point between 1590 MCM ACC sections. These two sections oI Line 6717 should
both be upgraded to 1590 MCM AAC at the earliest convenient time.
Line 6756 Irom Valley Lee Substation to Piney Point Substation is 4.39 miles long and
was built in 1971 with 336.4 MCM ACSR conductor. This conductor is suIIicient to
supply Piney Point Substation (38.6 MVA 66 kV) in the Ioreseeable Iuture. The Piney
Point Substation maximum load is expected to be 12.6 MVA by 2025. II it were decided
to loop Redgate Substation with Piney Point and Valley Lee Substations, it would be
desirable to upgrade Line 6756 to 556.5 MCM ACSR to match the other sections oI the
loop. When the line has to be rebuilt due to aging, it should be replaced with 556.4
MCM ACSR conductor.
With the exception oI the Navy Line 6756 built in 1972 and Line 6775 built in 2004,
SMECO has not constructed any transmission lines with 336.4 MCM ACSR conductor
since 1971. Most oI SMECO`s recent transmission construction has employed 1590
MCM AAC Coreopsis conductors. A Iew lines that serve only one or two substations
HLY 029-688 Rev 0 (12/07/05) 106869 VIII - 20
(radial) with total loads that were not expected to exceed about 50 MVA in locations
where loop Ieeds were not expected, have been built with 556.5 MCM ACSR conductors.
Table VIII-6: SMECO Transmission Lines Listed According to Age
SMECO
Line # Source Bus Load Bus
Length
Miles
Approximate
~As-Built"
Date
Conductor
Size
6775 PAX RIVER 2 PAX RIVER 1 1.3 1949 (Navy) 4/0 CU
6730 BRYANTOWN HOLLAND 9.3
1950 (Rvr
Xing 1986) 2/0 ACSR
6712 HAWK 69 BRYANTOWN 4.6 1950 2/0 ACSR
6720 CEDARVILLE W BRANDY TAP 5.48 1951 336.4 ACSR
6720 HUGHESVILLE CEDARVILLE 9.41 1951 336.4 ACSR
6720 W BRANDY TAP BURCHES 2.11 1951 336.4 ACSR
6715 MATTA TAP MATTAWOMAN 2.13 1969 336.4 ACSR
6750 HEWTSME SAINTANDREW 2.77 1970 1590 AAC
6750 HOLLYWOOD OAKVILLE 7.1 1970 1590 AAC
6750 HUGHESVILLE GOLDBEACH SW 3.41 1970 1590 AAC
6750 MECHANICS OAKVILLE 7 1970 1590 AAC
6750 SAINTANDREW HOLLYWOOD 2.87 1970 1590 AAC
6750 GOLDBEACH SW MECHANICS 2.44 1970 1590 AAC
6790 MORG 69 MORG EXIT 1 2.12 1971 336.4 ACSR
6717 LAPLATA MARSHALL TAP 2.81 1971 556.5 ACSR
6721 W BRANDY TAP WESTBRANDY 0.76 1971 336.4 ACSR
6790 MORG EXIT 1 TOMPKINSVILL 4.72 1971 556.5 ACSR
6703 CHALSM69 HUGHESVILLE 6.6 1972 1590 AAC
6713 MORG 69 NEWBURG 4.1 1972 556.5 ACSR
6713 FAULKNER LAPLATA 6.07 1972 556.5 ACSR
6740 HUGHESVILLE 6740 GOAB 4.879 1972 1590 AAC
HLY 029-688 Rev 0 (12/07/05) 106869 VIII - 21
Table VIII-6: SMECO Transmission Lines Listed According to Age (continued)
SMECO
Line # Source Bus Load Bus
Length
Miles
Approximate
~As-Built"
Date
Conductor
Size
6713 NEWBURG FAULKNER 3.48 1972 556.5 ACSR
6756 VALLEY LEE PINEY POINT 4.39 1972 336.4 ACSR
