Mwjournalmwj201401 DL

January 2014
Vol. 57 No. 1
Founded in 1958

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Founded in 1958
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of models, from 2 kHz to 18 GHz, at up to 300 watts power, and in coaxial,
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phase configurations, Mini-Circuits power splitters/combiners offer
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IMPEDANCE
MATCHING NETWORK
FINLINE TRANSITION
DIODE
LPF
January 2014
Vol. 57 No. 1
Radar and Antennas
mwjournal.com
Publishers Note
18 Reality Bytes
Carl Sheffres, Microwave Journal Publisher
Cover Feature
24 Next Generation Affordable Smart
Antennas
J.R. Guerci, Guerci Consulting LLC; T. Driscoll, R.
Hannigan, S. Ebadi and C. Tegreene, Intellectual
Ventures; and D.E. Smith, Duke University
Perspectives
42 Phased Array Radar at the Intersection of
Military and Commercial Innovation
Glen Fields, MACOM
46 Semiconductor Technology Drives the
EDI CON 2014 Technical Program
David Vye, Microwave Journal Editor
5 7 Y E ARS OF P UBL I S HI NG E XCE L L E NCE
10 MICROWAVE JOURNAL JANUARY 2014
Technical Features
66 Generating Radar Signals with an Arbitrary
Waveform Generator
Chris Loberg, Tektronix
80 W-Band Radiometer Front End Module for
Real-Time Imaging
Linli Xie, Yong Hong Zhang and Yong Fan, University
of Electronic Science and Technology of China
Special Reports
92 Prototyping Massive MIMO
James Kimery and Ian Wong, National Instruments
102 A Method to Design an Aperture-Tuned
Antenna Using a MEMS Digital Variable
Capacitor
Paul Tornatta, Cavendish Kinetics Inc.
Application Note
116 A Very-Near-Field Measurement Technique
to Test Large Antennas in the Lab
Ruska Patton, EMSCAN
CONTENTS
QUADRATURE MODULATOR
90
IF/RF OUT
2-CHANNEL AWG
I Q
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66
80
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Microwave
Journal
Refer to the Augmented Reality insert
after page 18 to see how you can
participate in this experience.
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17 Mark Your Calendar
20 Coming Events
49 Defense News
53 International Report
57 Commercial Market
60 Around the Circuit
140 Catalog Update
144 New Products
150 Book End
152 Ad Index
152 Sales Reps
154 STEM Works
STAFF
PUBLISHER: Carl Sheffres
EDITOR: David Vye
MANAGING EDITOR: Jennifer DiMarco
TECHNICAL EDITOR: Patrick Hindle
ASSOCIATE TECHNICAL EDITOR: Cliff Drubin
STAFF EDITOR: Laura Glazer
EDITORIAL AND MARKETING ASSISTANT:
Barbara Walsh
CONSULTING EDITOR: Harlan Howe, Jr.
CONSULTING EDITOR: Frank Bashore
CONSULTING EDITOR: Peter Staecker
CONSULTING EDITOR: Dan Swanson
CONSULTING EDITOR: Raymond Pengelly
WEB EDITOR: Chris Stanfa
AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT MANAGER:
Carol Spach
TRAFFIC MANAGER: Edward Kiessling
MARKETING AND EVENT COORDINATOR:
Kristen Anderson
DIRECTOR OF PRODUCTION & DISTRIBUTION:
Robert Bass
ART DIRECTOR: Janice Levenson
GRAPHIC DESIGNER: Sachiko Stiglitz
EUROPE
INTERNATIONAL EDITOR: Richard Mumford
OFFICE MANAGER: Nina Plesu
CORPORATE STAFF
CEO: William M. Bazzy
PRESIDENT: Ivar Bazzy
VICE PRESIDENT: Jared Bazzy
EDITORIAL REVIEW BOARD
Dr. I.J. Bahl
F.M. Bashore
Dr. C.R. Boyd
M. Goldfarb
J.L. Heaton
Dr. G. Heiter
H. Howe, Jr.
Dr. T. Itoh
Dr. J. Lasker
Dr. S. Maas
Dr. G.L. Matthaei
Dr. D.N. McQuiddy
Dr. J.M. Osepchuk
Dr. Ajay K. Poddar
Dr. J. Rautio
Dr. U. Rohde
M. Schindler
Dr. P. Staecker
F. Sullivan
D. Swanson
Dr. R.J. Trew
G.D. Vendelin
Prof. K. Wu
EXECUTIVE EDITORIAL OFFICE:
685 Canton Street, Norwood, MA 02062
Tel: (781) 769-9750
FAX: (781) 769-5037
e-mail: mwj@mwjournal.com
EUROPEAN EDITORIAL OFFICE:
16 Sussex Street, London SW1V 4RW, England
Tel: Editorial: +44 207 596 8730 Sales: +44 207 596 8740
FAX: +44 207 596 8749
www.mwjournal.com
Printed in the USA
Product Features
122 Advanced RF Transceiver Meets the Demands of SDR
Applications
Analog Devices
126 The Next Evolution of Digital/Programmable Attenuation
Aeroex / Weinschel
130 Hybrid Rotary Joints for Radar Applications
SPINNER GmbH
Tech Briefs
134 Low Cost, Fully Programmable 4-Port VNA
Copper Mountain Technologies
136 Enhanced Spectrum Analyzer Performance of Mixed Domain
Oscilloscopes
Tektronix Inc.
138 Low Cost X-Band Phased Array Weather Radar
FIRST RF Corp.
Departments
CONTENTS
Microwave Journal (USPS 396-250) (ISSN 0192-6225) is published monthly by Horizon House Publications Inc., 685 Canton St.,
Norwood, MA 02062. Periodicals postage paid at Norwood, MA 02062 and additional mailing ofces.
Photocopy Rights: Permission to photocopy for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specic clients, is
granted by Microwave Journal for users through Copyright Clearance Center provided that the base fee of $5.00 per copy of the
article, plus $1.00 per page, is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA
(978) 750-8400. For government and/or educational classroom use, the Copyright Clearance Center should be contacted. The rate
for this use is 0.03 cents per page. Please specify ISSN 0192-6225 Microwave Journal International. Microwave Journal can also be
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POSTMASTER: Send address corrections to Microwave Journal, PO Box 3256, Northbrook, IL 60065-3256 or e-mail
mwj@omeda.com. Subscription information: (847) 291-5216. This journal is issued without charge upon written request to quali-
ed persons working in the RF & microwave industry. Other subscriptions are: domestic, $120.00 per year, two-year subscriptions,
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2014 by Horizon House Publications Inc.
Posted under Canadian international publications mail agreement #PM40612608
122 126 130
mwjournal.com
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MICROWAVE JOURNAL JANUARY 2014 17
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_01M12 FINAL Proof.indd 17 12/30/13 1:42 PM
Check out the next two pages for the
simple instructions on how to access and
use the augmented content in this issue.
Youll also nd a snapshot of the adver-
tisements and editorial that has been
augmented. Or, you can scan this page to
view a video of yours truly explaining the
process.
PublishersNote
Reality Bytes
Carl Sheffres
Microwave Journal Publisher
I
have the distinct pleasure every
January of informing our readers
of the latest offerings from Micro-
wave Journal. Its been a fun exercise,
especially during recent years with
the ever-evolving media landscape.
Theres much more to talk about these
days, as we leverage the latest tech-
nologies to deliver your information
on new platforms and in enhanced
formats.
Two years ago, we announced the
launch of our redesigned website. The
new site organizes content by technol-
ogy and products channels, allow-
ing users to better locate information
relevant to their needs. The site also
provides an archive of white papers,
webinars, videos and a robust Buyers
Guide. Weve just added a Classi-
eds section, where youll nd job
postings and products for sale. If you
havent visited lately, I encourage you
to do so.
Last year,
we announced
the MWJ
Mobile App,
which provides
the latest issue
of the maga-
zine, archived
issues, a news
feed, executive
interviews and
blogs. Almost
5000 subscrib-
ers have down-
loaded the free
app to date,
with new us-
ers signing on
daily. Recently, we launched a video
series titled Frequency Matters in
which MWJ editors David Vye and
Pat Hindle discuss current articles
in the magazine, the latest industry
news and events. Its a quick and ca-
sual format that I hope you nd in-
formative and entertaining. 2013 also
featured the debut of the Electronic
Design Innovation Conference (EDI
CON) in Beijing, China. This indus-
try-driven event attracted nearly 2000
engineers in the growing Chinese
RF/microwave industry
with presentations from
international and domestic
experts and exhibition par-
ticipation from many of the
worlds leading manufactur-
ers. Lastly, our social media
platforms continue to ex-
pand, especially the RF and
Microwave Community on
LinkedIn, which just sur-
passed 20,000 members.
I am really excited
about this years news and
this issue in particular. Im
pleased to announce the rst-ever
Augmented Reality issue of MWJ.
For those of you unfamiliar with the
term, the basic idea of augmented
reality is to superimpose graphics,
audio, video and other sensory en-
hancements over a real-world envi-
ronment in real time. A simple ex-
ample might be the super-imposed
rst down line that appears on tele-
vised U.S. football games. A more
complex example would be Google
Glass, which will display augmented
reality in a smartphone-like, hands-
free environment. With Microwave
Journal, this technology allows you
to bridge the print world to the digi-
tal world like nothing before. By us-
ing the Layar App and your mobile
device, you can scan the augmented
pages and video and other rich me-
dia spring to life. Its really incredible
stuff and very easy to access.
I hope that you enjoy this issue as
much as weve enjoyed producing it
for you. As always, I welcome your
feedback.
On behalf of the entire MWJ team,
we wish all of our readers a happy,
healthy and prosperous New Year.
Scan page
using app
__1M25 Final PROOF.indd 18 12/31/13 8:03 AM
Microwave Journal unveils its first augmented reality
issue. This issue showcases how mobile technologies can make
printed pages interactive for an enhanced reader experience.
HOW IT WORKS
STEP 1 STEP 2
STEP 3
Download the free Layar app from the
iTunes (iOS) or Google Play (Android) store.
Launch the app to view enhanced content
on any page with the logo.
Frame the entire page in the screen and tap to experience
enhancements (tap screen again for full screen view).
See reverse side for this months enhanced pages.
MWJ AUGMENTED INSERT.indd 157 12/19/13 4:31 PM
Thi s Month s Featured Parti ci pants
January 2014 Vol. 57 No. 1
Founded in 1958
.com
Founded in 1958
Scan this
Cover
Missing a Pulse Can Be Deadly.
Real-Time Power Processing for gap-free analysis
100 MSa/sec SUSTAINED sample rate is worlds fastest
10 GSa/sec effective rate for superb waveformfdelity
<5 ns risetime and 70+ MHz video bandwidth
100 ps time resolution for enhanced trigger stability
Triggered acquisition speeds over 40,000 sweeps/sec
Capture and analyze data more than 100x faster
than conventional power sensors
For more information visit us at boonton.comor call
+1 973-386-9696.
Capture every pulse with no missed glitches. The
new 55 Series delivers unsurpassed speed and
accuracy for the most demanding RF power mea-
surements thanks to Boontons Real-Time Power
Processing technology. With this revolutionary
technique, all processing steps take place in parallel,
guaranteeing gap-free signal acquisition and reliable
capture of all transients, dropouts or interference.
Taking Performance to a NewPeak.
Boonton
The Smartest, Fastest and Only
Real-Time USB Peak Power Sensor.
Scan page
using app
Anritsu Since 1895
The VectorStar ME7838A VNA systems stable broadband
performance means that you can make high accuracy
measurements all day, with the confdence that your
calibration remains rock solid! Spend less time calibrating
and more time measuring.
Anritsu delivers 109 dB dynamic range at 110 GHz for
those important high sensitivity measurements across
70 kHz to 110 GHz with 0.1 dB and 0.5 degrees S21
stability over 24 hours.
Visit Anritsus blog, VNA Refections, for discussions on
leading VNA trends, emerging applications, technical
advances, and more!
Visit us online at: www.anritsu.com/en-us/VectorStarMWJ
Dont let expired calibrations spoil your data.
Network Analyzers
Signal Generators
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2 13
Check out the next two pages for the
simple instructions on howto access and
use the augmented content in this issue.
Youll also nd a snapshot of the adver-
tisements and editorial that has been
augmented. Or, you can scan this page to
view a video of yours truly explaining the
process.
PublishersNote
Reality Bytes
Carl Sheffres
Microwave Journal Publisher
I
have the distinct pleasure every
January of informing our readers
of the latest offerings fromMicro-
wave Journal. Its been a fun exercise,
especially during recent years with
the ever-evolving media landscape.
Theres much more to talk about these
days, as we leverage the latest tech-
nologies to deliver your information
on new platforms and in enhanced
formats.
Two years ago, we announced the
launch of our redesigned website. The
new site organizes content by technol-
ogy and products channels, allow-
ing users to better locate information
relevant to their needs. The site also
provides an archive of white papers,
webinars, videos and a robust Buyers
Guide. Weve just added a Classi-
eds section, where youll nd job
postings and products for sale. If you
havent visited lately, I encourage you
to do so.
Last year,
we announced
the MWJ
Mobile App,
which provides
the latest issue
of the maga-
zine, archived
issues, a news
feed, executive
interviews and
blogs. Almost
5000 subscrib-
ers have down-
loaded the free
app to date,
with new us-
ers signing on
daily. Recently, we launched a video
series titled Frequency Matters in
which MWJ editors David Vye and
Pat Hindle discuss current articles
in the magazine, the latest industry
news and events. Its a quick and ca-
sual format that I hope you nd in-
formative and entertaining. 2013 also
featured the debut of the Electronic
Design Innovation Conference (EDI
CON) in Beijing, China. This indus-
try-driven event attracted nearly 2000
engineers in the growing Chinese
RF/microwave industry
with presentations from
international and domestic
experts and exhibition par-
ticipation from many of the
worlds leading manufactur-
ers. Lastly, our social media
platforms continue to ex-
pand, especially the RFand
Microwave Community on
LinkedIn, which just sur-
passed 20,000 members.
I am really excited
about this years news and
this issue in particular. Im
pleased to announce the rst-ever
Augmented Reality issue of MWJ.
For those of you unfamiliar with the
term, the basic idea of augmented
reality is to superimpose graphics,
audio, video and other sensory en-
hancements over a real-world envi-
ronment in real time. A simple ex-
ample might be the super-imposed
rst down line that appears on tele-
vised U.S. football games. A more
complex example would be Google
Glass, which will display augmented
reality in a smartphone-like, hands-
free environment. With Microwave
Journal, this technology allows you
to bridge the print world to the digi-
tal world like nothing before. By us-
ing the Layar App and your mobile
device, you can scan the augmented
pages and video and other rich me-
dia spring to life. Its really incredible
stuff and very easy to access.
I hope that you enjoy this issue as
much as weve enjoyed producing it
for you. As always, I welcome your
feedback.
On behalf of the entire MWJ team,
we wish all of our readers a happy,
healthy and prosperous New Year.
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J.R. Guerci, Guerci Consulting LLC, Arlington, VA
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A
conuence of advances in low cost
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From wireless communications to RF sens-
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lenges.7
However, recent breakthroughs in afford-
able software dened apertures (SDA) enabled
via new RF metamaterial designs are opening
up both new levels of adaptive antenna afford-
ability as well as performance and control.
Though the functionality of the SDAs is similar
to electronically scanned antennas (ESA), the
former term can be used to reect the signi-
cantly distinct architecture. In particular, the
metamaterial SDA can be considered a dynam-
24 MICROWAVE JOURNAL n JANUARY 2014
COVER FEATURE
INVITED PAPER
sFig. 1 A conuence of stressing factors is conspiring to create
signicant challenges to next generation RF systems.
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DefenseNews
Navy. The handover also includes acceptance of three
MUOS ground stations that will relay voice and high-speed
data signals for mobile users worldwide.
MUOS-2 was launched July 19, 2013 aboard a United
Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket from Cape Canaveral Air
Force Station FL. The system dramatically improves se-
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tized voice, video and data for the rst time to users on the
move.
MUOS-2 benets from continuous improvement. We
completed our baseline on-orbit testing in half the time
compared to MUOS-1, said Iris Bombelyn, vice presi-
dent of narrowband communications at Lockheed Mar-
tin. We look forward to supporting the Navys test and
evaluation phase to demonstrate the total capability of the
Mobile User Objective System. When commissioned, the
full digital data and exible network management capa-
bilities will be available to users for both MUOS-1 and
MUOS-2.
The Naval Satellite Operations Center will soon begin
relocation operations to place MUOS-2 in its operational
slot. There, it will undergo testing and evaluation prior to
formal government commissioning in 2014.
MUOS satellites are equipped with a wideband code
division multiple access (WCDMA) payload that provides
a 10-fold increase in transmission throughput over the cur-
rent Ultra High Frequency (UHF) satellite system, which
is also on board. The WCDMA payload gives users the ad-
vantage of high-speed data and priority access that legacy
systems did not.
Lockheed Martins MUOS operations team conducted
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SpecialReport
Prototyping Massive MIMO
James Kimery and Ian Wong
National Instruments, Austin, TX
T
he rapacious demand for wireless data
has spurred researchers to search for
new technologies to expand wireless
data capacity and network capability. Industry
experts universally agree that even with cur-
rent and planned infrastructure rollouts, data
demand will continue to outpace capacity and
the debate has shifted from if to when
this event will occur. Wireless service provid-
ers plan to furiously upgrade their networks to
4G LTE, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and
beyond, introducing new innovations
such as small cells, heterogeneous
networks, and carrier aggregation
along the 3GPP roadmap. How-
ever, it is clear that the current
technology trajectory produces
a capacity slope that is still
atter than the demand line.
Embracing the challenge, the
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knowledging the need for evolutionary or revo-
lutionary ideas.
One such concept entails the deployment of
base stations with very large scale antenna ar-
rays encompassing perhaps hundreds of trans-
ceiver elements. This concept is referred to
as Massive MIMO.1 Indeed, Massive MIMO
departs from current network topologies and
could be a key to solving our wireless data chal-
lenges; however, another interesting question
is posed through the process of understanding
the effectiveness and/or feasibility of Massive
MIMO for wide spread deployment just how
does one go about creating a prototype to truly
see whether it will work? After all, creating a
prototype with hundreds of antenna elements
creates several engineering challenges not the
least of which include cost and time.
MIMO BACKGROUND
MIMO relies on multipath to enhance the
reliability and the effective data rate
of a wireless data link using multiple
streams typically through several sep-
arate antennas. Multipath propaga-
tion, a formidable challenge to ro-
bust communication systems, is
actually exploited with MIMO
using a variety of techniques
including space-time coding
and/or spatial diversity.2 The
4G cellular standard LTE-A species a maxi-
mum of eight antennas for use in a MIMO
conguration. The IEEE 802.11n/ac standards
and the actual commercialization of those stan-
dards are the predominant use cases of MIMO
in practice.
Basically, more antennas yield more degrees
of freedom of the propagation channel deliv-
ering improved performance in terms of data
rate and/or link reliability. However, the overall
data rate is still constrained by the Shannon-
Hartley theorem. In a network with multiple
users, one way to increase the overall network
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survey online at mwjournal.com
Executive Interview
Peter Real, vice president of high speed products
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Distributed planar [24 votes] (24%)
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14
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Heikki Korva, TeamManager, RF, Pulse Electronics Wireless Division
Figure 1 LTE antenna audio-module, from simulation to mass production. Pulse Electronics Mobile Division produces compact antennas for mobile communications and networking. Mobile antennas need to function in complex and mechanically limited environments, and so most antennas used today are specially designed and customer-specic.
The antenna is one of the first electromechanical components considered in a new product concept design. In the past, most of the R&D work was done in the laboratory, with the engineers constructing and testing different antenna designs for customers products. While this is still a good approach for single antenna systems, the introduction of LTE diversity schemes and other radio systems such as Wi-Fi and GPS to current smartphones make reliable prototype evaluation very challenging. Antenna prototypes typically include the device ground, PCBs, batteries, covers and any other large parts. Obviously, early prototypes seldom include any active transceivers, and so each antenna must be driven froman external coaxial cable. A typical LTE smartphone, with its main and diversity antennas, GPS and GLONASS systems and 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz WLAN capabilities, can need 7 or 8 cables to measure all the components at once. These cables would occupy too much of the volume of the prototypes, and severely distort the evaluation results. With electromagnetic simulation, the performance of a complex device can be calculated without worrying about these cable effects. An example of an antenna product designed using only CST MICROWAVE STUDIO (CST MWS) is shown in Figure 1.
About Pulse Electronics Wireless Division Pulse Electronics boosts appealing mobile devices by providing intelligent antenna design and manufacturing solutions for handsets, tablets, laptops, small cell base stations and PMR. Our aim is to optimize antenna designs for complex multi- radio environments under all circumstances. The carefully developed Pulse solutions truly delight end users. Pulse has delivered close to 2 billion antennas to the leading manufacturers of mobile devices. Pulse Wireless Division is headquartered in San Diego, USA, and has sites in Finland, China, South Korea, and Taiwan. www.pulseelectronics.com
Find out howPulse Electronics
improves antenna evaluation and
reduces product design lead time with
CST MICROWAVE STUDIO.
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51
Analog, Digital & Mixed-Signal
ICs, Modules, Subsystems & Instrumentation
2 Elizabeth Drive Chelmsford, MA 01824
978-250-3343 tel 978-250-3373 fax
www.hittite.com sales@hittite.com
View the latest releases - click on New Products
Download Hittite at the App Store
Low Phase Noise 4 GHz PLL + VCO Ideal for Next Generation Cellular
and Microwave Point-to-Point Applications
Wideband PLL & VCO,
33 - 4100 MHz, 4 Outputs
n -133 dBc/Hz Phase Noise at 1 MHz Offset,
4 GHz Frequency
n PLL FOM:
-230 dBc/Hz Integer Mode, -227 dBc/Hz Fractional Mode
n Low Noise Floor: -165 dBc/Hz
n 4 Single-Ended or 2 Differential Outputs
n Output Phase Synchronous Frequency Changes
Part
Number
Frequency
(MHz) Function
Closed Loop
SSB Phase Noise
@10 kHz Offset
Open Loop VCO
Phase Noise
@1 MHz Offset
Pout
(dBm)
RMS Jitter
Fractional
Mode (fs)
Integrated PN
Fractional Mode
(deg rms)
HMC829LP6GE
45 - 1050
1400 - 2100
2800 - 4200 Fo
Wideband
PLL+VCO
-108 dBc/Hz
@ 4 GHz
-134 dBc/Hz
@ 4 GHz 4 159 0.229
@ 4 GHz
HMC830LP6GE 25 - 3000 Wideband
PLL+VCO
-114 dBc/Hz
@ 2 GHz
-141 dBc/Hz
@ 2 GHz 6 159 0.114
@ 2 GHz
RF VCO (+3.3V)
-114 dBc/Hz
@ 2 GHz
-139 dBc/Hz
@ 2 GHz 7 159 0.114
@ 2 GHz
PLL+VCO
-114 dBc/Hz
@ 2 GHz
-141 dBc/Hz
@ 2 GHz -4 159 0.11
@ 2 GHz
HMC834LP6GE
45 - 1050
1400 - 2100
2800 - 4200 Fo
5600 - 8400
Wideband
PLL+VCO
-108 dBc/Hz
@ 4 GHz
-134 dBc/Hz
@ 4 GHz
5
2
2
-10
159 0.23
@ 4 GHz
PLL+VCO
-105 dBc/Hz
@ 4 GHz
-133 dBc/Hz
@ 4 GHz 7 160 0.23
@ 4 GHz
Closed Loop Fractional Phase Noise
at 3600 MHz, Divided by 1 to 62
WIDEBAND PLLS + VCOS
HMC835
Data Sheet
PLL+VCO
Table
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111
Create Your Own
3D Library Of Parts
With Analyst V11,
you can build your own
custom 3D library of
parts. User-congurable
3D components like
microwave connectors,
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easier to use in your overall
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Visit awrcorp.com/whatsnew
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AWRs V11 release.
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Copyright 2013 Mercury Systems, Innovation That Matters
are trademarks of Mercury Systems, Inc.
MERCURY SYSTEMS IS A LEADER IN DEVELOPING SOFTWARE-DEFINED
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ProductFeature
T
he astonishing, sometime bewildering
array of available wireless standards,
with their different frequencies, band-
widths, protocols and formats, has given users
unprecedented connectivity and access. But it
has also meant that engineers of wireless sys-
tems are faced with severe challenges when
designing or investigating issues, performance
and options.
The solution seems obvious: minimize use
of dedicated hardware and instead rely on a
software-dened radio (SDR) to implement
and manage as much of the transmitting and
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cluding FPGAs, and their ability to execute
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est in each segment. While this approach is
technically effective, it requires considerable
hardware, PC board real estate, power and, of
course, cost.
Thats the dilemma Epiq Solutions (Scha-
umburg, IL) faced as it developed its latest
SDR unit, the MaveriqTM Multichannel Recon-
gurable RF Transceiver (shown in Figure 1),
an advanced platform combining multiple RF
transceivers, an internal solid state drive (SSD)
for data recording, an on-board Intel 86 CPU
running Linux, and a gigabit Ethernet interface
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deliver a more powerful multi-channel version
of its existing MatchstiqTM SDR.
Despite its advanced features and capa-
bilities, Maveriq is a portable, low-power plat-
form, while previous solutions required large
and bulky hardware congurations. Combined
Advanced RF
Transceiver Meets the
Demands of
SDR Applications
Analog Devices
Norwood, MA
Peter Real, vice president of high speed
products and technology, Analog Devices.
Visit www.mwjournal.com to read this in-depth interview.
s Fig. 1 The Maveriq Multichannel Re-
congurable RF Transceiver.
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RF and Microwave Amplifer Power Added Effciency, Fact and
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Train Signaling System Interference Estimation by CST MWS
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Wireless Power Transfer and Microwave Energy Harvesting
Electromagnetic Simulation of Composite Materials and Cable
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BACK
COVER
24
CoverFeature
(MCC) that is a part of Intellectual
Ventures (IV), working in coopera-
tion with Duke University.11 Figure
5 shows an example of IVs metama-
terials surface antenna technology
(MSA-T) as applied to a commercial
satellite communications application.
Electronic scan capability (transmit
or receive) is achieved by launching
a wave across a surface with embed-
ded RF resonant elements as shown
in Figure 5. By a judicious selection
of digitally controlled resonant ele-
ments, and spacings, any desired an-
tenna pattern can be formed with the
available DoF as shown in Figure 6.
It should be noted that this approach
can be more efcient than so-called
leaky waveguide approaches.13
Some of the key advantages of the
MSA-T SDA approach include:
Eliminates the need for multiple
independent RF channels and as-
sociated phase shifters or time
delay units (TDU) (i.e., it is not a
phased array approach).
Large electronic scan angles (60)
are possible (see Figure 6), unlike
traditional leaky wave antennas.
Can be synthesized using convention-
al printed circuit board (PCB) manu-
facturing methods (see Figure 5).
Additional adaptive DoFs can be
introduced without introducing
more RF channels (just more low
power digital control lines and res-
onant elements).
Beginning in the 1990s, research-
ers began to explore RF metamateri-
als that could exhibit properties not
found in naturally occurring substanc-
essuch as so-called negative re-
fractive index materials.11 Of course,
the usual Hype Curve12 kicked in
with exaggerated hopes and expecta-
tions. Within the past few years how-
ever, solid applications exploiting RF
metamaterials have emerged and have
even led to commercial product lines.
One particular application of meta-
materials for SDAs that function as low
SWaP-C ESAs is being developed by
engineers and scientists at the Meta-
materials Commercialization Center
on multiple independent RF chan-
nels can only be made so cheap and
compact. Ironically, if one consults
an elementary text on EM theory to
determine how to achieve a desired
antenna pattern from rst principles,
one nds a much more general solu-
tion than a phased array. Specically,
and without going into too much de-
tail, the far eld antenna pattern is the
Fourier transform of the RF aperture
distribution (see Figure 4).10 This
naturally begs the question: How can
one digitally control the aperture dis-
tribution without the use of phased ar-
ray approaches? One answer, the use
of RF metamaterials, has proven to be
remarkably successful.
sFig. 4 Under fairly general conditions, the
far eld antenna pattern is proportional to the
Fourier transform of the CF () aperture func-
tion A(x, y) (Fraunhofer approximation10).
CF (A(X,Y)) A(X,Y)
z
x
y
s Fig. 5 Sample MSA-T ESA for satel-
lite communication applications (see www.
kymetacorp.com).
s Fig. 6 Illustration of the RF metamaterial
SDA. By judicious digitally controlled tuning
of the resonant elements, an arbitrary steer-
able antenna beam (or beams) can be formed.
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
60 45 0 45 60
0 30 30
60 60
90
INTELLECTUAL VENTURES MCC
NOVA-X-V1 BEAM SCANNING
FREQUENCY = 10.016 GHz
90
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28
People depend on you every day. And you can depend on
compact, accurate Agilent FieldFox microwave analyzers. At a
kit-friendly 6.6 lbs., these rugged performers include a water
and dust-resistant chassis, easy-to-read portrait orientation
with low-reective display and integrated calibration that
eliminates the need to carry extra gear. Whatever the day
throws your way, FieldFox can help you achieve it all.
Learn about interference analysis, cable &antenna analysis
and hassle-free calibration with our application note series.
www.agilent.com/find/DependOnFieldFox
FielldFox Microwave Analyzers
12 Models: precise measurements up to 26.55 GHz
Spectrum analyzers
Vector network analyzers (VNA))
Combination analyzers
(cable & antenna analyzer+spectrumanalyzer+VNA)
MIL-PR P F-28800F Class 2 with 14 to 131 F operating range
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IIttttssss aaallll in a days wwoorrrkkk..
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See howFieldFox measures up watch the video. Scan the QR code or visit: http://qrs.ly/ty20pqk
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19
MWJ AUGMENTED INSERT.indd 158 12/19/13 4:31 PM
People depend on you every day. And you can depend on
compact, accurate Agilent FieldFox microwave analyzers. At a
kit-friendly 6.6 lbs., these rugged performers include a water
and dust-resistant chassis, easy-to-read portrait orientation
with low-reective display and integrated calibration that
eliminates the need to carry extra gear. Whatever the day
throws your way, FieldFox can help you achieve it all.
Learn about interference analysis, cable & antenna analysis
and hassle-free calibration with our application note series.
www.agilent.com/find/DependOnFieldFox
Fiel ldFox Microwave Analyzers
12 Models: precise measurements up to 26.5 5 GHz
Spectrum analyzers
Vector network analyzers (VNA))
Combination analyzers
(cable & antenna analyzer + spectrum analyzer + VNA)
MIL-PR P F-28800F Class 2 with 14 to 131 F operating range
UUUUnnpppredictable situuaattiiooonnnsss,,,
unforgiviing condittiioooonnnsss,, unknown hhhhaaazzzaaarrddsss...
IIttttssss aaallll in a days wwoorrrkkk..
u.s. 1-800-829-4444 canada: 1-877-894-4414
See how FieldFox
measures up watch
the video. Scan the QR
code or visit:
http://qrs.ly/ty20pqk
Scan page
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MWJAGILENT_FIELDFOX1113_LAYAR.indd 19 12/20/13 2:32 PM
JANUARY
IEEE RWW 2014
RADIO WIRELESS WEEK
January 1922, 2014 Newport Beach, CA
www.radiowirelessweek.org
MEMS 2014
27
TH
IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
MICRO ELECTRO MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
January 2630, 2014 San Francisco, CA
www.mems2014.org
DESIGNCON 2014
January 2831, 2014 Santa Clara, CA
www.designcon.com
FEBRUARY
ISSCC 2014
INTERNATIONAL SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS
CONFERENCE
February 913, 2014 San Francisco, CA
www.isscc.org
SPACOMM 2014
6
TH
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCES
IN SATELLITE AND SPACE COMMUNICATIONS
February 2327, 2014 Nice, France
www.iaria.org
MWC 2014
MOBILE WORLD CONGRESS
February 2427, 2014 Barcelona, Spain
www.mobileworldcongress.com
NATE UNITE 2014
ANNUAL CONFERENCE FOR THE NATIONAL
ASSOCIATION OF TOWER ERECTORS
February 2427, 2014 San Diego, CA
www.natehome.com/annual-conference
MARCH
ISQED 2014
INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON QUALITY
ELECTRONIC DESIGN
March 1012, 2014 Santa Clara, CA
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SATELLITE 2014
March 1013, 2014 Washington D.C.
www.satellite2014.com
DPC 2014
10
TH
ANNUAL DEVICE PACKAGING CONFERENCE
March 1013, 2014 Fountain Hills, AZ
www.imaps.org/devicepackaging
TAEECE 2014
2
ND
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN ELECTRICAL,
ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
March 1820, 2014 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
www.sdiwc.net/conferences/2014/taeece2014
CALL FOR PAPERS
83
rd
ARFTG
February 14, 2014
WAMICON 2014
February 14, 2014
mwjournal.com
MICROWAVE & RF 2014
March 1920, 2014 Paris, France
www.microwave-rf.com
ACES 2014
30
TH
INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN
APPLIED COMPUTATIONAL ELECTROMAGNETICS
March 2327, 2014 Jacksonville, FL
www.aces-society.org/conference/2014
IWCE 2014
INTERNATIONAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
EXPO
March 2428, 2014 Las Vegas, NV
www.iwceexpo.com
GOMACTECH 2014
GOVERNMENT MICROCIRCUIT APPLICATIONS &
CRITICAL TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE
March 31April 3, 2014 Charleston, SC
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APRIL
INMMIC 2014
INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON INTEGRATED
NONLINEAR MICROWAVE AND MILLIMETRE-WAVE
CIRCUITS
April 24, 2014 Leuven, Belgium
www.inmmic.org
EDI CON 2014
ELECTRONIC DESIGN INNOVATION CONFERENCE
April 810, 2014 Beijing, China
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MAY
NEMO 2014
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NUMERICAL
ELECTROMAGNETIC MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION
FOR RF, MICROWAVE AND TERAHERTZ
APPLICATIONS
May 1416, 2014 Pavia, Italy
www.nemo-ieee.org
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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPOUND
SEMICONDUCTOR MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
May 1922, 2014 Denver, CO
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JUNE
RFIC 2014
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June 13, 2014 Tampa, FL
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www.ims2014.org
83
RD
ARFTG MICROWAVE MEASUREMENT
SYMPOSIUM
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WAMICON 2014
IEEE WIRELESS AND MICROWAVE TECHNOLOGY
CONFERENCE
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ComingEvents
1M10 Final.indd 20 12/23/13 9:23 AM
2014 Richardson RFPD. All rights reserved. All brands and trademarks are property of their respective owners. Specifications subject to change without notice. MK130295. Printed in the USA.
REACH OUT TO US
At Richardson RFPD, we combine our
award-winning design support resources with
the latest Gallium Nitride products from the
worlds leading suppliers, including MACOM,
Microsemi, Nitronex, TriQuint and UMS.
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MWRFHIC0114.indd 22 12/20/13 2:33 PM
MWRFHIC0114.indd 23 12/20/13 2:33 PM
Next Generation Affordable
Smart Antennas
J.R. Guerci, Guerci Consulting LLC, Arlington, VA
T. Driscoll, R. Hannigan, S. Ebadi and C. Tegreene, Intellectual Ventures, Seattle, WA
D.E. Smith, Duke University, Durham, NC
A
conuence of advances in low cost
digitally controllable RF metamaterial-
based apertures and real-time embed-
ded cognitive signal processing has afforded a
new opportunity to realize a distinctly new and
affordable low SWAP smart antenna capability
for a multitude of demanding applications from
communications to radar. This article provides
an overview of these enabling advances, their
synergistic combination, and the new markets
that are emerging as a result.
MOTIVATION FOR NEXT-GEN SMART
ANTENNAS
From wireless communications to RF sens-
ing (radar, SIGINT), operating environments
are becoming ever more challenging due to
a multitude of factors from the spectrum
crunch resulting from a global proliferation
of wireless and RF sensing systems, to com-
plex clutter and multipath/propagation back-
grounds
2,3
(see Figure 1). This emerging chal-
lenge is concurrent with continual demands
for greater performance from end users. Con-
sequently, there is a perennial need for systems
that can adapt continuously to an ever chang-
ing transmission channel in an intelligent and
sophisticated way.
Theoretically, one path forward is through
real-time spatio-temporal adaptivity powered
by exible RF hardware and back-end cogni-
tive signal processing.
4
While there has been
steady and measureable progress in real-time
software that powers cognitive software de-
ned radios (SDR) and radar,
5,6
the analog
hardware in front of the analog-to-digital-con-
verter (ADC) has remained a stubborn chal-
lenge due to inherent physical and cost chal-
lenges.
7
However, recent breakthroughs in afford-
able software dened apertures (SDA) enabled
via new RF metamaterial designs are opening
up both new levels of adaptive antenna afford-
ability as well as performance and control.
Though the functionality of the SDAs is similar
to electronically scanned antennas (ESA), the
former term can be used to reect the signi-
cantly distinct architecture. In particular, the
metamaterial SDA can be considered a dynam-
COVER FEATURE
INVITED PAPER
Fig. 1 A conuence of stressing factors is conspiring to create
signicant challenges to next generation RF systems.
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__1M27 FINAL PROOF.indd 24 1/16/14 12:59 PM
RLC ELECTRONICS, INC.
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CoverFeature
cess, in the end, it was mostly due to
leveraging the major advances taking
place in the commercial wireless RF
sector.
9
The DARPA-esque Holy
Grail of achieving an order of magni-
tude reduction in SWaP-C remained
elusive.
In hindsight, the reasons are obvi-
ous: An ESA approach that is based
ertures and chan-
nels.
1
Moreover,
the full power of an
ESA is only realized
if it can be digitally
controlled which,
unfortunately, leads
to the requirement
for separate ADCs
in each receive
channel. Realizing
that the number of
channels tends to
grow in proportion
to the area of the
antenna leads inexo-
rably to an approach
whose SWaP-C does
not scale well as re-
quirements grow.
Guerci has rst-
hand experience
with the difculties
of achieving a low
SWaP-C ESA. Dur-
ing his seven years
with the Defense
Advanced Research
Projects Agen-
cy (DARPA), numerous advanced
projects were executed precisely to
achieve low SWaP-C antennas for ev-
erything from low cost cruise missile
defense (LCCMD) to multi-function
RF and MEMS based phase shifters
(see Figure 3 and reference 9). While
these projects achieved modest suc-
ically tuned but passive antenna, due
to the absence of power ampliers
and distinct radio modules distributed
throughout the aperture.
In this article, we provide an over-
view of the latest advances in new af-
fordable ESA technologies, and the
real-time cognitive signal processing
that can take maximal advantage of the
available adaptive degrees-of-freedom
(DoF). Also discussed are the latest
breakthroughs in RF metamaterials
that are enabling an entirely new gen-
eration of affordable low size, weight,
power and cost (SWaP-C) SDAs for a
variety of applications. Then the state-
of-the-art in cognitive signal process-
ing and real-time embedded comput-
ingthe smarts behind smart anten-
nasis reviewed. Finally, it is all put
together exploring the many problems
to which next generation affordable
smart antennas can be applied.
NEXT GENERATION LOW
SWAP-C ESAs
Electronically scanned antennas
have enabled countless RF applica-
tions where xed beam and/or me-
chanically gimbaled apertures are not
viable solutions. Interestingly, achiev-
ing electronic scan capability from the
very beginning utilized phased array
concepts,
8
which of course is just one
way to achieve electronically controlled
scanning. In a phased array (see Figure
2), the constructive/destructive prop-
erty of electromagnetic (EM) waves
emanating from different subapertures
is exploited to shape the composite an-
tenna pattern. For a passive ESA, this
is achieved by transmitting an identical
waveform (possibly amplitude tapered
for sidelobe control), emanating from a
single high power source, from differ-
ent subapertures with an appropriate
phase shift (narrowband) or time delay
(wideband) to achieve a desired beam
shape.
In an active ESA (AESA), each
subaperture is capable of transmit-
ting as well as receiving. Note that
the physics of this approach, as well
as numerous practical considerations
and constraints, often results in a rela-
tively large SWaP-C footprint. For
example, if one desires a high gain
mainbeam with low sidelobes, as well
as adaptive beamforming to spatially
lter interference, a generally com-
plex ESA is required with a relatively
large number of independent subap-
s Fig. 2 Example of a modern digital phased array antenna (re-
ceive) illustrating the need for independent RF and digital channels
(Courtesy of reference 1).
I&Q
DOWN
CONVERT &
ADC
NARROWBAND
SIGNAL
I&Q
DOWN
CONVERT &
ADC
I&Q
DOWN
CONVERT &
ADC
e
j(2f
0
tkr)
(
N
-
1
)
d
s
i
n
0

