LECTIA 10

PRONUMELE
Pronumele inlocuiesc substantive. Cele sase tipuri e a!ective "calitativ, posesiv,
interogativ, cantitativ, demonstrativ, distributiv# pre$entate in Lectia % au &orme
pronominale. Ele urmea$a in 'eneral re'uli ientice. E(ista e asemenea si pronume
personale si reflexive.
A. Adjective calificative + one / ones
1. inlocuieste un substantiv care a &ost mentionat mai evreme "aica are &unctie e
pronume#)
I *on+t len ,ou m, ne* pen. -ou can borro* m, old one.
Ton, misse .is train. /e cau'.t t.e next one instea.
0. superlativele si culorile pot &i &olosite sin'ure)
1anra is the best "ancer#.
2on+t *ear ,our blue s.oes. The black "ones# loo3 better.
T.at paintin' is the most valuable "one# in t.e museum.
4. Pronumele posesive 5 &orma) "s'# mine, your, his / hers6 "pl# ours, yours, theirs.
Utili$are 5 pronumele posesive inlocuiesc a!ectivele posesive. 1ubstantivul care lipseste
a &ost mentionat mai inainte.
T.is is m, boo3. T.is boo3 is mine.
7e+re usin' .is car8 not .er car. 7e+re usin' his8 not hers.
NOTA) Of yours inseamna one of your + substantiv.
of mine inseamna one of my + substantiv etc.
9o.n is a friend of ours. : 9o.n is one of our friends.
C. Pronume interogative 5 &orma) who, whom, whose, what, which. Utili$are)
Persoane Lucruri
subiect *.o *.at
*.ic. *.ic.
complement *.om8 *.o *.at
*.ic. *.ic.
posesiv *.ose
NOTA) Pronumele intero'ative sunt invariabile. Ele au o sin'ura &orma.
Who is t.at 'irl;
Who are t.ose men;
In en'le$a &ormala whom este &olosit ca si complement obiect irect. En'le$a
vorbita il &oloseste pe who.
Whom i ,ou see; "&ormal#
Who i ,ou see; "in&ormal#
2. Pronume cantitative 5 &orma) much, many, little, few, some, any, none. Utili$are)
1. many si few inlocuiesc substantive numarabile6 much si little inlocuiesc
substantive nenumarabile)
Many are calle but few are c.osen. "proverb#
/e in+t spen much "mone,#. In &act .e spent ver, little.
0. none se &oloseste in propo$itii a&irmative pentru a e(prima ne'atia)
I& all &riens *ere li3e /arr,8 I+ rat.er .ave none.
1am .ates carr,in' suitcases. /e travels *it. none.
ATENTIE< Some, any, no se combina cu -one, -body, -thing &orman cuvintele
compuse) someone, somebody, something, anyone, anybody, anything, no one, nobody,
nothing. Aceste pronume urmea$a aceleasi re'uli.
2oes anyone *ant to accompan, me;
T.e, sa* something stran'e t.at ni'.t.
Nothing .appene.
E. Pronumele demonstrative 5 &orma) this, that, these si those. Utili$are)
1. pronumele emonstrative se acora in numar cu substantivul pe care il inlocuiesc)
This "umbrella# is mine. That is .is.
These "umbrellas# are mine. Those are .is.
0. this, these se re&era la obiecte in prea!ma vorbitorului. That, those se re&era la
obiecte a&late mai eparte e vorbitor)
This "one# is .ere8 that "one# is t.ere.
=. Pronumele distributive 5 &orma) each, all, everyone / everybody, everything, both,
either, neither. Utili$are)
1. each inseamna >consierati iniviual? si urmea$a un verb la sin'ular6 all
inseamna >consierati impreuna? si urmea$a un verb la plural)
Each c.ose t.e colour .e pre&erre.
All are *elcome.
0. each, all, both si either / neither pot &i urmate e O + substantiv / pronume)
Each of the boys us &elt as.ame.
All of the students you are invite to t.e club.
!oth of his grandparents them are still livin'.
Either of you Neither of the men can 'o.
@. Pronume personale 5 &orma)
subiect complement
I me
,ou ,ou
.e .im
s.e .er
it it
*e us
,ou ,ou
t.e, t.em
Utili$are)
1. toate verbele limbii en'le$e "cu e(ceptia imperativelor# TRE4UIE sa aiba subiect
pronominal)
They isli3e ine&&icienc,.