6747 NEW MARKET RYCEVILLE 2.77 1972 1590 AAC
6740 6740 GOAB LOVEVILLE 11.711 1972 1590 AAC
6781 ST LEON TAP CLVRT CLIFF2 5.93 1975 & 1994 1590 AAC
6787 BERTHA CLVRT CLIFF1 4.08 1975 & 1995 1590 AAC
6613 HAWK 69 LAPLATA 4.98 1975 1590 AAC
6733 HAWK 69 FOREST TAP1 4.5 1975 1590 AAC
6610 HUGHESVILLE BRYANTOWN 4.04 1975 1590 AAC
6610 BRYANTOWN FOREST PARK 4.16 1975 1590 AAC
6718 RIPLEY SW GRAYTON 9.23 1975 1590 AAC
6708 FARMING 1 PISCATAWAY2 0.28428 1975 750 AL
6710 FARMING 1 BOLTON TAP 1 1.4 1975 1590 AAC
6709 FARMING 2 PISCATAWAY1 0.24981 1975 750 AL
6719 MARSHALL TAP MARSHALL CRN 2.45 1975 556.5 ACSR
6710 MATTA TAP WALDORF TAP 1.1 1975 1590 AAC
6710 WALDORF TAP BOLTON TAP 2 3.6 1975 1590 AAC
6710 FOREST TAP2 MATTA TAP 3.9 1975 1590 AAC
6752 GOLDBEACH SW GOLDEN BEACH 2.8 1979 556.5 ACSR
6716 HAWK 69 BAN TAP B 3.03 1982 1590 AAC
6620 ACCOKEEK MASONSPRING2 5.03 1982 1590 AAC
6723 BANNISTER BAN TAP A 1.27 1982 1590 AAC
6716 BAN TAP B BANNISTER 1.27 1982 1590 AAC
6620 FARMING 2 ACCOKEEK 4.87 1982 1590 AAC
HLY 029-688 Rev 0 (12/07/05) 106869 VIII - 22
Table VIII-6: SMECO Transmission Lines Listed According to Age (continued)
SMECO
Line # Source Bus Load Bus
Length
Miles
Approximate
~As-Built"
Date
Conductor
Size
6742 LEONARD TAP1 LEONARDTOWN1 1.7 1982 1590 AAC
6743 LEONARD TAP2 LEONARDTOWN2 1.7 1982 1590 AAC
6705 CHALSM69 DUKES INN 2 4.092 1984 556.5 ACSR
6781 MUTUAL ST LEON TAP 2.34 1984 1590 AAC
6704 CHALSM69 HUGHESVILLE 6.6 1986 1590 AAC
2310 CHALSM69 HOLLAND 7.66 1986 1590 AAC
6701 CHALSM69 ROUTE 5 5.96 1986 556.5 ACSR
6702 CHALSM69 ROUTE 5 5.96 1986 556.5 ACSR
2320W SMRYCE72 HEW2320W 23.66 1986 1590 AAC
2320E SMRYCE74 HEW2320E 23.66 1986 1590 AAC
6765 LEXINGTON PK PAX RVR SW 0.21 1986 1590 AAC
6765 PAX 6765 TAP PAX SO GATE 0.26 1986 1590 AAC
6765 PAX RVR4 TAP PAX 6765 TAP 1.52 1986 1750 AL
6766 PAX SO GATE PAX RIVER 3 1.3 1986 1590 AAC
6701 ROUTE 5 NEW MARKET 5.24 1986 1590 AAC
6765 PAX RVR SW PAX RVR4 TAP 0.9 1986 1590 AAC
6740 BAREFOOT INDBRIDGE 1.97 1988 1590 AAC
6740 LOVEVILLE LEONARD TAP1 2.5 1988 1590 AAC
6740 INDBRIDGE LEONARD TAP2 6.36 1988 1590 AAC
6706 CHALSM69 PR FRED TAP 4.6 1989 556.5 ACSR
6611 WALDORF WESTLAKE 1.6 1989 1590 AAC
6612 WESTLAKE SAINTCHARLE 1.62 1989 1590 AAC
6607 BOLTON TAP 1 BOLTON 1.45 1989 1590 AAC
6608 BOLTON TAP 2 BOLTON 1.45 1989 1590 AAC
6786 DUKES INN 2 MUTUAL 5.098 1989 1590 AAC
HLY 029-688 Rev 0 (12/07/05) 106869 VIII - 23
Table VIII-6: SMECO Transmission Lines Listed According to Age (continued)
SMECO
Line # Source Bus Load Bus
Length
Miles
Approximate
~As-Built"
Date
Conductor
Size
6762 NAWCAD TAP NAWCAD 2.56 1989 556.5 ACSR
6706 PR FRED TAP PRINCE FRED1 0.87 1989 1590 AAC
6706 PR FRED TAP DUKES INN 2 0.962 1989 1590 AAC