2
d
s
i
n
0

d
s
i
n
0

d d
S
N
W
*
N
W
*
3
W
*
2
y = W
S
W
*
1
S
3
S
2
S
1
I&Q
DOWN
CONVERT &
ADC
N 3 2 1
FREQUENCY (GHz)
s Fig. 3 An excerpt from a presentation by Dr. Larry Corey (DARPA/SPO) overviewing the
multipronged approach to achieve lower cost yet high performance ESAs (reference 9).
LOW COST ESA
MEMS PHASE
SHIFTER
LCCMD
LOW COST
MEM SEEKER
RECAP
RFMIP
SINGLE CHIP T/R
ALA
ISAT
ISIS
LIGHTFOOT
RECAP
WIDEBAND
MEM-TENNA
LARGE LOW
COST ESA
RF MEMS
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT PATH
Special Projects Office
15 October 2003 Corey IEEE PAST 2003 Updated 17 SEP 2003, page 2
__1M27 FINAL PROOF.indd 26 12/23/13 9:23 AM
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public safety radios, cable infrastructure receivers and RF test instrumentation. The devices up or downconversion
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d
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f
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LTC5510
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CoverFeature
(MCC) that is a part of Intellectual
Ventures (IV), working in coopera-
tion with Duke University.
11
Figure
5 shows an example of IVs metama-
terials surface antenna technology
(MSA-T) as applied to a commercial
satellite communications application.
Electronic scan capability (transmit
or receive) is achieved by launching
a wave across a surface with embed-
ded RF resonant elements as shown
in Figure 5. By a judicious selection
of digitally controlled resonant ele-
ments, and spacings, any desired an-
tenna pattern can be formed with the
available DoF as shown in Figure 6.
It should be noted that this approach
can be more efcient than so-called
leaky waveguide approaches.
13
Some of the key advantages of the
MSA-T SDA approach include:
Eliminates the need for multiple
independent RF channels and as-
sociated phase shifters or time
delay units (TDU) (i.e., it is not a
phased array approach).
Large electronic scan angles (60)
are possible (see Figure 6), unlike
traditional leaky wave antennas.
Can be synthesized using convention-
al printed circuit board (PCB) manu-
facturing methods (see Figure 5).
Additional adaptive DoFs can be
introduced without introducing
more RF channels (just more low
power digital control lines and res-
onant elements).
Beginning in the 1990s, research-
ers began to explore RF metamateri-
als that could exhibit properties not
found in naturally occurring substanc-
essuch as so-called negative re-
fractive index materials.
11
Of course,
the usual Hype Curve
12
kicked in
with exaggerated hopes and expecta-
tions. Within the past few years how-
ever, solid applications exploiting RF
metamaterials have emerged and have
even led to commercial product lines.
One particular application of meta-
materials for SDAs that function as low
SWaP-C ESAs is being developed by
engineers and scientists at the Meta-
materials Commercialization Center
on multiple independent RF chan-
nels can only be made so cheap and
compact. Ironically, if one consults
an elementary text on EM theory to
determine how to achieve a desired
antenna pattern from rst principles,
one nds a much more general solu-
tion than a phased array. Specically,
and without going into too much de-
tail, the far eld antenna pattern is the
Fourier transform of the RF aperture
distribution (see Figure 4).
10
This
naturally begs the question: How can
one digitally control the aperture dis-
tribution without the use of phased ar-
ray approaches? One answer, the use
of RF metamaterials, has proven to be
remarkably successful.
Fig. 4 Under fairly general conditions, the
far eld antenna pattern is proportional to the
Fourier transform of the CF () aperture func-
tion A(x, y) (Fraunhofer approximation
10
).
CF (A(X,Y))
A(X,Y)
z
x
y
Fig. 5 Sample MSA-T ESA for satel-
lite communication applications (see www.
kymetacorp.com).
Fig. 6 Illustration of the RF metamaterial
SDA. By judicious digitally controlled tuning
of the resonant elements, an arbitrary steer-
able antenna beam (or beams) can be formed.
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
60 45 0 45 60
0
30 30
60 60
90
INTELLECTUAL VENTURES MCC
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CoverFeature
thus become necessary to develop
newer nomenclature such as cogni-
tive processing (e.g., cognitive radi-
os,
15
cognitive radar,
5,16
etc.) to make
clear the signicant advancements
that have been achieved.
A denition of cognition that has
surprising engineering applicability is
afforded by the National Institute of
Health (NIH):
17
Cognition: Conscious mental activity
that informs a person about his or her
environment. Cognitive actions include
perceiving, thinking, reasoning, judging,
problem solving and remembering.
If we replace person with sys-
tem, and his or her with its, we
can readily map the above attributes
into those associated with machine in-
telligence as in Table 1.
5
The goal of
any intelligent RF system is to optimize
system performance based on ever
changing knowledge of the RF chan-
nel and user demands. In general, the
biggest challenge is real-time channel
knowledge due to the extreme nonsta-
tionary and complex nature of a realis-
tic RF channel due to highly complex
multipath scattering and terrain inter-
action, as well as highly chaotic electro-
magnetic interference (EMI).
The importance of knowing the
RF channel is easily illustrated with a
relatively simple signal-to-interference-
plus-noise ratio (SINR) optimization
problem. Figure 7 shows that a simple
forward RF channel model consists of
an N-dimensional complex valued trans-
mit signal S C
N
, a signal-to-receiver
multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) sto-
chastic transfer function represented by
H
~
C
NN
(which in the case of radar
includes a target transfer function), and
additive interference n
~
C
N
with asso-
ciated covariance R C
NN
. The goal
of the receiver, represented by w C
N
,
is to (for example) maximize the output
SINR. Details of the solution can be
found in reference 5, which are stated
here:
( )
=
=
+ +
SS SS
ww ss
H H
Optimum Transit Solution (1)
R (H )
Optimum Receiver Solution (2)
'
opt max opt
opt
1
where H
+
= H
w
H, and H
w
is the
whitening lter (H
w
= R
-
).
18
The
key take away from these two fun-
we survey the latest advances in the
back-end signal processing that is the
brains of smart antennas.
NEXT GENERATION INTELLIGENT
SIGNAL PROCESSING
The original term smart antenna,
as coined by Winters,
14
referred to
spatial diversity and adaptive beam-
forming. Of course the smarts were
achieved via real-time adaptive digital
signal processing (DSP). In the past
10 years or so, even more sophisticat-
ed real-time adaptive processing has
been developed that from an input-
output perspective exhibits a very
high degree of machine intelligence
and environmental awareness. It has
Inherently low physical volume
and, especially, low prole (e.g., a
few mm thick).
Inherently low cost due to afore-
mentioned architecture and PCB
compatibility.
Can realize radiation efciencies
comparable to parabolic dish and
other conventional antennas.
Enables the potential for deliver-
ing a true conformal aperture that
performs just as effectively as a pla-
nar aperture (to within projected
aperture constraints).
A digitally controllable, adap-
tive and exible aperture is certainly
a necessary prerequisite for a smart
antennabut not sufcient. Next
TABLE I
MAPPING OF BIOLOGICAL COGNITIVE PROPERTIES TO A COGNITIVE RF SYSTEM
(COMMS/RADAR/ETC.)
Cognitive Property Cognitive RF Equivalent
Perceiving Sensing (onboard/offboard, networked)
Thinking, reasoning, judging,
problem solving
Expert systems, rule-based reasoning, knowledge-aided (KA)
processing, adaptive algorithms and computation
Remembering Memory, environmental and systems databases,
cloud resources
Copyright 2014 COMSOL. COMSOL, COMSOL Multiphysics, Capture the Concept, COMSOL Desktop, and LiveLink are either registered trademarks or trademarks of COMSOL AB. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners, and COMSOL AB and its
subsidiaries and products are not affliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or supported by those trademark owners. For a list of such trademark owners, see http://www.comsol.com/tm
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knowledge of its surroundings and
possibly relevant meteorological data,
it could calculate the propagation
channel and thus predict a multitude
of important effects. To do this in prac-
tice, however, the radio would need to
perform complex electromagnetic ray
tracing and wave propagation calcula-
tions, and have access to digital terrain
databases, etc. Additionally, if propa-
gation measurements were routinely
performed and stored, then over time
a historical database could be created
and likewise utilized to predict perfor-
mance. Why not combine both these
approaches?
In the early 2000s, DARPA started
a major project to do just that for ra-
dar. Dubbed the KASSPER project
(Knowledge-Aided Sensor Signal
Processing and Expert Reasoning),
19