2AR) Come .ere<
0. complementele pronominale "irecte sau inirecte# urmea$a o prepo$itie sau
verbul)
I spo3e to her ,estera,.
7e sa* them on t.e beac..
/e 'ave her an en'a'ement rin'.
A. you an one sunt &olosite impersonal cu sensul e everyone8 no one sau anyone.
One are un aspect &ormal. You este mai &recvent in en'le$a vorbita)
"ou one s.oul respect t.e basic liberties o& ot.ers. ": Ever,one s.oul
respect t.e basic liberties o& ot.ers.#
"ou one cannot enter t.at lab. ": No one can enter t.at lab.#

B. they este &olosit impersonal cu sensul e >lumea spune?8 >se $ice?)
They sa, .e+s is.onest. ": People sa, .e+s is.onest.#
C. it + be se &oloseste)
pentru lucruri sau &iinte cu 'enul necunoscut)
7.ere+s m, boo3; #t is on t.e s.el&.
Loo3 at t.at bir< #t$s ma3in' a nest.
cu un substantiv D complement pronominal pentru a se re&eri la persoane)
7.o+s at t.e oor; It+s Olivia.
7.o *as sin'in'; Was it .im; No8 it was me.
in e(presii espre vreme8 temperatura8 timp8 ate8 istante)
#t$s col outsie.
7.at time is it; #t$s nine o+cloc3.
#t$s t.e B
t.
o& 9ul,.
/o* &ar is it to C.ica'o; #t$s ten miles.
/. Pronume refle!ive 5 &orma)
singular plural
m,sel& ourselves
,oursel& ,ourselves
.imsel& t.emselves
.ersel&
itsel&
Utili$are)
1. cu verbe re&le(ive. Cele mai &recvente verbe re&le(ive sunt) to enjoy oneself, to
amuse oneself, to help oneself, to hurt oneself, to trouble oneself, to cut oneself,
to wash oneself etc.
T.e little bo, .urt himself urin' t.e 'ame.
Please .elp yourself to t.e bu&&et<
NOTA) Multe verbe care sunt in mo normal re&le(ive in alte limbi NU sunt re&le(ive in
en'le$a. Ast&el e verbe sunt) to wash, to dress, to comb, to shave, to meet etc.
1ue an 4rian met last ,ear.
/e *as.e .is .ans.
0. cu &unctie e complemente prepo$itionale)
1.e loo3e at herself in t.e mirror.
7., are ,ou so an'r, with yourself;
A. pentru intarire)
T.e presient himself attene t.e summit.
Annie herself mae t.e ecision.
NOTA) "y + pronume refle!iv inseamna >e unul sin'ur?. Un pronume re&le(iv &olosit
cu un verb nere&le(iv inseamna >&ara a!utorul nimanui?.
I live by myself. : I live alone.
I &i(e it myself. : I &i(e it *it.out an, .elp.
EEERCITII
1. Ale'eti raspunsul corect)
1. T.e, D t.em .elpe *e D us cut t.e 'rass.
0. I D me sa* ,ou D ,our *aitin' &or t.e bus t.is mornin'.
A. It D .e is t.e &irst a, o& summer.
B. 1.e D .er ecie to 'o *it. t.e, D t.em.
C. 7., are ,ou D .e intereste in s.e D .er;
F. 7e D us spo3e to .e D .im ,estera,.
0. Ale'eti un cuvant compus in lista e mai !os si completati spatiile6 unele cuvinte pot
&i &olosite e mai multe ori.
somebody someone something
anybody anyone anything
nobody no one nothing
1. I+m t.irst,< Is t.ere GGGGGGG to rin3;
0. T.e boss .as GGGGGGG important to tell ,ou. -ou must call .im ri'.t
a*a,.
A. T.e octor sa,s t.ere is GGGGGGG *ron' *it. Tom. /e+s per&ectl,
.ealt.,.
B. T.e oor bell is rin'in'. T.ere+s GGGGGGG at t.e oor.
C. GGGGGGG e(citin' ever .appens to me<
F. Ol Mrs. /e*lis is ver, lonel,. GGGGGGG ever visits .er.
H. 2in+t GGGGGGG *rite to t.an3 ,ou;
I. T.ere+s GGGGGGG in t.e sa&e. It+s Juite empt,<
%. T.ere is GGGGGGG *aitin' at t.e moment. T.e *aitin' room is empt,.