6760 HEWTSME PATUXENTPK 1.8 1990 1590 AAC
6740 HEWTSME BAREFOOT 1.1 1992 1590 AAC
6725 HAWK 69 NEWTOWN 4.1 1992 1590 AAC
6788 SOLOMONS BERTHA 1.81 1992 1590 AAC
6622 BURCHES MATTAWOMAN 5.55 1992 1590 AAC
6782 HOLLAND SUNDERLAND 4.6 1992 1590 AAC
6727 RIPLEY SW McCONCHIE 3.84 1992 556.5 ACSR
6717 MARSHALL TAP RIPLEY SW 4.22 1992 556.5 ACSR
6767 PAX SO GATE SAINTJAMES 5.54 1992 1590 AAC
6711 WALDORF TAP WALDORF 0.88 1992 1590 AAC
6770 HEWTSME BRIDGE STMRY 3.61 1993 1590 AAC
6760 PATUXENTPK SAINTJAMES 6.7 1993 1590 AAC
6723 BAN TAP A SAINTCHARLE 1.97 1993 1590 AAC
6770 BRIDGE CALV SOLOMONS 1.15 1993 1590 AAC
6770 BRIDGE STMRY BRIDGE CALV 1.95985 1993 1000 CU
6779 HEWTSME LEXINGTON PK 1.12 1994 1590 AAC
6783 HOLLAND PRINCE FRED2 7.77 1996 1590 AAC
6764 PAX RVR4 TAP PAX RIVER 4 0.1 1996 336.4 ACSR
6755 BAREFOOT VALLEY LEE 7.36 1998 556.5 ACSR
6761 SAINTJAMES NAWCAD TAP 3.26 1999 556.5 ACSR
6717 RIPLEY SW MASONSPRING1 4.84 1999 1590 AAC
HLY 029-688 Rev 0 (12/07/05) 106869 VIII - 24
Table VIII-6: SMECO Transmission Lines Listed According to Age (continued)
SMECO
Line # Source Bus Load Bus
Length
Miles
Approximate
~As-Built"
Date
Conductor
Size
6761 NAWCAD TAP RIDGE 2.4 1999 556.5 ACSR
6741 LOVEVILLE MILESTOWN 6.67 2000 556.5 ACSR
6784 ST LEON TAP SAINTLEONARD 0.7 2001 556.5 ACSR
6733 FOREST TAP1 FOREST PARK 0.1 2002 1590 AAC
6710 FOREST TAP1 FOREST TAP2 0.1 2002 1590 AAC
6710 FOREST TAP2 FOREST PARK 0.1 2002 1590 AAC
6775 PAX RVR SW PAX RIVER 2 1.46 2004 336.4 ACSR
6785 SUNDERLAND MOUNTHARMONY 3.8 2005-2006 556.5 ACSR
6745 INDBRIDGE REDGATE 4 2005-2006 556.5 ACSR
HLY 029-688 Rev 0 (12/07/05) 106869 VIII - 25
HLY 029-688 Rev 0 (12/07/05) 106869 VIII - 26
VIII-5: Economic Transmission Conductor Analysis
Conductors considered Ior use in SMECO`s transmission system were 336.4 MCM
ACSR, 556.5 MCM ACSR, 1590 MCM AAC, and 2312 MCM ACSR. These
conductors covered the range oI sizes that would reasonably be used Ior light through
heavily loaded transmission lines. The costs oI using these conductors were evaluated
over a twenty-Iive (25) year period by computing the cost oI line construction plus the
present worth oI the cost oI electrical power losses operated over a range oI current
levels.
The wholesale cost oI electricity was based on SMECO`s present best cost estimate as
Iiled with the Maryland Public Service Commission. The cost was $0.05253 per kilowatt
hour (kWh). Annual cost escalation Ior Iuture years oI 2.9 was assumed as interpolated
Irom values in the 2004 Annual Energy Outlook published by the Energy InIormation
Administration. The annual interest rate oI 7.91 that SMECO uses Ior
Iinancial/economic analysis was used Ior the conductor cost analysis.