the goal was to achieve an order-of-
magnitude or better detection per-
formance improvement in a challeng-
ing ground moving target indicator
(GMTI) application (a good example
of a major GMTI radar is the U.S. Air
Forces JSTARS
20
). Though there are
many intricate details, the crux of the
KASSPER concept can be illustrated
with a relatively simple mathematical
example.
One of the specic key goals of
KASSPER was to achieve signicantly
better clutter cancellation perfor-
mance. In particular, improvement
was sought in the space-time adaptive
processing (STAP) lter.
1
Without
belaboring the details, a STAP lter
is essentially an adaptive multichan-
nel nite impulse response (FIR) l-
ter whose optimum weights (taps)
that it was about to hit a signicant
fade? Or conversely be blasted by a
co-channel interferer? Or if it knew
that steering its antenna pattern 20
to the left would result in a 10 dB im-
provement in SINR? In many applica-
tions, events like this can be the result
of complex terrain/multipath interac-
tions. In principle, if a radio knew its
precise location and had accurate 3D
damental equations is the need for
knowledge of the channel propaga-
tion and interference. How does one
get this knowledge in a rapidly vary-
ing environment and act on it in real
time? This is indeed the raison dtre
for cognitive RF systems.
INTELLIGENT CHANNEL
ESTIMATION
In both wireless communications
and radar, there are two fundamental
contributors to the time-varying chan-
nel parameters: (1) Propagation; and
(2) Co-Channel Interference. Tra-
ditionally, relatively simple adaptive
signal processing techniques, coupled
with basic statistical models, were em-
ployed to estimate both (1) and (2).
Sufce to say these approaches have
run their coursehence the emer-
gence of so-called cognitive radio/
radar. There is now a variety of new
intelligent signal processing meth-
ods emerging for both propagation
and interference channel estimation.
We will highlight some of the more
advanced techniques.
What if a radio knew ahead of time
s Fig. 7 Example of a MIMO forward path problem where it is desired to jointly optimize both the
transmit and receive functions to maximize SINR.
TRANSMITTER(S)
ANY DESIRED DoFs
(FAST-TIME, SPATIAL, ETC.)
SC
N
TAGET
H
T
OPTIMUM
w
RECEIVER
H
T
C
MN
nC
MM
~
R
+
+
C
M
y
C
M
RECEIVER(S)
DETECTION
STATISTIC
CHANNEL
TARGETS,
JAMMING, NOISE
w
Noise Figure In Select Frequency Bands
Frequency (GHz)
N
o
i
s
e

F
i
g
u
r
e

(
d
B
)
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
4.5dB
4.0dB
2.8dB 2.8dB
2.5dB
1.2dB
0.9dB
0.7dB
0.35dB
0.7dB
0.5dB
1.2dB
1.8dB
1.3dB
1.5dB
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of this training approach is shown in
Figure 8. If one is fortunate enough
to be operating over homogenous
clutter terrain, than the stationarity
assumption implicit in this sample
matrix approach works very well, and
near optimal clutter cancellation per-
formance is achievable. Of course in
the real world, radars can be operat-
ing in extremely complex clutter ter-
rains, such as urban settings resulting
in very suboptimal performance that
has been well documented in the lit-
erature.
1,21
How did the KASSPER
project remedy this with cognitive sig-
nal processing?
The approach that resulted in the
best overall performance averaged
over a number of different scenarios
had a structure in the form of:
= +
R

R

R (5)
MLE KA
where R

MLE
is as before but with far
fewer training samples that are much
closer to the range bin of interest
and thus very representative of the
actual clutter, and R

KA
is the knowl-
edge-aided (KA) estimate of the clut-
ter covariance obtained from a variety
of model-based and cognitive signal
processing techniques. In some vari-
ants, it has a very similar mathemati-
cal form as the MLE estimator, but
instead of using measured range sam-
ples, synthetic samples were generat-
ed using either ray tracing or synthetic
aperture radar (SAR) images of the
region of interest. The former is an ex-
ample of the model-based ray tracing
approach while the latter is an example
of the database approach where the
SAR image acts as the database.
5
Thus the best overall intelligent signal
processing approach was a blend of
live data, model based predictions
and historical databaseshard to ar-
gue with. Indeed without getting too
example, a bedrock of STAP is the so-
called maximum likelihood estimate
(MLE) which substitutes an estimate
of R in the lter equation, denoted as
R

MLE
, given by
=
=
XX XX
R
1
K
(4)
MLE i i
'
k 1
k
where the K samples {X
i
C
N
} cor-
respond, for example, to the space-
time signals received by the radar
over K range bins
1
. An illustration
w C
N
obey the well-known Wiener-
Hopf equation:
1
w = R
-1
s (3)
where R C
NN
is the interfering
clutter plus noise covariance ma-
trix, and S C
N
is the desired target
(steering vector) of interest (i.e.,
direction, Doppler, etc.). In STAP ap-
plications, the dimensionality of R can
be relatively large, and thus require
a lot of training data to estimate. For
Fig. 8 Illustration of a popular training
strategy for computing the requisite statistics in
STAP applications (Courtesy of reference 1).
X
i+2
X
i+1
X
i
X
i2
X
i1
ARRAY
SNAPSHOT
VECTOR
RANGE
TEST CELL
GUARD
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two of the methods developed under
KASSPER.
The rst method for reducing real-
time KA processing is simply prioritiza-
tion based on relatively simple knowl-
edge and ownship kinematic knowl-
edge. For example, if a radar knows
where it will be located, say, a few sec-
onds into the future (if it doesnt, it has
far bigger problems), it can perform a
look-ahead function in parallel with
the real-time processing and search
the terrain database for troubled
spots. In the case of GMTI radar, these
might be regions of complex terrain,
land-sea interfaces, or very large re-
ectors (known as discretes). Not all
inhomogeneities have the same del-
eterious impact on performance. Thus
a natural rank ordering of the trouble
spots emerges. This can then be sub-
jected to a resource allocation function
that decides how to best use onboard
computational resources. Keep in
mind that this is all happening in the
future, i.e., in a predictive mode. The
radar has not yet encountered the next
scenebut it can easily anticipate it a
few seconds into the future, often even
longer. This look-ahead approach is
also essential when interacting with on-
board databases that reside in memory.
There is simply no way for a highly vec-
torized real-time processor to interact
with slower memory and keep up. An
analogous prioritization scheme is eas-
ily developed for a variety of non-radar
applications such as wireless mobile
communications where, for example,
prior knowledge of impending channel
changes can be used to again optimize
resources and performance.
The second method developed un-
der KASSPER for achieving real-time
KA processing was to perform the nec-
essary calculations BEFORE the radar
returns arrive. This was again achieved
using the aforementioned look-ahead
approach, but it also utilized the ra-
dar resource scheduler to obtain criti-
cal and necessary information such as
what operating frequency, waveform/
bandwidth, polarization, scan angle
and patterns will be used in the future.
With this information, the aforemen-
tioned synthetic KA covariances could
be calculated and literally appended
to the actual real-time data stream.
1,5