10. 1.all I ma3e t.em GGGGGGG &or inner; T.e, .aven+t .a
GGGGGGG to eat since last ni'.t.
A. Ase$ati cuvintele in orinea corecta.
1. is *ritin'Ds.eD.imDa love letter
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.
0. en!o,eDIDt.emDtellin'Dabout it
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.
A. is interestin'DitDto listenDto .im
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.
B. ,ouDcan+tDto .imDitD'ive;
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.
C. li3esD.eD.erDcallin'
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.
F. ,ouDon+tD&i(D*.,D&or usDit;
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.
H. itDcleaneD*eD&or .im
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.
I. *ill repairDt.e,DitD&or us
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.
%. sentD*eDto t.emDit
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.
10. pleaseDitD'iveDto .im
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG.
APLICATII
RACI1M
1. T.e &i'.t a'ainst racism.
A. #artin Luther $ing %r.
Martin Lut.er Kin' 9r. *as one o& t.e most important leaers o& t.e American civil ri'.ts
movement. Kin' *as a 4aptist minister an also became a civil ri'.ts activist earl, in .is
career. /e le t.e Mont'omer, 4us 4o,cott.
T.e #ontgomery "us "oycott *as a political an social protest campai'n starte in
1%CC in Mont'omer,8 Alabama8 intene to oppose t.e cit,Ls polic, o& racial se're'ation
on its public transit s,stem. T.e bo,cott *as tri''ere b, .er arrest8 *.en s.e *as
c.ar'e &or violatin' racial se're'ation la*s in Mont'omer, a&ter re&usin' to 'ive up .er
bus seat to a *.ite man. 1.e *as sittin' in t.e &i&t. ro* "t.e &irst ro* t.at blac3s coul
occup,#8 alon' *it. t.ree ot.er blac3s. 1oon8 all o& t.e &irst &our ro*s *ere &ille up8 an
a *.ite man *al3e on. 1ince blac3s an *.ites coul not be in t.e same ro*8 t.e bus
river *ante all o& t.e blac3s to move. T.e ot.er t.ree blac3s complie8 but Par3s
re&use an *as practicall, ra''e o&& o& t.e bus. 7.en &oun 'uilt, on 2ecember C8
Par3s *as &ine M10 plus a court cost o& MB8 but s.e appeale. As a result8 Rosa Par3s is
consiere one o& t.e pioneers o& t.e civil ri'.ts movement.
/is e&&orts le to t.e 1%FA Marc. on 7as.in'ton8 *.ere Kin' elivere .is >I /ave a
2ream? speec..
# have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning
of its creed% &We hold these truths to be self'evident, that all men are created
equal(
# have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they
will not be )udged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character(
/ere .e presente t.e civil ri'.ts movement to t.e public an establis.e .imsel& as one
o& t.e 'reatest orators in U.1. .istor,. In 1%FB8 Kin' became t.e ,oun'est person to
receive t.e Nobel Peace Pri$e &or .is e&&orts to en se're'ation an racial iscrimination
t.rou'. civil isobeience an ot.er nonNviolent means. Kin' *as assassinate on April
B8 1%FI8 in Memp.is8 Tennessee.
4. &elson #andela
Nelson Manela is a &ormer &reeom &i'.ter *.o became t.e &irst presient o& 1out.N
A&rica in t.e postNapart.ei perio. /is ambition as a c.il *as to stu, la* an ma3e a
contribution to t.e &reeom movement in 1out. A&rica.
An association o& ,oun' blac3s8 *.ose aim *as to improve t.e situation &or blac3 people
in t.e *.ole o& A&rica8 *as &orme in 1out. A&rica in 1%108 calle t.e A&rican National
Con'ress "ANC#. T.e, *ante to represent t.e millions o& *or3in' people in t.e to*ns
an countr,sie *.o .a no vote an no po*er.
2urin' t.e 1%C0s8 Manela *as banne &rom *or3in' as a la*,er an *as o&ten arreste
an imprisone.
=rom 1%F08 .e spent 0H ,ears in etention be&ore .e *as release on 11
t.