Construction costs per mile were based on SMECO`s most recent transmission
construction cost proposal Ior the 66 kV Hughesville bypass Line 6720 to the north and
Line 6750 to the south. Line 6720 uses 336.4 MCM ACSR conductors and Line 6750
uses 1590 MCM AAC conductors. Per mile construction costs Ior 336.4 MCM ACSR
single-circuit overhead transmission lines with no distribution underbuild were estimated
to be $281,415 per mile considering the most recent (12/29/2004) pole quotations. Costs
Ior other conductors sizes were interpolated and extrapolated Iorm SMECO`s Line 6720
and Line 6750 cost data including the recent pole cost quotations. The cost oI I
2
*R losses
in annual kilowatt hours considered a loss Iactor (LsF) oI 0.327 as determined Irom
SMECO`s Iive year average load Iactor (LdF) oI 53.61. These Iactors are according to
the United States Department oI Agriculture Rural Utilities Services Bulletin 1724D-104,
Engineering Economics Computer Workbook Procedure. Each year, aIter the Iirst year,
has the 2.9 escalation Iactor applied and the Iuture year cost reIerred back to the
present worth at a 7.91 annual interest rate according to the number oI years in the
HLY 029-688 Rev 0 (12/07/05) 106869 VIII - 27
Iuture being considered. These calculations are according to sound economic principles
as described in the Engineering Economy text by C. Robert Emerson and William R.
Taylor published by Cardinal Publishers in 1979.
The twenty-Iive (25) year present worth cost oI losses plus the initial construction cost
per mile are summed to yield the present worth cost oI constructing and operating the
indicated conductors Ior twenty-Iive years. The calculation results and plots oI 336.4
MCM ACSR, 556.5 MCM ACSR, 1590 MCM AAC, and 2312 MCM ACSR conductor
costs per mile at each current level over the allowable continuous operating current range,
up to the 100
0
C rated ampacity Ior each conductor, are shown on Figure VIII-3 and in
Tables VIII-7 through VIII-10. At each current level the lowest curve, on Figure VIII-3
indicates the lowest cost oI owning and operating the conductors at that current level.
Theoretically the crossover points oI the curves, on these Iigures, are the current levels
where a larger conductor should be selected. Since conductors are applied considering
Iuture load growth, they should operate below their ampacity rating when they are
installed with the expectation that load current will increase over time.
The economic analysis establishes the basic criteria Ior selecting conductor sizes;
however, many times conductors are chosen Ior reasons other than economics. They
must provide capacity Ior emergency Ieeds, they must coordinate with existing upstream
and downstream Iacilities, and they must allow Ior Iuture possible load growth to avoid
repetition oI construction work. It also should be noted that the present worth oI losses
will vary depending upon the escalation rate, interest rate, load Iactor, and number oI
years included in the calculation. These values can and will vary with time and are
unlikely to exactly match the values used in this analysis. ThereIore this analysis, while
very useIul in establishing conductors that are reasonable choices Ior a given loading,
should not be construed as precise calculation.
HLY 029-688 Rev 0 (12/07/05) 106869 VIII - 28
The curves in Figure VIII-4 indicate the obvious conclusion that larger conductors are
more economical Ior higher currents. SMECO`s general practice is to use 556.5 MCM
ACSR and 1590 MCM AAC conductors Ior most transmission applications. There are
presently no conductors larger that 1590 MCM AAC used in SMECO`s transmission
system. The curves suggest that Ior currents above about 600 amperes the larger 2312
MCM ACSR conductor should be considered. The 1590 MCM AAC conductor used Ior
Line 6750 and Ior many other large conductor lines in SMECO`s transmission system has
a calculated ampacity oI 1,174 amperes at 75
0
C. It is recommended that this conductor
continue to be used in SMECO`s transmission system Ior applications where the current
will stay below this level. This will maintain consistency and minimize training, spare
parts, tools and equipment that would be required Ior larger conductors.
HLY 029-688 Rev 0 (12/07/05) 106869 VIII - 29
INSERT CHART FIGURE VIII-3

INSERT TABLES
TABLE VIII-7
TABLE VIII-8
TABLE VIII-9
TABLE VIII-10