Thus in short, the seemingly insur-
mountable obstacles associated with
performing KA and cognitive functions
were overcome with prior knowledge,
mance embedded computer (HPEC)
that was the true crux of the project.
This was before the advances in FP-
GAs, ASICs and multi-core GPUs for
embedded applications over the past
decade, that have greatly expanded the
range of cognitive techniques that can
be implemented in real-time.
5
None-
theless, the non-device specic tech-
niques developed under KASSPER
for achieving real-time performance
are still very applicable and often
still necessary. We will briey discuss
philosophical, its a lot like the way we
interact with the worldprior experi-
ence, problem solving and learning,
hence the term cognitive.
This is all well and good but the
astute reader is by now no doubt won-
dering about the potentially daunting
computational burden associated with
this approach for real-time applica-
tions. Indeed, when the KASSPER
project was started over 10 years ago,
it was the challenge of trying to imple-
ment these ideas in a high perfor-
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ics cognitive abilities.
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER: THE
PATH AHEAD
While cognitive RF systems have
been successfully demonstrated with
high-end adaptive antenna systems
(e.g., the DARPA KASSPER project),
it is now possible to leverage these
techniques and advances in low SWaP-C
HPEC and SDAs and apply them to
a whole range of heretofore cost and
SWaP prohibitive applications. For
example, UAVs are inherently SWaP-C
limited due to both their relatively
small size and need to maximize their
operational ight envelope (speed,
altitude, range). Nonetheless, there
are countless missions and demands
that UAVs are poised to fulll if only
they could maximize their payload ef-
fectiveness in a cost effective way. For
example, there is great interest in out-
tting UAVs with GMTI radars. While
large UAVs such as the Predator and
Global Hawk can support reasonably
powerful systems with conventional
AESAs, the vast majority of smaller
UAVs must settle for far less power-
ful and capable radars. Indeed due to
the relatively high SWaP-C nature of
AESAs, static or mechanically steered
antennas are often utilized which lack
the necessary DoFs to fully exploit
cognitive signal processing. Fortu-
nately, with maturation of the afore-
mentioned metamaterial SDAs, it now
appears that technical obstacle has
been removed. Moreover, even larger
UAVs may want to take a second look
at replacing their AESAs with meta-
material ESAsSWaP-C is still very
much a major concern no matter what
the class of UAV (see Figure 9).
As mentioned at the beginning of
this article, the term smart antenna
originally referred to ESAs (or multi-
antenna) wireless communication sys-
new ways to perform real-time sensor
and communication signal process-
ing exploiting the very same types of
calculations. Thus from an algorith-
mic/software and real-time hardware
stance, the technical excuse is off the
table. It is now absolutely possible
to implement truly intelligent real-
time sensor/comms signal processing
that knows where it is in relation to its
environment, has access to a plurality
of knowledge and modeling sources,
and can act on the knowledge in a way
physics calculations and ownship re-
source scheduler knowledge.
5
A third method for achieving real-
time KA/cognitive capabilities had
nothing to do with KASSPER. It is
simply the result of the advances
achieved in the past decade with em-
bedded ASICs, FPGAs, multi-core
CPUs and especially general purpose
GPUs. Indeed it is rather ironic that
the real-time graphical render-
ing and ray tracing requirements of
video games has ushered in entirely
s Fig. 9 UAVs represent one of the most
demanding and growing applications for
a multitude of low SWaP-C electronically
scanned antennas.
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References
1. J.R. Guerci, Space-time Adaptive Processing
for Radar, Norwood, MA, Artech House, 2003.
2. J.R. Guerci, R&D Panel Overview, Interna-
tional Symposium on Advanced Radio Tech-
nologies (ISART), 2011.
3. J. Chapin, Shared Spectrum Access for Radar
and Communications (SSPARC), DARPA
BAA-13-24, www.darpa.mil, 2012.
4. J.R. Guerci, Cognitive Radar: The Next Radar
Wave? Microwave Journal, January 2011, pp.
22-36.
5. J.R. Guerci, Cognitive Radar: The Knowledge-
Aided Fully Adaptive Approach, Norwood,
MA, Artech House, 2010.
6. J. Mitola, Cognitive Radio for Flexible Mobile
Multimedia Communications, IEEE Interna-
tional Workshop on Mobile Multimedia Com-
munications, 1999 pp. 3-10.
7. W. Chappell, www.darpa.mil/NewsEvents/Re-
leases/2013/02/26.aspx.
8. K.F. Braun, Electrical Oscillations and Wireless
Telegraphy, presented at the Nobel Lecture,
1909.
9. L. Corey et al, Phased-array Development at
DARPA, presented at the IEEE International
Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Tech-
nology, 2003.
10. H.E. White and F.A. Jenkins, Fundamentals of
Optics, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, 1957.
11. D. Smith et al, Metamaterials and Negative Re-
fractive Index, Science, Vol. 305, pp. 788-792,
2004.
12. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hype_cycle.
13. A.W. Snyder, Leaky-ray Theory of Optical
Waveguides of Circular Cross Section, Applied
Physics, Vol. 4, pp. 273-298, 1974.
14. J.H. Winters, Smart Antennas for Wireless Sys-
tems, Personal Communications, IEEE, Vol. 5,
pp. 23-27, 1998.
15. J. Mitola III and G.Q. Maguire Jr., Cognitive
Radio: Making Software Radios More Person-
al, Personal Communications, IEEE, Vol. 6, pp.
13-18, 1999.
16. S. Haykin, Cognitive Radar: a Way of the Fu-
ture, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, Vol.
23, pp. 30-40, 2006.
17. Denition of Cognition, National Institutes of
Health, National Institute of Mental Health,
http://science-education.nih.gov/supplements/
nih5/Mental/other/glossary.htm.
18. H.L.V. Trees, Detection, Estimation and Modu-
lation Theory, Part I, New York, Wiley, 1968.
19. J.R. Guerci and E.J. Baranoski, Knowledge-
aided Adaptive Radar at DARPA: an Overview,
Signal Processing Magazine, IEEE, Vol. 23, pp.
41-50, 2006.
20. JSTARS, www.northropgrumman.com/Capa-
bilities/E8CJointSTARS/Pages/default.aspx.
21. W.L. Melvin, Space-time Adaptive Radar
Performance in Heterogeneous Clutter, Aero-
space and Electronic Systems, IEEE Transac-
tions, Vol. 36, pp. 621-633, 2000.
22. Cost of Launching a Payload into Space, www.
nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/background/
facts/astp.html_prt.htm.
load costs $10,000 to boost into low
Earth orbit (LEO), and every cubic
foot takes up precious space in the
rocket faring.
21
Extremely low SWaP-
C ESAs powered by onboard intelli-
gent embedded processing open up
entirely new application possibilities
from remote sensing, surveillance and
satellite communications.
In summary, a conuence of ad-
vances in low SWaP-C digitally con-
trollable SDAs and real-time embed-
ded cognitive signal processing has
tems. However, over the years, only a
modest rollout of AESAs for commu-
nications has been achieved again due
to their inherently high SWaP-C na-
ture. Here again is another opportu-
nity to re-visit a multitude of wireless
applications armed with next gen low
SWaP-C powered by state-of-the-art
embedded cognitive processing.
Lastly, but by no means least, RF
spacecraft payloads represent a major
class of severely SWaP-C constrained
applications. Every pound of pay-
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MWJPerspective
Glen Fields, Director, Aerospace and Defense, MACOM, Lowell, MA
Phased Array Radar
At the Intersection of Military and
Commercial Innovation
multi-function radar capabilities for a
new generation of radar systems and a
new era of deployment modes.
As phased array radar technol-
ogy becomes ubiquitous for defense
applications driven by the
militarys signicant and
sustained investment in
this eld the associated
innovation has natu-
rally owed into the
commercial domain,
where today its being
adopted for applica-
tions spanning weather
tracking to perimeter
protection to air traf-
c control and
beyond. This
growing
A
ccelerating innovation in
phased array radar design and
manufacturing is transform-
ing our military radar infrastructure,
enabling the achievement of unprec-
edented size weight and power
(SWaP) proles that in turn
facilitate greater radar sys-
tem accuracy, mobility
and deployment exibil-
ity for an ever widening
range of ground-based,
airborne and seaborne
applications. This has en-
hanced the militarys ability
to equip existing ships, air-
craft and vehicles with new
hi gh-performance,
ultra compact
radar sys-
tems while
introduc-
ing new
adoption of phased array radar for ci-
vilian applications has in turn yielded
commercial-scale cost and component
manufacturing efciencies that are
in full circle owing into the military
domain, where increasing reliance on
COTS radar components and com-
mercial manufacturing techniques is
promoting leaner cost structures and
eliminating cumbersome chip and
wire assembly approaches. This con-
vergence of military and commercial
innovation and best practices is driv-
ing greater SWaP optimization and
cost efciencies across both of these
domains, unlocking the full potential
of phased array radar technology.
WEATHER AND SAFETY
APPLICATIONS AT THE
FOREFRONT
The early adoption of phased array
radar for non-military uses has been
most prominent in weather and safety
applications, particularly early warn-
ing detection of severe impending
weather. New X-Band radar systems,
networked across multiple nodes, are
providing greater understanding of
weather patterns like hurricanes and
wildres in real-time as they develop.
New weather radar initiatives such
as the Collaborative Adaptive Sensing
of the Atmosphere (CASA) Weather
Radar Program a multi-sector part-
nership among academia, industry
and government are emerging to
better protect people and property
and mitigate damage through im-
proved weather sensing. X-Band ra-
dar networks developed via the CASA
program detect the region of the
lower atmosphere currently below
conventional radar range, providing
the ability to map storms, wind, rain,
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MWJPerspective
MACOMs work on the aforemen-
tioned MPAR program is another
example of the use of commercial
manufacturing practices for a techni-
cally demanding radar architecture
originally developed for military pur-
poses. In addition to meeting the ex-
acting technical demands, the MPAR
design team needed to achieve an or-
der of magnitude or more reduction
in cost compared to earlier military-
class phased array radar systems. To
meet these challenges, MACOM
designed and manufactured highly
integrated MMICs that would mini-
mize total part count and simplify
manufacturing and assembly, and
packaged these MMICs in industry-
standard surface mount plastic pack-
ages. This effort also included the
design and manufacturing of PCB
T/R modules to facilitate automated
assembly and test, and a PCB-based
line replaceable unit (LRU) which
forms the fundamental RF building
block for the system.
For phased array radar system
OEMs, the convergence of military
radar innovation and commercial
cost efciencies better enables them
to serve both markets simultaneously
with generic products assembled at
high-volume via a common manufac-
turing platform, enabling signicant
cost savings. These OEMs must rug-
gedize their commercial products for
use in high-reliability military applica-
tions if they are to effectively cross-
purpose their product lines, and this
ultimately relieves some of the high-
reliability testing and screening bur-
den that drives up costs for military
systems further promoting cost ef-
ciencies for both domains.
The cross-domain ow of mili-
tary investment and commercial best
practices is lowering development
and manufacturing costs for phased
array radar systems while unlock-
ing new application opportunities.
Leveraging the volumes of both the
commercial and defense applications
will produce economies of scale fur-
ther enhancing the cost equation.
The continued erosion of cost bar-
riers on both sides of the customer/
supplier equation will ultimately ac-
celerate the pace of innovation and
adoption for phased array radar into
the future.
nature, and has submitted a plan to
the FCC that would leverage the 14 to
14.5 GHz band and a network of 150
ground stations to move this initiative
forward.
At the infrastructure level, this
would shift in-ight Internet trafc
from satellite-based networks to
terrestrial-based systems, which
could potentially introduce sig-
nificant cost efficiencies. This pro-
posed system would boost current
in-flight Internet capacity from
10 to 300 Gbps, enabling video
streaming, gaming and other rich
multimedia access for planes at alti-
tudes of several miles.
The combination of ground pen-
etration and range sensing capabilities
enabled by phased array radar systems
have shown considerable promise for
the energy and mining sectors. Radar-
assisted range sensing can be used to
monitor and gauge uid levels in un-
derground pipelines and aboveground
oil tanks. It can also be employed for
mine exploration and mineral detec-
tion applications.
MILITARY AND COMMERCIAL
CONVERGE
Just as the commercial domain
is leveraging the militarys heavy in-
vestment in phased array radar tech-
nology to drive innovation and cost-
efciencies for civilian applications,
the military is increasingly adopting
commercial design and manufactur-
ing best practices to achieve cost
and process efciencies of its own.
Consider, for example, the X-Band
Core Chip designed by MACOM and
FIRST RF Corp. for the common leg
circuit in CASA-optimized radar sys-
tems. This integrated, surface mount
solution enables high-yield automat-
ed assembly, smaller footprint design
and improved reliability. The plastic
packaged, 7 7 mm X-Band Core
Chip for the 8 to 11 GHz range in-
tegrates a CMOS logic driver with a
GaAs Transmit/Receive (T/R) MMIC
within a single QFN package. The
ability to offer a full SMT solution
for demanding X-Band phased array
radar applications combines the best
of military radar innovation and high
volume commercial manufacturing
expertise in a bi-directional value
proposition.
temperature, humidity and the ow of
airborne hazards.
The development of the Multi-
function Phased Array Radar (MPAR)
panel, a dual-polarized S-Band sys-
tem, is an example of defense-caliber
phased array radar technology applied
to weather tracking and air trafc
control applications simultaneously.
MPAR panels were co-developed by
MACOM and the Massachusetts In-
stitute of Technology Lincoln Labora-
tory under sponsorship from the Fed-
eral Aviation Administration (FAA) as
a next generation alternative to the
existing civil radar network currently
supplying air trafc and weather sur-
veillance. MPAR panels consolidate
eight separate radar systems that cur-
rently perform four unique missions
terminal air surveillance, en-route
air surveillance, weather radar and
terminal Doppler radar. This enables
increased resolution and faster op-
eration, providing improved data for
weather forecasting together with
advanced air trafc control capabili-
ties. An MPAR system is constructed
of multiple MPAR panels function-
ing in concert to radiate and receive
pulses of radar energy used to detect,
locate and track aircraft and weather
features.
Other safety-driven applications of
phased array radar for non-military
purposes include radar-assisted search
and rescue operations for disaster vic-
tims, including those trapped under
rubble or underground by earthquake
or landslide conditions. This capability
requires high frequency radar to de-
tect movement, which opens the door
to additional non-weather-related
safety applications like perimeter se-
curity and border protection.
FROM AIRBORNE TO
UNDERGROUND
Another prominent example of
phased array radar technology ap-
plied to commercial interests is the
recent effort to begin transmitting
high-speed Internet/voice data be-
tween airborne aircraft and ground
stations via Ku-Band active phased ar-
ray antenna or communication AESA,
bringing broadband Internet access
to in-ight passengers. Qualcomm
has proposed an air-to-ground back-
haul communication system of this
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ones career. The Journal supports this
effort with our publication each month
and we are pleased to once again help
organize an event where working en-
gineers can learn from experts and
share their knowledge with colleagues
face to face. The papers submitted to
each of the four main EDI CON tech-
nical tracks (Design, Measurement/
Modeling, System Engineering and
Commercial Resources) are a faithful
representation of the design methods,
semiconductor technology and engi-
neering tools that denes where we
are in 2014 and establishes our foun-
dation on which to build the future.
MWJPerspective
Semiconductor Technology Drives
the EDI CON 2014 Technical Program
T
he dust has settled on the nal
rush for turning in materials
before the submission deadline
for the peer-reviewed technical pro-
gram at EDI CON 2014, to be held
this April in Beijing, China. With an
emphasis on high frequency and high-
speed electronic design, this years
crop of papers reects many industry
trends that dene the state-of-the-art
in RF, microwave and high-speed dig-
ital design, measurement, simulation
and components. The focus of this
industry-driven event is to educate at-
tendees on the latest techniques, tools
and devices available to help engineers
achieve their goals, whether that is to
optimize their ampliers linearity and
efciency, improve the dynamic range
of their receiver chain or address any
number of electronic design challeng-
es. In addition, the conference will ex-
amine evolving technology in the con-
text of those communication systems
driving development and investment.
Chinas size and rapid economic
growth left little doubt that it would
become the worlds largest mobile mar-
ket. Despite a downturn in the Chinese
mobile infrastructure in the rst half
of 2013, Infonetics Research reported
a strong overall market for hardware
thanks to China Mobiles massive TD-
LTE rollout of 20,000 base stations and
the Chinese governments awarding of
4G licenses. As elsewhere, high-speed
data is driving the growth of the mo-
bile business and radio spectrum is a
nite resource in great demand. As a
result, several talks in the system track
will consider spectrum management
and radio monitoring, addressing top-
ics such as opportunistic spectrum
access, interference control and miti-
gation techniques, and spectrum ef-
ciency. Experts will discuss detection,
location and analysis of radio signals,
signal intelligence and analysis, receiv-
ers and antenna technologies. Further
LTE related topics will include carrier
aggregation, CoMP, MIMO and over-
the-air testing.
In addition to system level testing,
papers submitted to the measurement
and modeling track cover a range of
topics specic to device and material
characterization and design verica-
tion as well as the test and simulation
techniques that ensure accurate re-
sults. Device modeling via measure-
ment or EM simulation is a critical
part of the design process and experts
from leading test equipment and soft-
ware vendors will cover a host of these
modeling challenges from character-
izing device nonlinear behavior to
studying materials in the free-space
mm-wave and THz-regions.
Integrated circuits and semicon-
ductor technology are critical to the
overall performance of electronic
systems, whether the application is
for mobile communications, radar or
satellite navigation. The design track
reects the industrys focus on recent
advances in design technology with
David Vye, Microwave Journal Editor
2014
_1M26 FINAL.indd 46 12/30/13 12:38 PM
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The need to provide precision re capabilities to sol-
diers operating in squad and platoon levels has led to the
development of guided projectiles and is being inducted
by all major armed forces. The precision effect offered by
these projectilesapart from offering a reliable rst-shot,
rst-hit capabilityalso reduces the logistics burden. The
advancement of technology means that the unit cost of
such systems will be further reduced, thus making it even
more attractive and affordable.
DARPA Selects Rockwell Collins to Develop
Prototype for Next Gen SDRs
R
ockwell Collins has been selected by the Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) to
develop a direct conversion digital receiver based on
photonic technology. The three-year contract for the DIS-
ARMER program is valued at up to $8.5 million.
RF sensor systems on
the modern battleeld
must cover many RF and
microwave bands, and de-
liver accurately processed
information. Rockwell
Collins seeks to apply the
photonic analog to digital
converter (ADC) tech-
nology developed under
the recently completed
DARPA RADER program
to create a digital receiver
that can accommodate X-Band frequencies.
This technology will provide the Department of De-
fense with the networking capability that it has been seek-
ing for the last decade to assure spectrum superiority on
the battleeld, said John Borghese, vice president of
the Rockwell Collins Advanced Technology Center. Our
overall goal is to develop a rst-of-its-kind radio to digi-
tize signals at higher frequencies and with more resolution
than ever before, allowing a much quicker assessment of
threats.
A single DISARMER digital receiver may replace mul-
tiple pieces of equipment, enable eld reconguration and
reduce the size, weight, power and cost of both military
and commercial radio systems.
U.S. Navy Accepts MUOS-2 Satellite,
Ground Stations After LMs Successful On-
Orbit Testing
L
wwockheed Martin has completed on-orbit testing of
the second Mobile User Objective System (MUOS)
satellite and handed over spacecraft operations to the
Smart Weapons Market Worth $5335.1M
A
ccording to ASDReports, the global smart weapons
market is valued at $3621 million in 2013 and is ex-
pected to register a CAGR of 8.06 percent to reach
$5335.1 million by 2018. The cumulative market across the
forecasted period is estimated to be $26.73 billion.
U.S. is the most attractive market for smart weapons. It
is a matured market with most of the market leaders situ-
ated in this country. The U.S. smart weapons market is val-
ued at $1593.3 million in 2013 and is expected to register
a CAGR of 2.6 percent to reach $1817.5 million by 2018.
The second-largest market is the Middle East, where the
market is expected to increase from $350.9 million in 2013
to $712.1 million in 2018.
Recent conicts across the globe have emphasized the
need for precision attacks and stand-off surgical strikes.
There is an imperative need to avoid collateral damage and
at the same time provide combatant commanders with a
weapons capability that could create an immediate posi-
tive effect on the battleeld. These needs are met by smart
weapons that are increasingly being added to the inventory
of the armed forces. Given the need for such systems, the
demand is expected to increase during and after the period
under study.
Smart weapons range
from precision-guided
artillery rounds and pre-
cision-guided bombs to
precision-guided stand-
off missiles. Anti-armor
weapons comprise of anti-
tank and anti-structure
missiles. Lately, multi-
mission capable missiles,
which could be used in a
variety of operations, are
widely developed and produced, thus reducing logistics
and providing single, easy-to-use solutions for a variety of
missions. Guided munitions are bombs that are tted with
any one of the following guidance systems: inertial navi-
gation system, global positioning system, laser beam guid-
ance, terrain mapping, radar guidance, infrared imaging
and video guidance systems.
These guidance systems can be used individually or by
combining two different guidance mechanisms; thus creat-
ing a hybrid navigation system that helps in improving all
weather targeting and attacking capabilities for war ght-
ers. Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) by The Boeing
Company, Paveway by Raytheon and AASM by Sagem of
France are a couple of widely procured guided munitions.
The demand for precision/surgical strikes has led to an
increased demand for these systems, and western compa-
nies, who dominate this market, are expected to strengthen
their market position across the globe in the coming de-
cade or at least until a credible domestic capability is built
by the procuring nations.
DefenseNews
Cliff Drubin, Associate Technical Editor
Go to mwjournal.com for more defense news items
For More
Information
Recent conicts
across the globe have
emphasized the need
for precision attacks
and stand-off surgical
strikes.
This technology
will provide the
Department of Defense
with the networking
capability that it has
been seeking for the
last decade
1M14 FINAL Proof.indd 49 12/23/13 9:24 AM
DefenseNews
U.S. Navy. The handover also includes acceptance of three
MUOS ground stations that will relay voice and high-speed
data signals for mobile users worldwide.
MUOS-2 was launched July 19, 2013 aboard a United
Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket from Cape Canaveral Air
Force Station FL. The system dramatically improves se-
cure communications, delivering simultaneous and priori-
tized voice, video and data for the rst time to users on the
move.
MUOS-2 benets from continuous improvement. We
completed our baseline on-orbit testing in half the time
compared to MUOS-1, said Iris Bombelyn, vice presi-
dent of narrowband communications at Lockheed Mar-
tin. We look forward to supporting the Navys test and
evaluation phase to demonstrate the total capability of the
Mobile User Objective System. When commissioned, the
full digital data and exible network management capa-
bilities will be available to users for both MUOS-1 and
MUOS-2.
The Naval Satellite Operations Center will soon begin
relocation operations to place MUOS-2 in its operational
slot. There, it will undergo testing and evaluation prior to
formal government commissioning in 2014.
MUOS satellites are equipped with a wideband code
division multiple access (WCDMA) payload that provides
a 10-fold increase in transmission throughput over the cur-
rent Ultra High Frequency (UHF) satellite system, which
is also on board. The WCDMA payload gives users the ad-
vantage of high-speed data and priority access that legacy
systems did not.
Lockheed Martins MUOS operations team conducted
the on-orbit deployment and checkout of all spacecraft sys-
tems over a four month period. Government testing will
take place before MUOS-2 is turned over to U.S. Strategic
Command for operational use.
U.S. Navy photo courtesy of NASA by Patrick H. Corkery
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Where the Experts Speak...
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Horizon 2020 Launched with 15B Over
First Two Years
O
n 11 December 2013 the European Commission, for
the rst time, presented calls for projects under Hori-
zon 2020, the European Unions 80 billion research
and innovation programme. Worth more than 15 billion
over the rst two years, the funding is intended to help
boost Europes knowledge-driven economy and tackle is-
sues that will make a difference to peoples lives. This in-
cludes 12 areas that will be a focus for action in 2014/2015,
including topics such as smart cities and digital security.
For the rst time, the Commission has indicated fund-
ing priorities over two years, providing researchers and
businesses with more certainty than ever before on the
direction of EU research policy. Most calls from the 2014
budget are now open for submissions, with more to fol-
low over the course of the year. Calls in the 2014 budget
alone are worth around 7.8 billion, with funding focused
on the three key pillars of Horizon 2020: Excellent Science
around 3 billion, Industrial Leadership 1.8 billion
to support Europes industrial leadership in areas like ICT,
nanotechnologies, advanced manufacturing, robotics, bio-
technologies and space, and Societal Challenges 2.8
billion for innovative projects addressing Horizon 2020s
seven societal challenges.
At the launch European Research, Innovation and Sci-
ence Commissioner Mire Geoghegan-Quinn said: Its time
to get down to business. After all the talk and the seemingly
endless negotiations around the EU budget, today we are
starting to put that money
to good use.
This is funding that is
sorely needed. It is fund-
ing that is needed by re-
searchers, who in many
countries are nding na-
tional science budgets squeezed, and little money available
for pan-European cooperation. It is funding that will be
welcomed by businesses both big and small, who need
research and innovation to remain competitive in global
markets.
Above all this funding is for citizens, because only by
investing in research and innovation will Europe nd solu-
tions to the big challenges that our societies face, and only
by investing in research and innovation will we generate
good, sustainable jobs in our economies.
GSA Confrms 244 LTE Networks
Commercially Launched
T
he latest update of the Evolution to LTE report from
the Global mobile Suppliers Association (GSA) con-
rms that 244 operators have commercially launched
LTE services in 92 countries. 98 LTE networks had been
MICROWAVE JOURNAL n JANUARY 2014 53
commercially launched in 2013 at the time that the report
was published (December 5, 2013). GSA forecasts that
there would be 260 LTE networks in commercial service
by the end of 2013.
The report conrms that 499 operators are investing in
LTE in 143 countries. This is made up of 448 rm operator
commitments to build LTE networks in 134 countries, plus
51 additional operators engaged in various trials, studies,
etc., in a further nine countries. From amongst the com-
mitted operators, 244 have commercially launched servic-
es, which is 78 percent more than a year ago.
The majority of LTE operators have deployed the FDD
mode of the standard. The most widely used band in net-
work deployments continues to be 1800 MHz which is used
in over 44 percent of commercially launched LTE networks.
108 operators worldwide have launched LTE1800 (band 3)
systems, 157 percent more than a year ago, in 58 countries,
either as a single band system, or as part of a multi-band de-
ployment. The next most popular contiguous bands are 2.6
GHz (band 7) as used in 29 percent of networks in commer-
cial service, followed by 800 MHz (band 20) in 12 percent of
networks and AWS (band 4) in 8 percent.
Interest in the TDD mode continues to strengthen
globally ahead of large-scale commercial deployments in
China. Worldwide, 25 LTE TDD (TD-LTE) systems are
commercially launched in 20 countries, of which 12 are de-
ployed in combined LTE FDD and TDD operations.
The report also conrms how voice service has moved
up the agenda for many LTE operators as network cover-
age has improved (nationwide in many cases) and as the
penetration and usage of LTE-capable smartphones has in-
creased. VoLTE services have been launched by operators
in Asia, Europe and North America.
New ETSI Standards for Wireless Devices
R
eacting to the fact that the number of wireless de-
vices using technologies such as WLAN, Zigbee or
Bluetooth
has grown rapidly over the last few years,

the European Union has changed two important Europe-
Go to mwjournal.com for more international news items
InternationalReport
Richard Mumford, International Editor
Its time to get down
to business.
For More
Information
Commercial LTE Network Launches
Cumulative Totals
Source of data: GSAs Evolution to LTE report December 5, 2013
Global mobile Suppliers Association www.gsacom.com
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
2009 2010 2011
YEAR
2012 2013
2
16
46
146
260 forecast
by end 2013
244 (Dec. 5, 2013)
1M15 FINAL proof.indd 53 12/23/13 9:24 AM
InternationalReport
an Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) stan-
dards, mandatory for market access in Europe.
The utilization of the unlicensed 2.4 GHz wideband has
increased dramatically and problems such as interference
are increasing. The EU has therefore updated the stan-
dards that devices using the 2.4 GHz band have to adhere
to. The target is to improve the usage and quality of data
transmission within the 2.4 GHz band. The new ETSI EN
300 328 V1.8.1 version will become mandatory in the be-
ginning of 2015.
The 5 GHz band is increasingly popular especially for
devices using WLAN technology, as it provides additional
bandwidth and can carry a greater number of non-over-
lapping channels than the 2.4 GHz band. However inter-
ferences also play a role here and automated adaptivity of
devices to the most suitable channels is a must. The new
ETSI EN 301893 V1.7.1 takes this into consideration. It
has made test cases proving adaptivity mandatory for all
wireless devices using the 5 GHz band.
UK Centre Stone-Laying Launches ECSAT
T
he rst stones of ESAs new establishment in the UK were
laid by Director General Jean-Jacques Dordain, UK Min-
ister of Universities and Science David Willets and the
rst ESA Director General, Roy Gibson. While placing one
of the stones in a sculpture that will later grace the establish-
ments courtyard, Dordain
revealed that the rst build-
ing of ESAs European Cen-
tre for Space Applications
and Telecommunications
(ECSAT), scheduled for
completion in 2015, will be
named after Gibson.
Dordain noted: I stand here next to the man who drove
ESA at the very beginning of its history, and with the sym-
bolic representation of ESAs future building. The UK
space sector has been around for as long as ESA, and it is
tting that our rst ever Director General hailed from this
country and ECSAT is marking the renewed ambitions of
the UK in using space for competitiveness and growth, in
particular within the ESA framework.
Gibson responded: I am honoured to be part of this
celebration of ESA in the UK. It has been a particular plea-
sure of mine to see how ESA has developed over the years,
and particularly in recent times how the UK government is
working more closely with ESA.
Minister Willetts stated: The UK is taking a stronger
role in the European Space Agency and this new centre
is an embodiment of our intention to work more closely
together. I have high hopes that this centre will allow us
to maximize the potential of space for future economic
growth, keeping the UK at the forefront of the global sci-
ence race.
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Femtocell access points implemented by end users
require a level of built-in intelligence in contrast to easy-
access macro cell sites. The femtocell market is currently
focused on developing access points capabilities like Self-
Organizing Networks (SON) and interference manage-
ment mechanisms. Nevertheless, femtocell management
systems are also an important and essential piece for a suc-
cessful deployment. With the standardization of manage-
ment system interfaces, vendors are looking to go beyond
basic management functions and integrate advanced fea-
tures in order to provide operators with a higher level of
control, easier management, and room to implement ad-
ditional services.
While todays voice
services continue to be
provided by the 3G net-
work and data by 4G, a
converged management
system is a must for every
successful femtocell de-
ployment. We believe this
gives operators headroom
to gracefully extend their
network to 4G and plan fu-
ture enhancements, says Nick Marshall, principal analyst.
While the femtocell market is still developing, opera-
tors are exploring ways to generate revenue out of their
femtocell networks. Indoor location-based services are in-
creasingly in demand and are expected to become a crucial
aspect of femtocell services. The Service Manager or Ser-
vice Enabler module is an essential component in todays
femtocell management systems and is a key element in dif-
ferentiating a femtocell solution, adds Ali.
These ndings are part of ABI Research Enterprise and
Consumer Femtocells Research Service.
M2M Connections to Hit 2.9 Billion by 2022
A
new study from Strategy Analytics, M2M Connec-
tions by Industry Vertical and Bandwidth, predicts
machine-to-machine (M2M) connections will grow
from 368 million in 2013 to 2.9 billion by 2022. Of those con-
nections, 78 percent will be on 3G or faster networks by 2022.
Key factors such as M2M platform evolution, application
and analytics developments, regulation as well as the creation
of new business opportunities and avoiding obsolescence are
all factors driving M2M to an expected growth in connections
of 23 percent CAGR growth between 2013 and 2022.
M2M service platforms that increasingly support con-
nectivity, as well as application development for building
turnkey customer solutions, remain critically important in
offering affordable solutions. Regulations remain a driver of
M2M, with the Affordable Care Act (ACA, Obamacare),
eCall compliance in 2015, and the European Energy and
Efciency Directive all helping to drive M2M deployments
going forward.
Huawei Holds #1 Position in RAN Market
F
or the third quarter of 2013, Huawei maintained its
#1 rank in RAN market share at 28.1 percent, down 3
points from 2Q 2013 and up 3.8 points from the year-
ago quarter. Meanwhile Alcatel-Lucent increased its RAN
revenue by 20.1 percent sequentially to gain the #3 spot
ahead of NSN which dropped to #4 with RAN revenues
slightly ahead of normal seasonality for the market. Erics-
son maintained its #2 rank position with RAN revenues in
line with normal seasonality.
According to ABI Research, estimates Samsung posted
the largest sequential growth in RAN revenues this quarter
at 44.6 percent which is also 101.4 percent ahead of the
year-ago quarter.
Alcatel-Lucents results were due to strong growth
in LTE driven by the U.S. market in addition to positive
trends in both the APAC and EMEA regions with LTE
revenues more than doubling year-over-year, thanks to the
companys LTE overlay strategy, says Nick Marshall prin-
cipal analyst.
Multimode Femtocell Shipments to
Increase by 350% in 2014
W
hile 3G is still the predominant access technology,
and is expected to remain so for the next ve years,
LTE and 3G/LTE multimode femtocell are show-
ing signicant growth in shipments as well.
In 2014, standalone 4G LTE femtocells will show a
more pronounced presence in the market following the
general development of the LTE market, but the key play-
er is expected to be 3G/LTE multimode. The number of
shipments is likely to increase by 350 percent in 2014 and
a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 198 percent is
estimated between 2013 and 2018. 3G and 4G will coexist
for a long period of time just like the previous generation
2G and 3G technologies did. The introduction of 3G/4G
multimode femtocells will allow smoother transition and
faster adoption of 4G, comments Ahmed Ali, research
analyst.
Go to mwjournal.com for more commercial market news items
CommercialMarket
Cliff Drubin, Associate Technical Editor
For More
Information
Source: ABI Research
Huawei
28.1%
Ericsson
21.8%
Alcatel-Lucent
16.9%
NSN
14.9%
Samsung
9.5%
Other
8.8%
RAN Vendor Q3 2013 Market Share
The introduction
of 3G/4G multimode
femtocells will allow
smoother transition
and faster adoption of
4G
_1M17 Final Proof.indd 57 12/23/13 9:24 AM
CommercialMarket
Regulation has always
been a key driver pushing
M2M forward, whether its
the emergence of the ACA
(Obamacare), or smart me-
tering initiatives in Europe or
China, said Andrew Brown,
Director of Enterprise and
M2M research at Strategy
Analytics and author of the
study.
However, it is also the
investment from industrial
giants like GE and pressure from kick-starter-funded
companies pursuing over-the-top initiatives for the In-
ternet of Things that are providing the impetus and com-
petition that will also help customers nd an increasing
range of relevant, tailored solutions, he added.
The 2G sunset in the U.S., shift to LTE, and the long
lifecycles in many M2M markets, will see an accelerated
shift towards 3G and 4G connections in the next few years.
This will only be enhanced by richer applications such as
streaming video and digital signage, culminating in 78 per-
cent of M2M connections being 3G or faster networks by
2022, added Gina Luk, senior analyst enterprise research
and M2M at Strategy Analytics.
One in Three Commercial Fleet Telematics
Units Shipped Based on Consumer
Smartphone Platforms by 2018
W
ith todays mobile and cloud-based technology,
commercial eets no longer need to t expensive
hardware on their new trucks and the availability
of consumer mobile devices with increasingly sophisticated
capabilities means that smaller eets are embracing com-
mercial telematics.
Most eet operators are already using smartphones as
service access devices to monitor their eets remotely.
Now commercial telematics service providers are increas-
ingly adapting their core applications including track &
trace/route planning, driver behavior and fuel manage-
ment solutions to run on consumer-grade smartphone and
tablet devices.
With GPS and accelerometer functionality, plus the
power and exibility of a sophisticated computer, smart-
phones and tablets are already important platforms for
telematics applications, comments Gareth Owen, prin-
cipal analyst at ABI Research. As sensors continue to
develop, and new technologies such as voice and gesture
recognition improve further, smartphone and tablet-based
applications will become even more compelling for eet
telematics.
The 2G sunset in the
U.S., shift to LTE, and
the long lifecycles in
many M2M markets,
will see an accelerated
shift towards 3G and
4G connections
_1M17 Final Proof.indd 58 12/23/13 9:24 AM
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MERGERS & ACQUISITIONS
M/A-COM Technology Solutions Holdings Inc.
(MACOM) announced it has entered into a denitive
agreement to acquire Mindspeed Technologies Inc., a
supplier of semiconductor solutions for communications
infrastructure applications, for $5.05 per share in a cash
tender offer. The companies combined trailing twelve
months (TTM) revenue is approximately $451 million with
non-GAAP gross margin of approximately 50 percent, ex-
cluding Mindspeeds wireless business. The cash transac-
tion is valued at $272 million for Mindspeeds $132 million
in TTM revenue (excluding wireless business and non-
recurring revenue from sales of intellectual property) and
$26 million of cash and cash equivalents at September 27,
2014.
An agreement-in-principle has been reached between
Altair and EMSS, pursuant to which Altair will acquire 100
percent of EM Software & Systems S.A. (Pty) Ltd. and
its international distributor ofces in the United States,
Germany and China. The agreement is expected to close
early in 2014. Altair offers OptiStruct
, RADIOSS
,
MotionSolve
and AcuSolve
within the HyperWorks