=ebruar, 1%%0.
A&ter bein' sentence8 .e sai t.is)
# have fought against white domination, and # have fought against black
domination( # have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which
all people live together in harmony and with e*ual opportunities( #t is an ideal
which # hope to live for and to achieve( !ut if necessary, it is an ideal for which #
am prepared to die(
In 1%%18 t.e ANC .el its &irst national con&erence insie 1out. A&rica a&ter bein'
banne &or ecaes. Manela *as electe presient o& t.e ANC. In 1%%A8 .e a'ree to
accept t.e Nobel Peace Pri$e on be.al& o& all t.e 1out. A&ricans *.o su&&ere to brin'
peace to t.e nation. /e *as presient o& 1out. A&rica &rom 1%%B to 1%%%.
0. Rearran'e t.e *ors to &orm correct sentences an &in t.e &amous Juotations.
you love 'f you them people have to no judge time( "Mot.er Teresa#
that ' )ill *race* finally people one that reali+e hope is come to only there - the race
human - and of members it that are )e all(, "Mar'aret At*oo#
A. 2o *e still .ave racism toa,; I& ,es8 can ,ou &in some e(amples in Romania &or
racism;
B. Come up *it. a &e* solutions to &i'.t racism.
C. 2o ,ou 3no* some o& t.e most important articles in t.e !eclaration of "uman
#ights; =ill in t.e 'aps in t.e articles belo* *it. t.e *ors in italics.
law protection
rights +eclaration
reason brotherhood
e*ual conscience
security discrimination
free servitude
liberty
slavery
Article -(
All .uman bein's are born GGGG.. an eJual in i'nit, an GGGGG... T.e, are
eno*e *it. GGGGGG.. an GGGGGGGGGGG an s.oul act to*ars
one anot.er in a spirit o& GGGGGGGGGGGGG.
Article .(
Ever,one .as t.e ri'.t to li&e8 GGGGGGGG. an GGGGGGGGG..o& person.
Article /(
No one s.all be .el in GGGGGGGGG or GGGGGGGGGG.6 slaver, an
t.e slave trae s.all be pro.ibite in all t.eir &orms.
Article 0(
All are GGGGGG be&ore t.e la* an are entitle *it.out an,
GGGGGGGGGGGGG.. to eJual protection o& t.e GGGGG.. All are entitle
to eJual GGGGGGGGGGG. a'ainst an, iscrimination in violation o& t.is
GGGGGGGGGGGGG an a'ainst an, incitement to suc. iscrimination.
1id you 2no)3
Apartheid in 1out. A&rica *as a s,stem o& le'ali$e racial se're'ation en&orce b, t.e
National Part, 1out. A&rican 'overnment bet*een 1%BI an 1%%B. Apart.ei le'islation
classi&ie 1out. A&ricaLs in.abitants an visitors into racial 'roups "4lac38 7.ite8
Coloure an Inian#.
T.e s,stem o& apart.ei spar3e si'ni&icant internal resistance. T.e 'overnment
respone to a series o& popular uprisin's an protests *it. police brutalit,8 *.ic. in turn
increase local support &or t.e arme resistance stru''le. In response to popular an
political resistance8 t.e apart.ei 'overnment resorte to etentions *it.out trial8 torture8
censors.ip8 an t.e bannin' o& political opposition.
F. =ollo* t.e clues &or Across an 1o)n to &ill in t.e cross*or.
Across
1. ...... is one o& t.e &unamental principles be.in /uman Ri'.ts.
A. Man, ...... urin' *ar .ave t.eir .uman ri'.ts violate.
H. T.e .uman ...... are a collection o& &reeoms an liberties.
I. =reeom o& ...... is a .uman ri'.t t.at is o&ten conteste b, aut.oritarian re'imes.
%. All people are entitle to .ave t.eir ri'.ts protecte b, t.e ......
1o)n
0. T.e UN is t.e ...... or'ani$ation t.at ensures t.at .uman ri'.ts are observe
ever,*.ere.
B. ...... International is a ver, *ellN3no*n or'ani$ation &i'.tin' &or .uman ri'.ts.
C. ...... is t.e most important inalienable .uman ri'.t.
F. 1ometimes8 t.e violation o& .uman ri'.ts is onl, solve in ......