suite of engineering simulation software. The addition of
EMSS comprehensive electromagnetic solver FEKO

will enhance the capabilities of the Altair offering, enabling
further solver functionality for customers, particularly in
the aerospace, automotive and shipbuilding industries.
COLLABORATIONS
MaxLinear Inc. announced a collaboration with Peregrine
Semiconductor Corp. to produce a dual-RF-input digital
TV (DTV) front end reference design. Television sets in-
corporating this front end will support reception of both
digital terrestrial TV and cable TV for seamless channel
browsing. The reference design pairs MaxLinears MxL600
family (MxL601 and MxL661) of software-programmable,
low power, global hybrid-television tuners with Peregrines
low power PE42750 RF switch in a fully tested, end-to-
end solution including complete schematics, bill of materi-
als and the Gerber les required to quickly implement a
high-performance DTV solution.
Soitec (Euronext) and SunEdison Inc. announced that
they have entered into a patent cross-license agreement
relating to silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer products. The
agreement provides each company with access to the
others patent portfolio for SOI technologies and ends all
outstanding legal disputes between the companies. It also
covers the manufacturing of existing engineered unpat-
terned handle-substrates, such as partially depleted SOI,
fully depleted SOI and radio-frequency SOI as well as ad-
vanced FinFETs, as well as the right to use the companies
respective wholly owned patents for research and develop-
ment purposes.
Rohde & Schwarz and NTT DOCOMO have joined forces
to develop an interoperability test package. NTT DOCOMO
has now validated the package as NTT DOCOMO ap-
proved test equipment (D-ATE). The D-ATE test package
from Rohde & Schwarz provides the internal certication
labs of wireless device and chipset manufacturers as well
as test houses with a comprehensive, customized solution
for testing the interoperability of their products with NTT
DOCOMOs 3G and 4G networks. NTT DOCOMO also
uses the test solution in its product development lab.
Selex ES, a Finmeccanica company, and BAE Systems
have signed a teaming agreement that will see the two
companies working together to provide Electronic Warfare
Operational Support (EWOS) for Euroghter Typhoon
customers. The work will initially focus on current and
potential future export campaigns and the Euroghter
Typhoon core programme where appropriate. Under the
agreement, Selex ES and BAE Systems will work closely
together to design, develop, deliver, integrate and support
a potential export customers EWOS requirements, provid-
ing them with a sovereign EWOS capability.
Alcatel-Lucent will enable YooMee Africa, previously
known as 4G Africa, a high-speed Internet service pro-
vider in Cameroon, to expand into new African markets by
offering TDD LTE ultra-broadband wireless access. The
operator has targeted deploying TDD LTE in its new mar-
kets within the next six months and expects to build out
in average 35 to 50 sites per capital city before deploying
in remaining cities of the countries it operates in. Alcatel-
Lucent will deploy a complete end-to-end TDD LTE solu-
tion consisting of eNBs, wireless backhaul and the Evolved
Packet Core (EPC).
NEW STARTS
CTS Electronic Components Inc. announces the addition
of frequency related semiconductors to its product offering.
CTS new line of high speed, low noise integrated circuits,
available in Q1 of 2014, includes buffers and dividers, ca-
pacitive tuning, cable driver and PECL/ECL logic that are
complementary to their current frequency control portfolio.
ACHIEVEMENTS
The U.S. Army and Northrop Grumman Corp. have suc-
cessfully demonstrated a warghter-focused, net-centric bat-
tle command system for integrated air and missile defense
(IAMD). The Army demonstration, conducted from Oct.
24 to Nov. 8 at Redstone Arsenal, AL, employed Northrop
Grummans IAMD Battle Command System (IBCS) soft-
ware and hardware components to highlight critical capa-
bilities tied to objectives established by warghters. Key ob-
jectives include demonstrating the IBCS tactical air defense
planner and the IBCS graphical user interface (GUI). In
addition to showcasing capabilities, the IAMD demonstra-
tion served as the mechanism to execute detailed test plans,
procedures, processes and data collection plans for upcom-
ing developmental and operational testing.
For up-to-date news briefs, visit mwjournal.com
Around the Circuit
Laura Glazer, Staff Editor
For More
Information
_1M06 1st FINAL.indd 60 12/23/13 9:25 AM
MWJSYNERGY_OPTIMIZED0913.indd 61 12/20/13 2:40 PM
Around the Circuit
CONTRACTS
The Raytheon Co. and Lockheed Martin Javelin Joint
Venture received a $176 million contract for the produc-
tion and delivery of 842 Block I Javelin missile rounds
and 120 command launch units (CLU). The missiles will
be provided through the U.S. government to the U.S.
Army, U.S. Marine Corps and three international custom-
ers: Oman, Jordan and Indonesia. Funded with Special
Defense Acquisition Funds, the CLUs will be delivered to
the U.S. Army beginning October 2014.
Defence and security company Saab has signed a framework
contract with the Swedish Defence Materiel Administra-
tion (FMV), for maintenance and upgrades of mobile air-
base solutions for the Swedish Air Force. The contract com-
prises maintenance, change management and upgrades of
communication platforms and mobile airbase solutions for
the Swedish Air Force. The order is expected to be 150 mil-
lion SEK over the contract period. The initial contract is for
three years, with options for up to four more. The rst order
within the contract will be received and delivered in 2014.
Northrop Grumman Corp. has been selected by the U.S.
Navy to conduct a study that explores the replacement of
the SPS-48 and SPS-49 air surveillance radars currently
on board U.S. Navy amphibious ships and aircraft carri-
ers. The $6 million, 18-month Enterprise Air Surveillance
Radar (EASR) study, sponsored by the Ofce of Naval
Research under its Integrated Topside program, will ex-
amine how an existing radar concept can be evolved to
meet the EASR requirements. Northrop Grumman will be
leveraging the capabilities, affordability and maturity of the
existing AN/TPS-80 Ground /Air Task-Oriented Radar (G/
ATOR) for the EASR study.
Astrium is now delivering to the UK Ministry of Defence
(MoD) enhanced overseas tactical, land and maritime
communications capability, which directly links to Astrium
Services new IP core based modular infrastructure. This
capability allows UK Armed Forces to securely connect
their users to one core defence infrastructure support-
ing all voice and data trafc with encryption from tactical,
land and maritime operations across the globe rather
than having to recreate a network of services. The com-
pany is delivering the rst two Deployable Maritime Milsat
(DMM) SCOTPatrol terminals now. Further terminals are
on order and will be delivered in the next year.
PEOPLE
Georg Schmidt, CEO and CVO of eesy-
ic, announced that he has transferred the
technical management of eesy-ic to Dr.
Frank Ohnhuser (CTO and CEO).
Ohnhuser is the ideal t due to his wide
experience in the development of inte-
grated circuits, Schmidt says. Beside
Ohnhusers long list of patents and ap-
s Frank Ohnhuser
plications, he previously opened a design
center for Burr-Brown/Texas Instruments in 1999 and drove
it successfully. Furthermore, Ohnhuser is teaching analog
_1M06 1st FINAL.indd 62 12/23/13 9:25 AM
The confluence of advances in supporting
technologies, such as processors and memories as well
as developments in UAVs coupled with geopolitical
demands for increased homeland security and greater
intelligence gathering has pushed SAR (synthetic aperture
radar) into the ISR (intelligence, surveillance and
reconnaissance) spotlight.
SARs unique combination of capabilities including
all-weather, wide-area and high-resolution imaging is
unmatched by other technologies.
This broad application spectrum is reflected in the
wide variety of new SAR systems being developed
and produced for a number of platforms to meet these
unique requirements.
CTT is well positioned to offer engineering and
production technology solutions including high-rel
manufacturing in support of your SAR requirements.
More than thirty years ago CTT, Inc. made a strong
commitment to serve the defense electronics market with
a simple goal: quality, performance, reliability, service
and on-time delivery of our products.
Give us a call to find out how our commitment can
support your SAR success. Its that simple.
CTT Power and Driver Amplifiers for SAR
v Lightweight/Compact Designs
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v Made in the USA
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Phone: 408-541-0596 Fax: 408-541-0794 www.cttinc.com E-mail: sales@cttinc.com
USA-based
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Power Levels
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MWJCTT0114.indd 63 12/20/13 2:40 PM
IC design at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, which
will enforce the close cooperation between eesy-ic and the
university to ensure dynamic growth.
Remtec Inc. has appointed William F.
Dinardo to the new position of business
development manager. Dinardo has
served in senior management positions
where he has directed sales, marketing,
new product development, marketing
research and new business develop-
ment for glass-to-metal, ceramic pack-
William F. Dinardo
aging, advanced materials and micro-
electronic companies. Dinardo graduated with a BS de-
gree in marketing and a masters degree in business admin-
istration from Southern New Hampshire University.
Integrated Microwave Technologies
LLC (IMT) announced that Brian
Rowe has been appointed business de-
velopment manager for its Intelligence,
surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR)
programs. With more than 20 years of
sales and business development experi-
ence in the RF industry, Rowe will be
Brian Rowe
responsible for managing IMTs rela-
tionships with its government agency clients, commercial
organizations and OEMs responsible for designing, acquir-
ing, and operating ISR systems.
Dr. Ajay Poddar, Synergy Microwave
chief scientist and IEEE Northern New
Jersey vice-chair, joined the Microwave
Journal Editorial Review Board.
Poddar, whose expertise is in the areas
of low noise signal sources, high perfor-
mance active and passive mixers circuits
and RF MMIC/MEMS enabled devices
for communication systems, will work
Ajay Poddar
with the MWJ editorial staff to vet tech-
nical content from contributing authors.
REP APPOINTMENTS
San-tron Inc. announced the hiring of two new sales
representatives. McLane Associates will handle sales in
Upstate NY while Amplitude Technical Sales will cover
the Eastern PA and Southern NJ territories.
Spacek Labs has appointed Southeast Atlantic Sales
LLC of Fort Pierce, FL to represent Spacek Labs in FL,
GA, NC, SC, AL, MS and TN.
ECM announced a new authorized franchise distribution
agreement with Times Microwave Systems Inc. to supply
the manufacturers line of connectors, cable and cable assem-
blies for high performance reliable RF/microwave solutions.
Vaunix Technology Corp. announced the hiring of a new
sales representative, Northtree Associates, to handle
customer relationships in IA, WI, IL, KS, MI, ND, SD,
IN and MO.
Around the Circuit
7309-A GROVE RD | FREDERICK, MARYLAND
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_1M06 1st FINAL.indd 64 12/23/13 9:25 AM
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Generating Radar Signals
with an Arbitrary Waveform
Generator
Chris Loberg
Tektronix, Beaverton, OR
T
he generation of signals for radar system
testing is challenging due to the com-
plexities associated with carrier frequen-
cy generation, intricate modulation schemes
and periodic (pulsed) waveforms; while the
ability to accurately emulate real-world tar-
gets and conditions is essential to the thorough
evaluation of radar devices and designs. His-
torically, radar signal generation has been ac-
complished with a baseband signal generator
and an RF/microwave modulator. With up to
50 GS/s sampling rate at 10 bits vertical reso-
lution, however, todays new arbitrary wave-
form generators (AWG) offer the performance
needed for direct generation of fully modulat-
ed RF/microwave signals. Before looking more
closely at the use of AWGs for radar testing,
lets rst explore some of the characteristics of
radar signals.
RADAR SIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS
Carrier frequencies used in radar systems
cover most of the usable radio frequency
spectrum, ranging from very low frequencies
required for long range and over-the-horizon
surveillance radar up to millimeter wave used
in some high-resolution, small size military and
civilian radar. Most radar systems, however,
operate at frequencies less than 18 GHz (Ku-
Band).
Signal types may be divided into the two
main groups:
Pulsed RF: The signal consists of periodic
bursts of an RF carrier, modulated or not
(simple pulse radar systems). The rate that
pulses are generated is known as the pulse
repetition frequency (PRF) and the period
(1/PRF) is known as the pulse repetition in-
terval (PRI).
Continuous Wave (CW): The RF signal is
continuous and range is established through
time markers carried by the transmitted
signal. FM modulation is a popular way to
measure distance, as the instantaneous fre-
quency received from the target depends
upon its range from the transmitter.
For pulsed RF radars, PRF may be xed or
it may vary over time for a number of reasons,
which may include:
Resolving echo (range) ambiguity. The abil-
ity to unambiguously determine the range
of a target is limited by the PRI. A target
located at a distance for which the round
trip time of a transmitted pulse exceeds the
PRI can be mistakenly positioned in range
relative to the nearest transmitted pulse.
This can be resolved by varying the timing
of consecutive pulses, changing the position
of subsequent radar returns.
Overcoming the Doppler Dilemma. Ra-
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main pulse compression techniques:
FM chirp. This consists of fast
frequency sweeps that may be lin-
ear (LFM) or nonlinear (NLFM).
NLFM has some advantages re-
garding bandwidth, resulting in
better sensitivity and lower noise
levels at the receiver.
Phase modulation. Each pulse is
composed of a series of shorter
pulses where the carrier phase is
controlled by some low autocorre-
lation binary sequence of symbols.
While average power is controlled
by the total duration of the se-
quence, spatial resolution depends
on the duration of each symbol. In
binary-phase coding, the carrier
phase changes between 0 and 180
degrees; the Barker code is a very
popular example. Polyphase pulse
compression applies the same basic
idea but the carrier phase takes on
more than two values.
An important issue for some radar
systems is carrier phase coherence.
In some systems, such as those em-
ploying a high-performance coherent
Moving Target Indicator (MTI) ar-
chitecture, phase coherence must be
preserved between consecutive puls-
es. Regardless of the phase character-
istics of the transmitted pulse, return-
ing echoes are a superposition of sig-
nals with a variety of relative phases.
There are multiple target echoes with
arbitrary delays, multiple echoes from
the same target with different time of
arrival due to multi-path, all kinds of
For pulsed RF radar waveforms,
the transmitting frequency may be
xed or variable (frequency agile).
This takes the form of frequency
hopping patterns. These patterns are
complex, non-predictable, and typi-
cally non-repeating (or repeating over
extremely long periods of time). The
carrier frequency may even change
for each transmitted pulse.
Since radar range is maximized as
power increases while spatial resolu-
tion improves as pulses become nar-
rower, pulse-compression techniques
are widely used. The pulse compres-
sion techniques increase range reso-
lution by transmitting longer pulses
(increasing average power for a given
peak power), while echo processing
at the receiver results in much bet-
ter spatial resolution by compress-
ing the pulse through correlation or
dispersion processing. There are two
dar systems use the Doppler effect
to measure target velocity and/or
reduce interference due to clutter.
The physics behind the Doppler
effect produces blind speeds for
specic target velocities. Changing
the PRF can change the location of
these blind speeds, enabling the
detection of previously invisible
targets. Some radar systems switch
between a high PRF to avoid blind
speeds for expected target veloci-
ties and a slower one optimized to
avoid range ambiguity.
Protecting against jamming. A vari-
able PRI, often combined with
complex stagger sequences, al-
lows easier discrimination between
echoes caused by a given radar and
those created by other radars oper-
ating in the same frequency band
or by interference caused by inten-
tional jamming.
Fig. 1 Baseband generation of radar signals.
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the nal RF/microwave carrier fre-
quency.
RF direct carrier generation. The
AWG generates a modulated car-
rier at the nal RF/microwave
frequency, requiring no additional
signal-processing blocks other than
lters or ampliers.
Baseband and IF generation can
be implemented with a moderate per-
formance AWG for most signals; how-
ever, in both cases, the modulation
bandwidth of the nal RF/microwave
signal will be limited by the character-
istics of the modulator or up-convert-
er. Direct RF signal generation, on
the other hand, requires an extremely
fast AWG with a sampling rate at least
2.5 times higher than the maximum
RF frequency component of the sig-
nal. The latest generation of AWGs
offers 10 bits of resolution at speeds
up to 50 GS/s, opening the door for
direct signal generation beyond Ku-
Band (12 to 18 GHz).
BASEBAND SIGNAL GENERATION
Baseband signal generation may
appear relatively straightforward be-
cause modulation and up-conversion
are performed externally. The modu-
lation device may be a simple ampli-
tude (AM) modulator for basic pulsed
RF signal generation, however some
baseband signals require a suppressed
carrier, which is not supported by
most AM modulators, as the instanta-
neous phase can take two values (0
and 180 or BPSK). Baseband gen-
eration of FM chirps, QPSK/QAM
and UWB OFDM signals requires a
two-channel AWG and an external
quadrature modulator (see Figure 1)
as both the instantaneous amplitude
and phase of the carrier must be con-
trolled. Sampling rate requirements
depend on the modulation bandwidth
which is limited by the modulator.
Similarly, emulation of realistic radar
echoes incorporating the effects of
the target characteristics, multi-path,
Doppler shifts, noise and jamming
also requires quadrature modulation
and a two-channel AWG.
Generating good quality wideband
modulated signals using this approach
is not an easy task. Frequency re-
sponses of both baseband generators
and RF modulators are not at and
group delay is not constant over the
bands of interest when signal band-
generates a time-domain signal
that is applied to an external RF
modulator.
Intermediate frequency (IF) direct
carrier generation. In this case, the
AWG generates a modulated signal
at a relatively low carrier frequen-
cy. In some cases, this signal is ap-
plied directly to a signal-processing
block in the receiver or the trans-
mitter. In other cases, it is applied
to an up-converter block to reach
clutter, and frequency shifts caused by
the Doppler effect. The instantaneous
amplitude and phase for a given echo
is also inuenced by a targets shape
and size. No matter the complexity of
the transmitted signal, the reected
signal will be much more complex.
AWG SIGNAL GENERATION
AWGs can generate radar signals in
three ways:
Baseband generation. The AWG
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MWJEMPOWER0114_LAYAR.indd 71 12/20/13 2:40 PM
TechnicalFeature
F
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O
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i
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components@miteq.com
www.miteq.com
Est. in 1969
(631) 436-7400
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Analog RF over
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Operating BWs
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MITEQ Fiber Optic Application notes
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AD 621 4.5625x7.5:Layout 1 5/23/13 11:21 AM Page 1
signed to compensate for external dis-
tortion. After careful calibration of the
overall frequency response it is pos-
sible to design a compensation lter
that improves atness and group delay
response. Typically, the compensation
lter takes the form of a pre-emphasis
lter to correct the signal generation
systems overall lowpass frequency re-
sponse.
For quadrature-modulated radar
signals such as FM-chirps, two base-
band signals, the I and Q components,
feed the external modulator. These
two components are generated in-
dependently and synchronously by a
two-channel AWG or by two properly
synchronized single-channel AWGs.
Quadrature error and imbalance cause
unwanted images to appear at the RF
and at symmetric frequency locations,
resulting in higher noise and reduced
modulation quality. While AWGs can
generate a differentially corrected
signal, one should be aware that gen-
erating quadrature-modulated signals
with an AWG and external modulator
involves a time-consuming calibration
process as well as additional equip-
ment (typically a high-end real-time
oscilloscope, a wideband vector signal
analyzer, and supporting software).
DIRECT CARRIER GENERATION
AWGs can produce any signal from
DC up to half the sampling rate (Fmax
= Fs/2). With a high enough sampling
rate, it is possible to directly generate
a modulated RF signal. Previously,
relatively low sampling rates and poor
spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR)
limited the capability of AWGs to gen-
erate carriers up to only a few GHz.
With improved DAC performance,
AWGs can now be used for direct gen-
eration of wideband signals with carri-
ers up to 20 GHz and with almost un-
limited modulation bandwidth. Direct
generation offers a number of advan-
tages over the traditional baseband/
external modulator combination:
Baseband generation and quadra-
ture modulation are performed
mathematically. As a result, there
are no unwanted quadrature im-
balances or errors. This approach
yields higher quality and more re-
peatable test signals.
No additional equipment is re-
quired, saving cost when multiple
synchronous signals are required
the modulators frequency response
adds to these distortions. Unwanted
images resulting from the sampled
nature of signals generated by AWGs
can also affect signal quality, and the
limited time resolution available in
any AWG may result in undesired lev-
els of pulse-to-pulse jitter.
Fortunately, AWGs can generate
either undistorted or intentionally dis-
torted signals. Predistortion mathe-
matically applied to waveforms stored
in the generators memory may be de-
widths are high. Even a perfect AWG
incorporating ideal digital-to-analog
converters (DAC) will show a zeroth-
order hold response:
H(f) = sinc(pf/Fs) = sin(pf/Fs)/( pf/Fs),
Fs = Sampling Frequency (1)
This introduces linear distortion
to the RF pulses, altering the shape
of the transitions and modifying rise
and fall times. The analog frequency
response of the AWG and cabling, and
Discover more at triquint.com/radar
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TechnicalFeature
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MITEQ Microwave Control Product
Application notes can be found at:
www.miteq.com/microwavecontrolproducts
AD 622 4.5625x7.5:Layout 1 5/21/13 11:39 AM Page 1
radar systems incorporating stag-
gered pulse sequences, frequency
hopping patterns or time varying
echo characteristics caused by tar-
get movement or antenna vibra-
tion.
An alternative method to extend
the carrier frequency range for a
particular AWG is to use an image
in the second Nyquist zone, be-
tween Fs/2 and Fs. The usability
of the image can be improved by
ltering out the fundamental signal
located in the rst Nyquist zone.
The quality of this signal is more
limited given the much lower am-
plitude and the steeper roll-off in
the AWG frequency response.
Some signal generators incorporate
DAC working modes to improve
second Nyquist zone performance.
Doublet-mode DACs (also known
as Mix-Mode DACs) generate a
higher amplitude image and a re-
duced amplitude fundamental sig-
nal while removing the rst null of
the zeroth-order hold response of a
regular DAC. However, maximum
modulation bandwidth and the ca-
pability to generate multiple carri-
ers are still limited to less than half
the sampling rate and this is only
possible when the carrier frequen-
cy is located in the middle of the
valid Nyquist zone (see Figure 2).
In this example, the Doublet DAC
mode boosts images in the second
Nyquist zone and attenuates the
direct signal located in the rst
Nyquist zone. This extends the fre-
quency coverage of a 12 GS/s AWG
but limits its carrier frequency
range and modulation bandwidth
compared to the regular DAC re-
sponse. AWGs designed to gener-
ate signals in the rst Nyquist zone
do not have these limitations.
Another way AWGs obtain higher
effective sampling rates is by inter-
leaving two DACs (see Figure 3).
The implementation of direct car-
rier generation has its challenges, as
well:
For a given record length (RL) and
sampling rate (Fs), the maximum
time window (TW) = RL/Fs. As
sampling rates for direct RF gener-
ation tend to be higher than those
for baseband signal generation, the
same record length translates to
shorter realizable time-windows.
Record length is also crucial for
a realistic emulation of complex
(i.e., for MIMO radar or phased ar-
ray emulation).
Direct, nearly unlimited, frequen-
cy agile radar signal emulation is
possible.
One single AWG can generate mul-
tiple dissimilar carriers or wide-
band noise for more realistic test
scenarios.
Calibration procedures are sim-
plied, where only the amplitude
and phase of the more stable AWG
must be veried.
s Fig. 2 Doublet DAC mode.
Double Mode
DAC
Response
Double Mode
Useful Band
@ 12 GSa/s
AWG70001
Useful Band
@ 50 GSa/s
6

G
H
z
1
2

G
H
z
2
0

G
H
z
2
5

G
H
z
f
Regular DAC
Response
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AD648 4.5625x7.5:Layout 1 6/6/13 11:50 AM Page 1
rier generation also requires stable
sampling clock jitter performance
as this translates directly to phase
noise in generated carriers.
SIGNAL CONSISTENCY
Continuous signal generation with
an AWG requires seamless cycling of
the contents of the waveform memory
through the DAC. In order to obtain
useful signals, consistency of the sig-
nal around the wrap-around event
must be preserved. Timing charac-
teristics of radar signals are especially
important:
An integer number of PRIs must
be stored in the waveform memory.
Otherwise abnormal pulse timing
(longer or shorter than required)
will occur every time the waveform
is cycled.
For coherent radar emulation, the
phase of the carrier must be pre-
served. This condition can be met
if record length and sampling rate
are selected in such a way that the
resulting time window is an exact
multiple of the carrier frequency
period.
Echo consistency requires that
multi-path, ltering effects and
echoes beyond the unambiguous
range propagate from the end of
one cycle to the next. These effects
may be seen as the convolution of
the transmitted signal with the tar-
get system impulse response. Ap-
plying circular convolution to con-
sistent transmitted data will result
in an echo emulation signal without
any discontinuity or abnormal be-
havior that could confuse a radar
receiver under test.
CALIBRATION AND SIGNAL
CORRECTION
AWGs are typically atness-correct-
ed up to a certain frequency. Beyond
that point, signal generators exhibit
relatively gentle roll-off responses (see
Figure 4). Moderate attenuation al-
lows the direct generation of usable
radar signals at higher frequencies. In
order to improve modulation quality
at those frequencies, the frequency re-
sponse can be corrected or calibrated
to compensate. Real-time oscilloscopes
are ideal calibration tools as they show
atness and phase linearity over their
full bandwidths with accurate channel-
to-channel alignment. Once the cor-
rection lter response is determined
Although direct carrier genera-
tion does not suffer any quadrature
impairment due to I/Q mismatch,
wideband signals may need some
linear distortion to compensate for
atness and phase linearity issues,
including those created by cabling
and interconnections. Applying cor-
rections based only on the ampli-
tude response improves modulation
quality, although phase response
compensation is also required for
optimal performance. Direct car-
This is effectively a two true-arb
model with odd and even samples
stored in each channels memory.
Since switching DAC outputs cre-
ates noise and reduces effective bits
performance, an interleaved DAC
architecture is used that adds the
outputs from both channels with
a channel-to-channel delay of half
the sampling period (1/2SR). This
architecture, when used in a high-
speed AWG, effectively doubles the
Nyquist frequency to 2SR.
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TechnicalFeature
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tecture. Some of the most complex fre-
quency-agile or MIMO radar systems
can be now be emulated using direct
RF generation techniques.
Chris Loberg is a senior technical marketing
manager at Tektronix responsible for
oscilloscopes in the Americas region. Loberg
has held various positions with Tektronix
during his more than 13 years with the
company, including marketing manager for
Tektronix Optical Business Unit. His extensive
background in technology marketing includes
positions with Grass Valley Group and IBM.
He earned his MBA in Marketing from San
Jose State University.
in the frequency domain, it is applied
to the original, uncorrected waveform
through convolution. Convolution
must be circular when signal looping is
required.
CONCLUSION
Arbitrary waveform generators al-
low for the direct generation of com-
plex radar signals at carrier frequencies
up to 20 GHz. This is made possible by
improved DAC performance and by
the use of an interleaved DAC archi-
s Fig. 3 An interleaved DAC architecture.
H(f) =
sin (f/Sr)
f/Sr
h(f-nSr)e
jn
n=0
H(f) =
2 sin (f/Sr)
f/Sr
h(f-2nSr)
n=0
DAC #1
H(f)
WAVEFORM
MEMORY
REMOVED
IMAGES
Sr
Sr 2Sr
f
Sr 2Sr
f
Sr 2Sr
f
Sr
SAMPLING
CLOCK
DAC #2
H(f) =
sin (f/Sr)
f/Sr
h(f-nSr)
n=0
s Fig. 4 Calibration using a real-time oscilloscope.

AWG #1 (MASTER)
SCOPE
BEFORE CALIBRATION
AFTER CORRECTION
f
f
f
f
Mini-Circuits

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W-Band Radiometer
Front End Module for
Real-Time Imaging
Linli Xie, Yong Hong Zhang and Yong Fan
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
This direct detection W-Band radiometer front end module for real-time imaging
employs a monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) low noise amplier
(LNA), a highly sensitive detector and a video amplier. The detector has a
responsivity of 1000 mV/mW over a 21 GHz bandwidth. The compact module
(measuring 13 20 56 mm) achieves a temperature sensitivity of 0.83 K with
an integration time of 2.3 ms over a 22 GHz bandwidth. It is a candidate for
large imaging array applications.
M
illimeter-wave (MMW) imaging re-
search and system design for remote
sensing has gained much interest in
recent years. Compared to active imaging sys-
tems, passive imagers have simpler and lower-
cost hardware architectures and can detect
contraband (for example), often with good
delity and free of speckle or interference ef-
fects.
1
W-Band has important applications in
passive millimeter-wave (PMMW) imaging
under poor atmospheric conditions such as
fog
2
and dust which generally limit the perfor-
mance of visible or infrared sensors.
In 1997, Northrop Grumman Corp. devel-
oped a direct detection, 1040 channel PMMW
imaging receiver array.
1
Each channel con-
tained PHEMT LNAs, on-chip switches and
a detector diode. It worked at 89 GHz center
frequency with a bandwidth of 10 GHz, a tem-
perature sensitivity of 2 K, and a 30 Hz display
rate. In 2009, a single channel receiver for
PMMW imaging was developed
3
with a band-
width of 17 GHz (85 to 102 GHz) and tem-
perature sensitivity of 1.5 K. In 2010, a direct-
detection RFIC for W-Band PMMW imaging
was reported.
4
It achieved a bandwidth of 20
GHz (83 to 103 GHz) with a temperature sen-
sitivity of 0.69 K. These developments, how-
ever, were either physically large,
3
or were one
of a kind.
1,4
In this article, we describe the design of a
compact wideband W-Band radiometer front
end module with high sensitivity and a 22 GHz
bandwidth for real-time PMMW imaging us-
ing commercially available components. Due
to the lack of on-chip measurement capabili-
ties, separate LNA and detector modules with
waveguide interfaces are assembled for design
verication. Much work has been done to ex-
pand the bandwidth for a higher sensitivity.
FRONT END DESIGN
Millimeter wave energy can be rectied
directly producing a proportional DC voltage
(square law detection), or downconverted to
a lower intermediate frequency before detec-
tion. For large real-time imaging radiometer
arrays and for applications where there is no
MWJ
REVIEW
BOARD
APPROVED
TechnicalFeature
__1M30 FINAL.indd 80 12/23/13 9:25 AM
Analog, Digital & Mixed-Signal
ICs, Modules, Subsystems & Instrumentation
2 Elizabeth Drive Chelmsford, MA 01824
978-250-3343 tel 978-250-3373 fax
www.hittite.com sales@hittite.com
View the latest releases - click on New Products
Download Hittite at the App Store
Low Phase Noise 4 GHz PLL + VCO Ideal for Next Generation Cellular
and Microwave Point-to-Point Applications
Wideband PLL & VCO,
33 - 4100 MHz, 4 Outputs
n -133 dBc/Hz Phase Noise at 1 MHz Offset,
4 GHz Frequency
n PLL FOM:
-230 dBc/Hz Integer Mode, -227 dBc/Hz Fractional Mode
n Low Noise Floor: -165 dBc/Hz
n 4 Single-Ended or 2 Differential Outputs
n Output Phase Synchronous Frequency Changes
Part
Number
Frequency
(MHz)
Function
Closed Loop
SSB Phase Noise
@ 10 kHz Offset
Open Loop VCO
Phase Noise
@ 1 MHz Offset
Pout
(dBm)
RMS Jitter
Fractional
Mode (fs)
Integrated PN
Fractional Mode
(deg rms)
HMC829LP6GE
45 - 1050
1400 - 2100
2800 - 4200 Fo
Wideband
PLL+VCO
-108 dBc/Hz
@ 4 GHz
-134 dBc/Hz
@ 4 GHz
4 159
0.229
@ 4 GHz
HMC830LP6GE 25 - 3000
Wideband
PLL+VCO
-114 dBc/Hz
@ 2 GHz
-141 dBc/Hz
@ 2 GHz
6 159
0.114
@ 2 GHz
HMC832LP6GE 25 - 3000
Wideband
RF VCO (+3.3V)
-114 dBc/Hz
@ 2 GHz
-139 dBc/Hz
@ 2 GHz
7 159
0.114
@ 2 GHz
HMC833LP6GE 25 - 6000
Wideband
PLL+VCO
-114 dBc/Hz
@ 2 GHz
-141 dBc/Hz
@ 2 GHz
-4 159
0.11
@ 2 GHz
HMC834LP6GE
45 - 1050
1400 - 2100
2800 - 4200 Fo
5600 - 8400
Wideband
PLL+VCO
-108 dBc/Hz
@ 4 GHz
-134 dBc/Hz
@ 4 GHz
5
2
2
-10
159
0.23
@ 4 GHz
HMC835LP6GE 33 - 4100
Wideband
PLL+VCO
-105 dBc/Hz
@ 4 GHz
-133 dBc/Hz
@ 4 GHz
7 160
0.23
@ 4 GHz
Closed Loop Fractional Phase Noise
at 3600 MHz, Divided by 1 to 62
WIDEBAND PLLS + VCOS
HMC835
Data Sheet
PLL+VCO
Table
Scan page
using app
MWJHITTITE0114_LAYAR.indd 81 12/20/13 2:43 PM
TechnicalFeature
front end can lower system noise.
Even though this design is based on
the use of commercial MMIC chips,
performance is optimized through
the use of multiple bond wires for low
impedance, and a broadband exter-
nal matching network. An antipodal
nline transition provides a broad-
band transition from waveguide to
microstrip. A complete LNA module
with a standard W-Band ange inter-
face was designed. The LNAs output
impedance matching circuit was op-
timized and the LNA designed using
Ansoft HFSS and Ansoft Designer.
The performance of two LNAs
(one matched and one unmatched) is
compared in Figure 1. Through ap-
propriate impedance matching, the
gain of this single stage LNA is im-
proved by approximately 1 to 7 dB in
the upper half of the band, so that the
bandwidth, at 10 dB gain, is broad-
ened by about 7 GHz.
Detector
The detector module includes a
standard waveguide input ange to
interface with the LNA. It consists of
a waveguide-to-microstrip transition,
impedance matching network, detec-
tor diode and output low pass lter
(LPF). The design goal was to achieve
both wide bandwidth and high sensi-
tivity. An LPF is necessary to extract
the quasi-DC information from other
abundant spectral components at the
output of the detector diode. We se-
lected a structure based on a stepped-
impedance of three orders. A radial
stub in place of the traditional uniform
width transmission line stub broadens
the bandwidth of the frequency re-
sponse and makes the whole circuit
more compact. The system bandwidth
is maximized when the mismatch over
the operating band of the LNA and
detector is minimized.
6
The center
frequency of the detector is set to 89
GHz, in alignment with the LNA. The
HFSS physical model of the detector
is shown in Figure 2.
The return loss (reection coef-
cient), voltage sensitivity (or respon-
sivity) and tangential signal sensitivity
(TSS) are the main gures of merit.
The measured reection coefcient
is compared with simulated results in
Figure 3. There is good agreement,
not only at the center frequency and
the two adjacent zeroes (85 and 95
GHz), but also at zeros near 100 and
special requirement for spectroscopic
resolution, reduced hardware size,
mass and complexity takes prece-
dence over other considerations. For
these applications, direct detection is
usually a better choice. The tempera-
ture sensitivity for a total-power radi-
ometer is given by
T
T
B
(1)
s
=
where T is the temperature sensitivi-

ty, B is the RF bandwidth, is the inte-
gration time and T
s
is the system noise
temperature.
5
Because requirements
for real-time imaging places limits on
integration time, in-
creased sensitivity
must be achieved
through broadening
the front end band-
width.
LNA
An amplier with
low noise, high gain
and wide bandwidth
at the rst stages
of the radiometer
Fig. 1 Measured gain comparison of a
matched and unmatched LNA.
20
15
10
5
0
110 105 100 95 90 85 80 75
FREQUENCY (GHz)
G
A
I
N

(
d
B
)
GAIN OF MATCHED LNA
GAIN OF UNMATCHED LNA
Fig. 2 HFSS model of the W-Band planar detector.
IMPEDANCE
MATCHING NETWORK
FINLINE TRANSITION
DIODE
LPF
__1M30 FINAL.indd 82 12/23/13 9:25 AM
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TechnicalFeature
simulation become worse, and some
potential higher order modes due to
the construction of the model may ad-
versely affect the accuracy of simula-
tion.
Responsivity measures the ratio
of output voltage to input millimeter
wave power and is expected to remain
constant in the square law region
which is the normal operating range
of the detector. Up to 1000 mV/mW
responsivity over 78 to 99.5 GHz is
measured, with a peak value more
than 5200 mV/mW at 86 GHz (see
Figure 4).
A tangential signal sensitivity (TSS)
measurement is most commonly per-
formed to estimate noise equivalent
power (NEP). NEP is the lower limit
of the detectable power. TSS is dened
as a signal pulse whose bottom level co-
incides with the top level of the noise
on either side of the pulse. The detec-
tors NEP is related to TSS by
=
NEP
TSS
2.5 f
(2)
where f is the video bandwidth of the
video amplier following the detec-
tor.
7
A pulse train with a pulse width
of 30 ms and a period of 60 ms simu-
lates the source, and the bandwidth of
the video amplier is approximately
70 Hz. Figure 4 shows that the TSS
of the detector is better than 58 dBm
over the band from 79 to 100 GHz.
The minimum value reaches 64 dBm
at several frequency points. According
to equation 2, the NEP of the detector
is lower than 76 pW
Hz.
Table 1 lists the performance of
several detectors reported in recent
years. Except for NEP, which is main-
105 GHz at the high end of the fre-
quency band. The measured values,
however, are greater by 5 dB or more
than the simulated results below
100 GHz and lower by several dB at
higher frequencies. This may be due
to circuit discontinuities where the
detector diode interfaces with the im-
pedance matching network and the
LPF. At the highest frequencies, the
effects of parasitic capacitance in the
s Fig. 3 Comparison of the detector simu-
lated and measured | S
11
|.

S
1
1

(
d
B
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
110 105 100 95 90 85 80 75
MEASURED S
11

SIMULATED S
11

FREQUENCY (GHz)
s Fig. 4 Voltage sensitivity and TSS of the
detector.
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
110 105 100 95 90 85 80 75
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
FREQUENCY (GHz) V
O
L
T
A
G
E

S
E
N
S
I
T
I
V
I
T
Y

(
m
V
/
m
W
)
T
S
S

(
d
B
m
)
TABLE I
VOLTAGE SENSITIVITY AND NEP COMPARISON OF SOME DETECTORS
Reference
Year
Voltage
Sensitivity
(mV/mW)
NEP
(pW/ Hz)
Diode
Bandwidth
(GHz)
2007
8
2000 1.5
VDI
BLK109
Schottky
30
2010
9
850 370
HSCH
9161
Schottky
20
2010
10
500 unknown
VDI
Diode
Schottky
35
This work 1000 76
HSCH
9161
Schottky
22
__1M30 FINAL.indd 84 12/23/13 9:25 AM
USA/Canada 1-800-ANRITSU Europe 44 1582-433433
J apan 81 (46) 296-1208 Asia-Pacifc (852) 2301-4980
South America 55 (11) 3283-2511
Anritsu Since 1895
Advancing
the Worlds Communications History
Over 100 years of
AC-bias magnetic sound recorder
the prototype of modern tape recorders
1939
1900
1895
2000
2013
3
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2013 Anritsu Company
MS2830A
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then youll understand why Anritsu is synonymous with
Innovation. Over 100 years of experience and innovation is
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a key part of the tape recorder. In 2007, Anritsu marked
another frst with its launch of a one-box spectrum analyzer
and signal generator which also provided a unique capture and
recreate function. Today, Anritsus MS2690A and MS2830A
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MS2830_VS3_MWJ.indd 1 12/5/13 8:13 PM MWJANRITSU0114.indd 85 12/26/13 10:31 AM
TechnicalFeature
corporation
exyn
1287 Forgewood Ave.
Sunnyvale, CA 94089
Tel: (408) 962-0895
Fax: (408) 743-5354
sales@nexyn.com
We welcome your custom requirements.
We have specialized in Low Phase Noise
Fixed Frequency Sources since 1998.
Nexyn offers the best performance and
reliability on the market.
www.nexyn.com
Crystal reference phase noise to
-130 dBc/Hz @ 100 Hz @ 100 MHz
Dual loop output
frequency resolution +/- 0.001 Hz
Internal reference stability
to +/- 10 ppb
5 - 1000 MHz External reference
Frequency: 10 MHz to 35 GHz
Power output: +10 to +24 dBm
Wide operating temperature
range: -55 to +85
Spurious: <-90 dBc
A plot of our new quieter PLDRO line.
-160
-150
-140
-130
-120
-110
-100
-90
-80
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
9GHzPLDRORESIDUALPHASENOISE(dBc)
age level is placed in
the required range
for A/D conversion.
Power supply com-
ponents are located
on the bottom side
of the module.
It has been previ-
ously demonstrated
that in the presence
of a highly direc-
tional antenna, only
when the sampling
rate slows down
from 0.5 wave-
lengths (Nyquist
sampling density)
to larger than 3.13
wavelengths per
sample, is there a
perceived reduc-
tion of target sharpness.
11
Therefore,
the spacing between adjacent mod-
ule channels is chosen as 9.96 mm to
make the module design easier and
decrease the number of elements of
the array for a given aperture. The
module has regular shape and is no
larger than 13 20 56 mm. This
compact size makes it applicable for
miniaturization and modularization.
MEASUREMENTS
Frequency Response
Since the interface of the two wave-
guide ports is not a standard W-Band
ange, a specially designed connector
is introduced to provide matched in-
terface for measurement. The input
power is set to produce a maximum
power without driving the video am-
plier into saturation. This is about
72.5 dBm. The measured frequency
response (see Figure 6) shows that
the radiometer front end module has
a response above 650 mV in over a
bandwidth of at least 22 GHz and a
peak value appearing near 89 GHz.
This veries the design predictions.
Calibration
A set of W-Band standard hot-cold
calibration sources is introduced to
measure the temperature sensitiv-
ity based on the two-point calibration
equation,
12
( )
=

+
T
T T
V V
V V T (3)
A
A
h
A
c
out
h
out
c
out out
c
A
c
ly limited by the detector diode itself,
this detectors performance is compa-
rable to that of Virginia Diode Inc.s
advanced products, which satises
requirements for high sensitivity and
broad bandwidth. Because it is made
with commercially available compo-
nents at a relatively low cost, it is a
very competitive candidate for large
array applications.
Module Integration
Based on separate evaluation of
the millimeter wave components, the
integrated front end module was de-
signed and is shown in Figure 5. The
MMW circuits of each channel are
separated in different chambers to
minimize mutual interference. Two
operational amplier (OA) stages,
along with RC integration circuits,
constitute the main structure of the
video amplier section. A differen-
tial OA is chosen as the second stage,
converting the single ended input to a
balanced output in order to suppress
common mode interference. The link
gain is adjusted so that the output volt-
Fig. 6 Frequency response of the radio-
meter front end module.
850
800
750
700
650
600
110 105 100 95 90 85 80 75
FREQUENCY (GHz)
V
O
U
T

(
m
V
)
Fig. 5 Compact dual-channel front end module.
__1M30 FINAL.indd 86 12/23/13 9:25 AM
USA: 781-376-3000 Asia: 886-2-2735 0399 Europe: 33 (0)1 43548540 Email: sales@skyworksinc.com
www.skyworksinc.com NASDAQ: SWKS

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MWJSUPPSKYWORKS1113.indd 87 12/20/13 2:43 PM
TechnicalFeature
where T
A
h
/T
A
c
corresponds to the an-
tenna temperature of the hot/cold
calibration source, respectively,
(80C/6C) and V
out
h
/ V
out
c
represents
the output voltage of the front end
(186 mV/400.59 mV) over integra-
tion time (2.3 ms, the same as that
in the measurement of the individual
detector module). Then the deduced
calibration equation (V in mV and T
in K) is obtained as:
T 0.345V 401.702 (4)
A out
= +
With the root mean square (RMS)
voltage of the observed data equal to
2.4 mV, the calculated sensitivity of
the radiometer is about 0.83 K. The
renormalized system sensitivity to in-
tegration time is about 0.04 K/
Hz.
Table 2 lists the recently reported
performance of several W-Band direct
detection type radiometers for com-
parison. Due to the compact structure
and on-chip interconnects between
the LNA and detector and other cir-
cuits integrated in a single chip, care-
fully designed MMICs often tend
to have intrinsically lower noise and
smaller internal insertion loss than
Hybrid Microwave Integrated Circuit
(HMIC) counterparts. This design,
however, has achieved comparable
performance and some improvements
in bandwidth and sensitivity at rela-
tively low cost2based on the use of
commercially available components.
CONCLUSION
A compact wideband W-Band radi-
ometer front end module for real-time
imaging is designed, demonstrating at
least 22 GHz bandwidth and a sensi-
tivity of 0.04 K/
Hz. Subsequent sin-

gle channel scanned imaging experi-
ments have been conducted, showing
that the W-Band radiometer system
can produce a passive planar image,
thus validating its practical value in
large arrays for PMMW imaging. Fur-
TABLE II
COMPARISON OF BANDWIDTH AND TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY
Reference Year
Bandwidth
(GHz)
Temperature
Sensitivity
(K)
Renormalized
Temperature
Sensitivity
(K/ Hz)
Circuit Type
1997
1
10 2 unknown MMIC
2009
3
17 1.5 unknown HMIC
2010
4
20 0.69 0.12 MMIC
This work 22 0.83 0.04 HMIC
__1M30 FINAL.indd 88 12/23/13 9:25 AM

HUBER+SUHNER AG
HSI_SF400_Jan14.indd 1 04.12.2013 11:14:18
Scan page
using app

HUBER+SUHNER AG
HSI_SF400_Jan14.indd 1 04.12.2013 11:14:18
MWJH&S0114_LAYAR.indd 89 12/26/13 1:45 PM
TechnicalFeature
High-Power PIN Diode Technology
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ISO 9001:2000
Hi l l E ng i ne e r i ng Di v i s i o n
COM29737HillPINDiodeAdIsHf.indd 1 1/13/12 10:21 AM
sive Millimeter Wave Imaging System
at W-Band, 34th International Con-
ference on Infrared, Millimeter and
Terahertz Waves, September 2009,
pp. 1-2.
4. J.W. May and G.M. Rebeiz, Design
and Characterization of W-Band SiGe
RFICs for Passive Millimeter-Wave
Imaging, IEEE Transactions on Mi-
crowave Theory and Techniques, Vol.
58, No. 5, May 2010, pp. 1420-1430.
5. F. Ulaby, R. Moore and A. Fung, Mi-
crowave Remote Sensing: Active and
Passive, Artech House, Norwood,
MA, 1991.
6. Y.B. Jiao, Y.H. Zhang and Y. Fan,
Research on Modeling of W-Band
Wide-Band Total Power Radiometer
Channel, Journal of Electromagnetic
Waves and Applications, Vol. 23, No.
8-9, 2009, pp. 1049-1058.
7. A.M. Cowley and H.O. Sorensen,
Quantitative Comparison of Solid-
State Microwave Detectors, IEEE
Transactions on Microwave Theory
and Techniques, Vol. 14, No. 12, De-
cember 1966, pp. 588-602.
8. J.L. Hesler and T.W. Crowe, Respon-
sivity and Noise Measurements of
Zero-Bias Schottky Diode Detectors,
Proceedings of the 18th International
Symposium on Space Terahertz Tech-
nology, March 2007, pp. 88-92.
9. L.L. Xie, Y.H. Zhang, Y. Fan, C.H. Xu
and Y.B. Jiao, A W-Band Detector
With High Tangential Signal Sensitiv-
ity and Voltage Sensitivity, Proceed-
ings of the International Conference
on Microwave and Millimeter Wave
Technology, May 2010, pp. 528-531.
10. T. Baek et al., A 94 GHz Receiver
Front End for Passive Millimeter-
Wave Imaging, Proceedings of the 7th
European Radar Conference, October
2010, pp. 348-351.
11. L. Zhang, Y. Hao, C.G. Parini and J.
Dupuy, An Investigation of Antenna
Element Spacing on the Quality of
Millimetre Wave Imaging, Proceed-
ings of the IEEE Antennas and Propa-
gation Society International Sympo-
sium, July 2008, pp. 1-4.
12. M.S. Herman and G.A. Poe, Sensi-
tivity of the Total Power Radiometer
with Periodic Absolute Calibration,
IEEE Transactions on Microwave
Theory and Techniques, Vol. 29, No.
1, January 1981, pp. 32-40.
13. J. Liu, H. Morales, T. Weller, L. Dun-
leavy and G. Schoenthal, Ultra-Wide-
band Nonlinear Modeling of W-Band
Schottky Diodes, Microwave Jour-
nal, Vol. 55, No. 9, September 2012,
pp. 144-148.
References
1. L. Yujiri et al., Passive Millimeter-
Wave Camera, Proceedings of the
SPIE Conference on Passive Millime-
ter-Wave Imaging Technology, Vol.
3064, April 1997, pp. 15-22.
2. H.J. Liebe, An Updated Model for
Millimeter Wave Propagation in Moist
Air, Radio Science, Vol. 20, No. 5,
May 1985, pp. 1069-1089.
3. M. Jung, Y. Chang, S. Kim, W.G. Kim
and Y.H. Kim, Development of Pas-
ther performance improvements are
possible through renements of the
diode model.
13
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work is supported by the State
Key Program of National Natural
Science Foundation of China (No.
60632020) and the National High
Technology Research and Develop-
ment Program of China (863 Pro-
gram, NO.2007AA061903).
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Prototyping Massive MIMO
James Kimery and Ian Wong
National Instruments, Austin, TX
T
he rapacious demand for wireless data
has spurred researchers to search for
new technologies to expand wireless
data capacity and network capability. Industry
experts universally agree that even with cur-
rent and planned infrastructure rollouts, data
demand will continue to outpace capacity and
the debate has shifted from if to when
this event will occur. Wireless service provid-
ers plan to furiously upgrade their networks to
4G LTE, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and
beyond, introducing new innovations
such as small cells, heterogeneous
networks, and carrier aggregation
along the 3GPP roadmap. How-
ever, it is clear that the current
technology trajectory produces
a capacity slope that is still
atter than the demand line.
Embracing the challenge, the
3GPP standards body recently adopted a goal
of increasing data capacity 1000 by 2020 ac-
knowledging the need for evolutionary or revo-
lutionary ideas.
One such concept entails the deployment of
base stations with very large scale antenna ar-
rays encompassing perhaps hundreds of trans-
ceiver elements. This concept is referred to
as Massive MIMO.
1
Indeed, Massive MIMO
departs from current network topologies and
could be a key to solving our wireless data chal-
lenges; however, another interesting question
is posed through the process of understanding
the effectiveness and/or feasibility of Massive
MIMO for wide spread deployment just how
does one go about creating a prototype to truly
see whether it will work? After all, creating a
prototype with hundreds of antenna elements
creates several engineering challenges not the
least of which include cost and time.
MIMO BACKGROUND
MIMO relies on multipath to enhance the
reliability and the effective data rate
of a wireless data link using multiple
streams typically through several sep-
arate antennas. Multipath propaga-
tion, a formidable challenge to ro-
bust communication systems, is
actually exploited with MIMO
using a variety of techniques
including space-time coding
and/or spatial diversity.
2
The
4G cellular standard LTE-A species a maxi-
mum of eight antennas for use in a MIMO
conguration. The IEEE 802.11n/ac standards
and the actual commercialization of those stan-
dards are the predominant use cases of MIMO
in practice.
Basically, more antennas yield more degrees
of freedom of the propagation channel deliver-
ing improved performance in terms of data rate
and/or link reliability. However, the overall data
rate is still constrained by the Shannon-Hartley
theorem. In a network with multiple users, one
way to increase the overall network throughput
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MWJRFLAMBDA1113.indd 93 12/20/13 2:44 PM
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transmitter to a receiver increases when multiple antennas
are deployed, since
Link Outage Probability ~ 1 / SNR N
T
N
R
where SNR is the signal to noise ratio, N
R
is the number of
receive antennas and N
T
is the number of transmit anten-
nas. As the number of antennas increase in a system, the
probability of a link outage decreases thus increasing the
communications link reliability.
2
Large scale MIMO antenna arrays build on the fun-
damental concepts presented here, behind the theory
that antenna deployments in the hundreds scale to real-
ize better efciencies than current MIMO point-to-point
deployments. Specically, with hundreds of antennas, the
antenna aperture and deployment grid will have a much
ner resolution. Combined with beamforming, the anten-
na lobes can be more nely controlled to reduce power in
the channel.
Massive MIMO systems are not without their chal-
lenges. One challenge includes nding a way to communi-
cate the channel state information from the receiver to the
transmitter for precoding. With hundreds of antennas, the
number of pilot signals needed to derive the channel state
is really not practical. Massive MIMO in its current incar-
nation is hence only practical in a time-division-duplexed
(TDD) system which relies on the reciprocity of the chan-
nel, but to determine the feasibility of this approach more
research is needed. Some initial research has also proposed
is through multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO), where multiple
users can simultaneously access the same time-frequency
resource, but it is separated through the multiple spatial
dimensions created by multiple antennas.
MORE ANTENNAS, MORE CAPACITY, ENHANCED
RELIABILITY
Scaling up MU-MIMO to a large scale, classied as
Massive MIMO, potentially offers higher network capac-
ity, better reliability and increased energy efciency of
the Massive MIMO base station by lowering the overall
transmitted power in a cell or served region. Theoretically,
the transmitted power per antenna could be less than the
transmitted power of a single antenna serving a designated
cell or region with the same data rate. That is, the overall
power given by
PTot
MM
~ P
T
N
T
where PTot
MM
is the total transmitted power per region,
P
T
is the power per antenna, N
T
is the number of transmit
antennas, and PTot
MM
is less than PTot of a single antenna
system. A Massive MIMO cellular topology could poten-
tially reduce the overall transmitted power in a sectorized
region compared to the power needed in a single antenna
system to achieve the same reliability and/or throughput
because of the increased capability of the Massive MIMO
base station to focus its emitted energy to the desired us-
ers through its increase in degrees of freedom. In addition,
the probability of the correct bits being transmitted from a
MWJCPI0114.indd 95 12/20/13 2:44 PM
SpecialReport
that the thermal noise in the system
is less of a concern with so many an-
tennas, and the impact of interferers
becomes more of an issue. These chal-
lenges and others can be explored with
real world waveforms once a working
prototype has been developed.
PROTOTYPING A MASSIVE MIMO
SYSTEM
The task of prototyping a Massive
MIMO system requires a lot of up
front work to carefully and properly
design an actual working system. Most
researchers may nd that even proto-
typing a minimally congured two
antenna MIMO transceiver system
can be challenging (see Figure 1). To
begin the task of designing a Massive
MIMO prototype, lets rst sketch a
diagram of the system (see Figure
2). For the purposes of this exercise,
we will use N number of antenna ele-
ments at the base station to be 128 to
achieve a 128 128 MIMO congura-
tion. The conguration does assume
M mobile users using SISO antennas.
There are many items to consider
when designing a large scale MIMO
system, including RF system param-
eters such as transmit power, adjacent
channel interference, conformance to
spectrum mask and so on. However, a
key parameter to consider in a large
scale MIMO system is the digital data
throughput to and from each antenna.
From Figure 2, one of the most chal-
lenging aspects of the system is aggre-
gating all of the received samples into
a common processing subsystem. Un-
like simple transmit and receive com-
munications using a SISO radio, Mas-
sive MIMO requires high speed data
throughput between transmit and
receive elements and the baseband
an order of magnitude higher than
todays currently deployed systems.
Processing the data streams in a
distributed fashion to the nodes locat-
ed close to the antenna is an option,
but in order to recover the received
signals from, or effectively precoding
the signals to the different users, the
data streams from each antenna must
be aggregated at a common location in
order to extract the best performance.
Taking a closer look at the through-
put and data requirements, we break
down the system into their fundamen-
tal elements. Thus, we can quantify
the data rates into the actual building
of the prototype and explore tradeoffs
that can impact system design, inte-
gration, power and ultimately cost.
BASELINE SYSTEM PARAMETERS
A typical SISO radio is depicted in
Figure 3. In this diagram, the RF sig-
nal is downconverted or mixed down,
ltered and then amplied before
being converted to digital data. The
transmit operation uses the reverse
ow. A Massive MIMO system en-
compasses hundreds of these funda-
mental SISO elements.
In order to use off-the-shelf equip-
ment to lower cost and expedite pro-
totype development, it is assumed that
each In Phase (I) and Quadrature (Q)
sample is 16 bits. The number of bits
determines dynamic range and in ef-
fect may be more than enough for the
prototype. Fewer bits of resolution
can reduce the data throughput sig-
nicantly especially when aggregating
so many channels. Although 16 bits
increase the data path and ultimately
the data throughput requirements
more bits lead to wider data paths and
increased data throughput require-
ments off-the-shelf components and
programming architectures handle
16-bit samples easily without custom-
ization.
Next consider the sampling rate.
Each analog-to-digital converter
(ADC) in the receive chain must sam-
ple the downconverted waveform at a
rate greater than the bandwidth of the
channel consistent with the Nyquist
theorem. This example will focus on
using LTE as a baseline, a common
cellular scenario, where each convert-
er samples the received waveform at
a sample rate of 30.72 MS/s. In fact,
the converter may oversample the
signal to increase resolution but may
increase the signal processing to con-
vert the data rate to a data stream that
a standard signal processing block can
accept. The data throughput can be
derived using the following equation:
(2 samples) (16 bits per sample or 2
bytes/s) (sample rate)
For the example described above:
(2 samples) (2 bytes/s) (30.72) =
122.88 MB/s
s Fig. 1 Two-antenna MIMO transceiver.
s Fig. 2 M-user, N-antenna Massive MIMO system.
USER
EQUIPMENT
USER
EQUIPMENT RF UP/DOWN
CONVERSION
RF UP/DOWN
CONVERSION
DAC/ADC
N*R
N M
DAC/ADC
BASEBAND
Tx/Rx
N-Antenna Massive MIMO Base Station
MAC LAYER
AND ABOVE
s Fig. 3 Typical 11 software dened radio architecture.
CPU
GPP
FPGA
DSP
PLL
PLL
VCO
0
90
0
90
VCO
D/A
D/A
A/D
A/D
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For the example system descrip-
tion, the aggregate data throughput
for one channel equals 122.88 MB/s.
To scale to a Massive MIMO sys-
tem, the effective rate can be calcu-
lated as follows:
Total System Throughput (TST) =
(Throughput rate/channel) (number
of antennas)
TST = (122.88 MB/s) (128)
TST = 15.7 GB/s
Thus, if all channels were either
transmitted or received simultane-
ously, then the data throughput to the
central processing system would be
15.7 GB/s. In addition, aggregating
all of this data into the central pro-
cessing system requires a processing
engine capable of accepting this mas-
sive amount of data and the capacity
to further process the data in order to
produce a communication link.
Two challenges are revealed
through this brief analysis. First, there
are few, if any, low-cost commercial-
ly-available technologies that can ad-
dress these requirements. Second, the
data rate for the prototype requires
exploration of alternative partitioning
of the signal processing chains includ-
ing distributed and parallel imple-
mentations.
Reviewing the available technolo-
gies for prototyping, we present a
brief survey of high speed serial buses
that potentially can be used as the
data framework for constructing the
Massive MIMO prototype.
Table 1 presents an overview of
some high-speed commercially-avail-
able bus technologies today. There
are other buses, of course, but this
table presents a guideline of many of
the popular buses today that are open
standard and not proprietary. In addi-
tion, these bus technologies are used
in many of todays modular architec-
tures such as PXIe, which is funda-
mentally based on the PCIe standard.
One specication that should be
considered is latency. Latency de-
scribes the turnaround time between
a transmit and receive operation. If
the prototype is for a unidirectional
link, then latency is of less impor-
tance. However, for a true TDD Mas-
sive MIMO prototype, latency must
be considered as it is critical for the
turnaround time to be shorter than
the coherence time of the wireless
channel so that the downlink precod-
ing is not based on outdated channel
TABLE I
SURVEY OF COMMERCIALLY-AVAILABLE BUS TECHNOLOGIES
Bus Technology Latency Raw Data MBytes/s
per Lane
Aggregate Rate
(MB/s)
Typical
(MB/s)
PCIe Gen 1 4 sec 2 Gb/s 250 1000 900
Gen 2 8 sec 4 Gb/s 500 4000 3600
Gen 3 8 sec 8 Gb/s 1000 8000
1 GE msec 1 Gb/s 125 125 112.5
10 GE msec 10 Gb/s 1250 1250 1125
MWJEWT0409.indd 99 12/20/13 2:44 PM
SpecialReport
information. The latency specication given here is an ap-
proximation. However, in general, Ethernet latency is non-
deterministic and can vary signicantly. On the other hand,
Ethernet implementations tend to be lower cost.
It should be noted that PCIe Gen 3 implementations
are just now appearing on the market and measured actual
throughput data was not available. It should also be noted
that although maximum/peak data rates are widely available,
typical implementations where the bus is actually imple-
mented vary due to cost, IP core size and power. The typical
numbers are provided as a guideline as few, if any, imple-
mentations will achieve the maximum published rates.
Figure 4 shows an example system conguration using
PXIe. In this conguration, a total of 10 chassis are used to
achieve a 128-antenna Massive MIMO system. The system
employs two Master chassis to aggregate the data and
eight slave chassis housing 128 transceivers (NI 5791 RF
transceiver) capable of transmitting and receiving in the
cellular bands. The data backbone uses PCI Express Gen
2 8 to easily capture and transmit 20 MHz of RF band-
width data with appropriate partitioning.
3,4
CONCLUSION
Massive MIMO is just one of many new technologies
being explored for 5G communications. However, with
new technology, a bottleneck between theory and stan-
dardization can be prototyping. Massive MIMOs system
parameters push the envelope in terms of requirements to
actually test the theory and expedite commercialization.
Although there are many commercially available technolo-
gies, PCI express appears to have an optimal combination
of sufcient data throughput and low latency to truly test
the effectiveness of Massive MIMO in practice. Of course
building a complete system requires further work, but one
of the central challenges to building such a prototype per-
tains to the careful analysis of the data throughput, latency
and signal processing which are addressed in this article.
References
1. F. Rusek, D. Persson, B.K. Lau, E.G. Larsson, T.L. Marzetta, O. Ed-
fors and F. Tufvesson, Scaling up MIMO: Opportunities and Chal-
lenges with Very Large Arrays, IEEE Signal Process Mag., Vol. 3 No.
1, pp. 40-46, Jan. 2013.
2. A. Paulraj, R. Nabar and D. Gore, Introduction to Space-Time Com-
munications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
3. www.pcisig.com/specications/pciexpress/resources/PCIe_3_0_Ex-
ternal_FAQ_Nereus.pdf.
4. www.xilinx.com/technology/protocols/pciexpress.htm.
Fig. 4 Example implementation using PXIe.

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A Method to Design an
Aperture-Tuned Antenna
Using a MEMS Digital
Variable Capacitor
Paul Tornatta
Cavendish Kinetics Inc., San Jose, CA
This article describes a method for designing a frequency-tunable antenna using a
microelectromechanical system (MEMS) digital variable capacitor (DVC) as the
tuning element in the antenna aperture. The design example targets a smartphone
where the low frequency response of the antenna is tunable from 700 to 960
MHz while the high frequency response from 1710 to 2170 MHz remains xed.
Signicant performance improvement is shown when compared to an impedance
tuning approach.
S
martphone industrial design is trend-
ing toward larger screens, larger batter-
ies, atter designs, multiple cameras and
metallic cases. In addition, wireless network
operators are moving to LTE requiring 22
MIMO, as well as carrier aggregation (com-
bined frequency bands) supported in LTE-
Advanced. Carrier aggregation requires the
RF front end to operate over multiple, wide-
ly-spaced frequency bands or over very wide
frequency ranges. These trends are making
space-constrained, cost-effective front ends
more difcult to design. One approach is to use
additional components with complex switching
networks adding signal loss, cost and complex-
ity. A better approach is to use tunable com-
ponents including lters, power ampliers and
antennas.
1
Considerable effort is being spent on im-
proving the entire RF chain, including broad-
band, tunable power amps, tunable lters and
tunable matching networks. While tunable
matching networks can deliver more power to
the antenna, a much more signicant improve-
ment is possible by improving the radiation ef-
ciency of the antenna, particularly with anten-
na frequency tuning (AFT), which tunes the
antenna in the aperture. Table 1 shows typi-
cal losses attributed to components in the RF
front end. Reducing losses in the antenna can
have a signicant impact on overall efciency.
Antenna radiation efciency is affected by
physical size of the antenna and the instanta-
neous bandwidth required. To cover a wide
frequency band, it must be large or the ef-
ciency will be low; yet the antennas physical
size is constrained by industrial design trends.
This makes the cellular antenna system a good
candidate for tuning.
TABLE I
RF FRONT END LOSSES
Filters Switches Fixed
Matching
Antenna
Loss (dB) 1.0 to 2.0 0.5 to 1.0 0.25 to 0.50 3 to 8
Loss (%) 20 to 37 10 to 20 6 to 10 50 to 85
_1M34 FINAL.indd 102 12/23/13 9:26 AM
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the high band.
The low band is tuned while the
high band is xed.
The antenna is a Planar Inverted F
Antenna (PIFA), the most common
for smartphones.
The impedance match is xed.
KEY DEVICE CHARACTERISTICS
AFT is commonly used in military,
civil and land mobile radio applica-
tions to tune narrowband antennas
over wide frequency ranges. In these
applications, the reactive elements are
either variable capacitors or variable
inductors and are typically large and
expensive. For consumer electronic
products, there are several device
types that are candidates for tunable
elements. They fall into two catego-
ries: variable capacitors and switches.
Variable capacitance devices include
varactor diodes, barium-strontium-
titanate (BST) capacitors and MEMS
devices. Switches include silicon on
insulator (SOI), silicon on sapphire
(SOS), gallium arsenide (GaAs) and
MEMS devices. Switches can be used
with discrete capacitors or inductors
to create variable reactances or can
be used to connect different antenna
structures. A quick internet search
will yield a large number of variable
capacitors; however, due to the nature
of these devices, there are no high
performance, cost-effective, small,
variable inductors on the market. This
article focuses on using a variable
shunt capacitor for antenna frequency
tuning.
A device used for a frequency-
tuned antenna in a smartphone must
have the characteristics shown in Ta-
ble 2. The two key characteristics that
drive antenna efciency are ESR and
C
min
.
The Effect of ESR
The most important characteristic
is low ESR. An ideal antenna with 100
percent efciency will radiate all the
power available at its input terminals
without any losses. In practice, how-
ever, antennas have several loss mech-
anisms. Non-tunable antennas have
losses due to impedance mismatch,
conduction losses and dielectric loss-
es. Tunable antennas have additional
loss from the tuning devices. The goal
is to minimize all of these losses. It is
essential for the tuning capacitor to
have the highest possible Q and the
the antenna and the
antenna terminals.
AIT uses variable
reactive compo-
nents at the antenna
feed point to adjust
the power transfer.
It is effective over
narrow bands, but
has limited impact
when the frequency
tuning range is sev-
eral hundred mega-
hertz because the
antenna itself can-
not be both high ef-
ciency and broad-
band. AFT allows
the resonance of the
antenna structure to
be changed, which
optimizes the radia-
tion efciency over
much wider band-
widths than AIT.
Figure 2 shows
the difference in
efciency between
AFT and AIT. In this
example, AFT shifts
the total radiated
efciency curve for
each tuning state, resulting in higher
peak efciency, whereas AIT follows
a single antenna efciency curve for
each tuning state. Using AFT, the
antenna can have 2 to 3 dB better ef-
ciency than an antenna tuned using
AIT, alone.
DESIGN METHOD
The design method described in
this article is for a multiband smart-
phone antenna and assumes that:
Coverage is 700 to 960 MHz in the
low band and 1710 to 2170 MHz in
ANTENNA TUNING
Antennas are transition devices
(transducers) between guided waves
and free space waves. There are two
forms of tuning in antennas: 1) An-
tenna frequency tuning (AFT), as
mentioned earlier, and 2) Antenna im-
pedance tuning (AIT) executed by ad-
justing the feed point match. Figure
1 illustrates the difference between
AFT and AIT.
AFT optimizes the radiation ef-
ciency of the antenna system, while
AIT optimizes the power transfer be-
tween the transmission line feeding
Fig. 1 Two types of antenna tuning.
ANTENNA FREQUENCY TUNING
OPTIMIZES RADIATION EFFICIENCY
FROM THE ANTENNA TERMINALS INTO
FREE SPACE BY TUNING IN THE
APERTURE
ANTENNA IMPEDANCE TUNING
OPTIMIZES POWER TRANSFER
FROM THE TRANSMISSION LINE
(GUIDED WAVE) INTO THE
ANTENNA TERMINALS BY TUNING
THE MATHCING CIRCUIT
FREE SPACE WAVE
SHORTING PIN
GUIDED WAVE
FEED POINT GROUND PLANE
MATCHING
NETWORK
RADIATING ELEMENT
PIFA ANTENNA
DVC
Fig. 2 AFT compared to AIT.
FREQUENCY F
Low
F
High
R
E
L
A
T
I
V
E

E
F
F
I
C
I
E
N
C
Y
ANTENNA EFFICIENCY
ASSUMING IDEAL MATCH
EFFICIENCY
USING AIT
EFFICIENCY
USING AFT
AFT SHIFTS
THE ANTENNA
EFFICIENCY
CURVE
TABLE II
KEY DEVICE CHARACTERISTICS FOR AFT
Performance
Metric
Impact Tuning Device Requirements
Antenna
Efciency
Total Radiated
Power (TRP),
Total Isotropic
Sensitivity (TIS)
Low C
min
Low ESR
High Q
C
min
<0.5 pF
ESR<0.5
Q>150 @ 2 GHz
Q>225 @ 750 MHz
Tuning Range Band
Coverage
C-range
High SRF
C range:
0.5 to 1.5 pF
SRF>8 GHz
Low Noise TIS High IIP3
Low Harmonics
Low Parasitics
IIP3 > 65 dBm
Tx spurious < -85 dBm
Rx spurious < -120 dBm
_1M34 FINAL.indd 104 12/23/13 9:26 AM
MWJWINSEMIPP10_0912.indd 105 12/20/13 2:47 PM
SpecialReport
lowest possible
ESR. The lowest
losses require both
low ESR and low
capacitance. As
shown in Figure
3, an ideal device
(ESR = 0 ) adds
no additional loss.
Only one ohm can
produce 2 to 3 dB
of additional loss-
es making ESR a
critical parameter.
Figure 3 also shows that lower capacitance loading further
limits losses.
The Effect of C
min
In addition to low ESR, the device must have low mini-
mum capacitance (C
min
). Loading the antenna aperture
with capacitance lowers the resonant frequency, making
it appear electrically longer. To compensate, the antenna
must be physically shortened. This shortening reduces
radiation efciency. Using the smallest amount of capaci-
tance to load the aperture will result in the largest physical
resonant structure and highest radiation efciency. Figure
4 illustrates the importance of low C
min
and its effect on
radiation efciency. Lower C
min
improves radiation ef-
ciency signicantly in the lower band.
The Effect of C Range
Tuning range is generally considered to be a key char-
acteristic of a variable capacitor. For antenna frequency
tuning, however, the capacitor tuning range is not so im-
portant. Figure 5 shows how an antenna can be designed
to have the same frequency tuning range with a variety of
capacitor tuning ranges. This is because the desired fre-
quency tuning range is a design parameter that can be ad-
justed by selecting the capacitor location on the antenna
aperture.
FEED, GROUND AND DIGITAL VARIABLE
CAPACITOR LOCATION
Figure 6 shows a sketch of a simplied multiband
PIFA structure. Several parameters must be simulta-
neously optimized to produce a good frequency-tuned
antenna design. The rst is the location of the antenna
feed point. Feed and ground locations are usually deter-
mined very early in the design phase and are dictated by
industrial design constraints and available printed circuit
board (PCB) real estate. The feed geometry is generally
determined long before the antenna is designed, some-
times resulting in compromised performance. The best
process to mitigate the risk of picking the wrong feed
geometry is to make the layout as generic as possible.
Figure 7 shows a general schematic diagram allowing the
feed and ground points of the antenna to be swapped dur-
ing the antenna design phase. This layout gives the design-
er the choice of a normal or reverse-fed PIFA.
Fig. 3 Losses due to ESR and capaci-
tance.
R
A
D
I
A
T
I
O
N

E
F
F
I
C
I
E
N
C
Y

L
O
S
S

(
d
B
)
ESR ()
0 0.5 1.0 1.5
TYPICAL RF
SWITCHES
(ESR
1 )
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
I
d
e
a
l

d
e
v
i
c
e
s
DIGITAL
VARIABLE
CAPACITOR
LOSS AT 5.0 pF
LOSS AT 2.5 pF
Fig. 4 Impact of C
min
on radiation efciency.
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
950 900 850 800 750 700 650
FREQUENCY (MHz)
C
min
= 0.5 pF, Range = .75 pF
C
min
= 1.0 pF, Range = 1.5 pF
C
min
= 1.5 pF, Range = 2.0 pF
C
min
= 2.5 pF, Range = 2.5 pF
Upper band
shows little
difference
In low band C
min
= 0.5 pF
allows for 80% improvement (2.5 dB)
in radiation efficiency compared
to C
min
= 2.5 pF
R
A
D
I
A
T
I
O
N

E
F
F
I
C
I
E
N
C
Y

(
%
)
Fig. 5 Required C range for a 200 MHz tuning range at various
tuning locations.
5
4
3
2
1
0
950 900 850 800 750 700 650
T
U
N
I
N
G

C
A
P
A
C
I
T
A
N
C
E

(
p
F
)
FREQUENCY (MHz)
C
min
= 2.5 pF, Range = 2.5 pF
C
min
= 1.5 pF, Range = 2.0 pF
C
min
= 1.0 pF, Range = 1.5 pF
C
min
= 0.5 pF, Range = 0.75 pF
Variable load
at feed point
Far from
feed point
Fig. 6 PIFA structure. Location 2 provides a wider tuning range
than 1.
1 2 Simplified Multiband PIFA
DVC
Low Band Current
Distribution
High Band Current
Distribution
DVC Placement
Region
Fig. 7 PIFA schematic allowing feed and ground to be swapped.
RF Front End
0 if port 2 used for feed
Open if port 1 used for feed
Port 1 and Port 2 can be
swapped between feed and
ground for antenna
design flexibility
VDD
CLK
CS
SDA
FEED/GND
FEED/GND
DVC
NC
GND
RF
6
7
8
9 1 3 4
5
2
1
2
3
P
I
F
A
_1M34 FINAL.indd 106 12/23/13 9:26 AM
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MWJDELCROSS0114.indd 107 12/20/13 2:48 PM
SpecialReport
mance are iterated to nd the best
antenna performance.
IMPEDANCE MATCHING
NETWORK DESIGN
After determining an optimum
device location, a xed matching
network is added at the feed point
to optimize power transfer between
the transmission line and the termi-
nals of the antenna. The matching
network is designed by measuring
the complex impedance at several
frequency points in the bands of
interest using a vector network ana-
lyzer. The most effective frequency
points to choose for optimization are
the band edges and at least one point
in the middle of each band to ensure
that the matching network does not
introduce unwanted narrowband
behavior. The measured impedance
values are entered into impedance-
matching optimization software to
obtain the best three-, four- or ve-
element match across the frequency
bands of interest.
with capacitance variation. The tap
point can be modied by changing
the location and length of the line that
runs from the variable capacitor inter-
connect point to the PIFA low-band
arm. Figure 9 illustrates the change
in tuning slope relative to variable ca-
pacitor location. The farther out the
capacitor is on the radiating element,
the faster the frequency will change
with capacitance.
Variable capacitor location also af-
fects how the high band (1710 to 2170
MHz) reacts with changing capaci-
tance. It is possible to nd a location
on the antenna where tuning the low
band will have no effect on the high
band. Radiation efciency, low-band
tuning range and high-band perfor-
VARIABLE CAPACITOR
CONNECTION TO ANTENNA
The location of the tuning element
is important and is also generally de-
termined before the antenna design is
complete. There are three basic meth-
ods to connect the tuning element to
antenna (see Figure 8). Method C is
the preferred method for connecting
the capacitor because it is generally
close to the antenna feed and ground
due to industrial design and PCB lay-
out constraints. This usually results in
a suboptimum location, for which the
antenna design can usually compensate.
VARIABLE CAPACITOR TAP
POINT
The variable capacitor location af-
fects how much the frequency tunes
Fig. 8 Methods for connecting the digital
variable capacitor to the antenna.
DVC
DVC
DVC
DVC integrated
directly on the PIFA
DVC integrated on
intermediate flex
attached to antenna
DVC integrated on
the phone PCB
A
B
C
Fig. 9 Change in tuning slope relative to
DVC placement.
1 2
1
2
DVC
DVC Placement
Region
DVC Located for 1.5 pF C-Range
DVC Located for 2.5 pF C-Range
Tuning Slope
90 MHz/pF
Tuning Slope
136 MHz/pF
CAPACITANCE (pF)
900
850
800
750
700
650
3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0
R
E
S
O
N
A
N
T

F
R
E
Q
U
E
N
C
Y

(
M
H
z
)
Fig. 10 PCB layout that minimizes
parasitics.
_1M34 FINAL.indd 108 12/23/13 9:26 AM
MWJDELTA1013.indd 109 12/20/13 2:48 PM
SpecialReport
tenna structure. For carrier qualica-
tion, the relevant active performance
parameters are total radiated power
(TRP) and total isotropic sensitivity
(TIS). These measurements are taken
on the completed phone assembly and
are usually done in a controlled envi-
ronment, such as an anechoic cham-
ber. The phone is placed in the cham-
ber and a call is initiated with a base
station simulator (call box). Data is tak-
en over a complete sphere to evaluate
phone performance in all directions.
The measurements are performed us-
ing phantom heads and hands to sim-
ulate the loading effects of the human
body. At this stage of qualication, it
is often necessary to tweak the anten-
na to optimize performance. This is
where tunable antennas provide a big
advantage. During active testing, tun-
ing of both the primary and secondary
antennas can be adjusted to optimize
TRP and TIS. The tuning can also be
adjusted to compensate for variations
in the device usage model, mitigating
head and hand detuning effects. The
one antenna to another cannot be re-
covered and lowers the efciency of
both antennas. In a MIMO system it
is important to have high isolation be-
tween antennas.
Frequency tuning both the prima-
ry and secondary antennas in a MIMO
system allows both antennas to be
tuned and/or detuned to improve the
isolation, lowering the mutual cou-
pling and improving the efciency.
Tuning the main and diversity antenna
separately can provide a large benet
in data rate throughput since the di-
versity gain is proportional to antenna
isolation.
MEASURED RESULTS
The key performance parameters
for passive antenna evaluation are re-
turn loss and average gain (efciency).
Passive antenna parameters are shown
in Table 3 for a multiband tuned an-
PCB LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS
Since antenna performance is de-
pendent on reactive loading, it is im-
portant to minimize parasitic capaci-
tance and inductance between the
device and the antenna. This can be
done by following good RF PCB lay-
out practices. Figure 10 shows an ex-
ample of proper PCB layout around a
variable capacitor.
MUTUAL COUPLING
Another parameter that must be
considered is coupling between multi-
ple antennas. MIMO operation in 4G
systems requires at least two anten-
nas. The interaction between anten-
nas operating in close proximity to one
another is called mutual coupling. In
a MIMO system, the mutual coupling
can be large because both antennas
are operating at the same frequency at
the same time. Energy coupled from
TABLE III
SUMMARY OF MEASURED PASSIVE ANTENNA PERFORMANCE
Frequency
Band (MHz)
Tuning State Average
Return Loss
(dB)
Average
Efciency (dB)
Average
Efciency (%)
B12 (698-746) Cmax 10.3 2.5 56
B17 (704-746) Cmax 11.1 2.5 56
B13 (746-787) C21 9.9 2.6 55
B5 (824-894) C10 7.1 2.6 55
B8 (890-960) Cmin 7.9 2.9 51
Upper 3G
Legacy Bands
(1710-2170)
Any 11.3 1.9 65
s Fig. 11 Frequency tuned antenna using a
DVC driven by an applications board.
_1M34 FINAL.indd 110 12/27/13 11:17 AM
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pub microwave 86x254 N1225_Mise en page 1 11/10/13 11:28 Page1
antenna tuning
settings for vari-
ous usage models
can be stored in
look-up tables and
recalled during
normal phone op-
eration.
PASSIVE
TESTING
Figure 11
shows a frequen-
cy-tuned antenna
structure devel-
oped by TE Con-
nectivity using the
Cavendish Kinet-
ics digital variable
capacitor model
32CK505S. The
antenna is on the
edge of a 100
60 mm ground
plane. Antenna
dimensions are
60 10 mm. The
32CK505S is
mounted on an an-
tenna applications
board which is sol-
dered to the main
board ground
plane.
Figure 12
shows the return
loss for the an-
tenna and Figure
13 shows the mea-
sured efciency.
Table 3 summa-
rizes the measured
return loss and ra-
diation efciency for different frequency bands and capaci-
tor settings. The data shows the low band of the antenna
tuning from C
min
Band 8 with a high-band edge frequen-
cy of 960 MHz down to C
max
Band 17 with a low-band
edge frequency of 704 MHz. As the low band is tuned, the
high band from 1710 to 2170 MHz remains unchanged,
demonstrating that a frequency-tuned antenna can have a
tunable low band while keeping the high band xed.
ACTIVE TESTING
Industrial design features, such as the size of the dis-
play and battery, the thickness of the phone and the lo-
cation of cameras and connector ports have a signicant
effect on antenna performance. The measured data shown
in Figure 14 is a summary of the TRP from a complete
smartphone assembly comparing AIT and AFT. The base-
line performance identied as 100 percent on the chart is
the performance of AIT in Band 17 and Band 5. The AFT
s Fig. 12 Return loss of TE Connectivity
MetaSpan Antenna.
0
5
10
15
20
25
600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400
(MHz)
B17 MHz @ C
max
B8 @ C
min
C_MAX (5 pF) C_MID (3.7 pF)
C_MID (2.3 pF) C_MIN (1 pF)
B13
B5
s Fig. 13 Measured efciency of TE Con-
nectivity MetaSpan Antenna.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
940 900 860 820 780 740 700
FREQUENCY (MHz)
2200 2100 2000 1900 1800 1700
FREQUENCY (MHz)
C = 5.0 pF C = 3.7 pF
C = 2.3 pF C = 1.0 pF
E
F
F
I
C
I
E
N
C
Y

(
d
B
)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
E
F
F
I
C
I
E
N
C
Y

(
d
B
)
_1M34 FINAL.indd 112 12/23/13 9:26 AM
Copyright 2013 Mercury Systems, Innovation That Matters
are trademarks of Mercury Systems, Inc.

MERCURY SYSTEMS IS A LEADER IN DEVELOPING SOFTWARE-DEFINED
SUBSYSTEMS THAT DETECT, INTERCEPT AND DEFEAT SIGNALS OF
INTEREST ON LAND, AT SEA AND IN THE AIR. THESE EW, SIGINT
AND C4I SUBSYSTEM DESIGNS ARE BORN FROM OUR LONG STANDING
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performance is better in both Band 17 and Band 5. The
performance in Band 17 (lower frequency band) is better
than Band 5 due to the optimization of the fundamental
antenna resonance in Band 5. This is similar to the perfor-
mance shown in Figure 2.
CONCLUSION
Operator qualication requirements, industrial design
constraints and consumer demand for high-speed data are
driving the need for tunable RF front ends in smartphones.
Antenna radiation performance is strongly dependent on
smartphone industrial design constraints and is limited by
the physical volume for antenna implementation making
the antenna a good candidate for tuning. AFT (where the
tuning element is part of the antenna aperture and is used
to optimize radiation efciency) is an effective form of an-
tenna tuning; however, to tune the antenna and achieve a
measureable benet, the tuning element must have very
low ESR (high Q), low C
min
and good tuning range.
Several key design variables must be considered to de-
sign a good tunable antenna including feed, ground and
tuning element location, tuning element connection to the
antenna, tuning element tap point on the antenna, imped-
ance matching network design, PCB layout to minimize
parasitics, and mutual coupling to diversity and MIMO an-
tennas. Measured data from a smartphone equipped with
a DVC-enabled tunable antenna shows signicant perfor-
mance margin.
Reference
1. P. Carson and S. Brown, Less is More: The New Mobile RF Front-
End, Microwave Journal, Vol. 56, No. 6, June 2013.
Paul Tornatta has more than 25 years of experience in the aerospace,
wireless, telecommunications and automotive industries. Before joining
Cavendish, he served as CTO of Skycross, a leading mobile antenna
supplier. Prior to that, he served as vice president of the automotive
business unit at Radiall Corp., a leading supplier of RF interconnect
products. He also served in a variety of leadership positions at Larsen
Antenna Technologies, Metricom and Lockheed Martin. Tornatta earned
a bachelors degree in electrical engineering from New Mexico State
University. He has written articles on RF design and electromagnetics
for a variety of RF trade publications. He is a member of IEEE.
s Fig. 14 Active measured data comparison between AFT and AIT
in a smartphone platform.
250
200
150
100
50
0
844 836.5 829 711 707.5 704
(
%
)
FREQUENCY (MHz)
BAND 17
TRANSMIT
TOTAL RADIATED POWER OF AFT
NORMALIZED TO AIT PERFORMANCE
BAND 5
TRANSMIT
3 dB
1.76 dB
REF
_1M34 FINAL.indd 114 12/23/13 9:26 AM
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A Very-Near-Field
Measurement Technique
to Test Large Antennas
in the Lab
Ruska Patton
EMSCAN, Calgary, Canada
F
ar-eld characterization of antennas
that are both electrically and physically
large can be a challenging task since the
far-eld region of these antennas can be quite
long. A good example of this is a base station
antenna at 700 MHz. The rule of thumb for
the boundary of the far-eld region in this situ-
ation is
d = 2D
2
/l (1)
where D is the largest dimension of the an-
tenna and l is the free space wavelength.
A base station antenna might be 1.2 m long
and at 700 MHz, the free space wavelength
is 0.42 m. Hence, the far-eld region for such
an antenna begins approximately 13.6 m from
the antenna. This means specialized test sites
would likely be required.
1,2
These test facilities
can have long lead times to schedule testing.
On top of this, many base station antennas have
mechanical tuning that requires multiple mea-
surements. Characterization of these antennas
in the far-eld region can be time consuming
and very costly.
There is an alternative to direct far-eld
measurement, which is based on very-near-
eld measurement. The very-near-eld mea-
surement approach has already been success-
fully commercialized for small antennas.
3
The
implementation of this method is based on
an array of small magnetic eld probes which
sample the elds in the very-near-eld region
of the antenna. Algorithms can then transform
these measurements to far-eld data in a mat-
ter of seconds. Theoretically, this method can
be scaled to arbitrarily large antennas. How-
ever, increasing the size of the array of probes
has serious practical limitations.
To overcome these limitations, a method
has been developed to combine multiple
very-near-eld measurements to form a larg-
er synthetic measurement area. This method
will divide the desired very-near-eld region
into tiles, each the same size as the array of
probes. The measurement array will sequen-
tially measure the elds in each of these tiles.
If the resulting very-near-eld tiles are prop-
erly combined together like puzzle pieces, the
transformation to the far-eld will provide ac-
ApplicationNote
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ApplicationNote
The combined very-near-eld plot
depicts some pattern distortion at the
seams. This is mainly due to the inter-
action between the measurement ar-
ray and the AUT not being constant
as the measurement array is moved.
It will be shown that despite this eld
distortion, the far-eld results are still
very accurate. If greater accuracy is
required, this effect can be reduced
by placing absorbers between the
antenna and the measurement array
as shown in Figure 3. However, de-
embedding the effect of the absorber
on the measurement results is not a
trivial task.
TRANSFORMATION TO THE FAR-
FIELD
If the measurement array pro-
vides polarized magnetic eld mea-
surements with phase information,
a simple algorithm can be used for
transformation of the measured data
to far-eld data.
4,5
For correct estima-
tion of the far-eld radiated power,
the mutual coupling effect (loading)
of the measurement array needs to
be taken into account when doing the
transformation.
The far-eld radiation pattern of
the base station antenna is shown at
700 MHz in Figure 4 and at 1950
MHz in Figure 5. These show a
comparison between the pattern cal-
culated from the very-near-eld re-
sults and the pattern provided by the
manufacturer that was measured in an
antenna range. The calculated results
are labeled as E
RFX
in this case and
show a good correlation with the far-
positioned close to
the surface where
the very-near-eld
measurements are
to be taken. Fig-
ure 1 shows a base
station AUT. The
antenna is simply
suspended over a
table in the lab and
the very-near-eld
measurement array
is placed in various
positions below the
antenna to sample the magnetic eld
radiating in the downward direction.
Figure 1a shows the array in the rst
position at the corner of the desired
measurement area. This overall mea-
surement surface is carefully chosen
to capture all signicant very-near-
eld radiation under the antenna. In
Figure 1b, the array has been moved
to the next position such that no gap
in the measurement area exists. This
move and measurement process con-
tinues until the entire scan area has
been covered. In this case, ve tiles of
the 0.40 0.40 m measurement array
are required.
After the separate measurements are
combined together, the resulting very-
near-eld distribution should be almost
as if a single large array were used. The
combined very-near-elds of the base
station antenna are shown in Figure 2.
The antenna, with its cover removed,
is shown for reference above the eld
strength plot. In this way, the correla-
tion between the antenna elements and
the eld hot spots can be seen.
curate results for the entire synthetic
measurement area.
This article will show sample re-
sults for what is called the multi co-
planar approach. This approach com-
bines multiple planar very-near-eld
tiles and provides the far-eld radia-
tion pattern for arbitrarily large anten-
nas.
VERY-NEAR-FIELD SNAPSHOTS
To capture the multiple measure-
ments, a very simple setup is needed.
First the antenna under test (AUT) is
s Fig. 1 Very-near-eld array in the rst
position (a) and in the next position (b).
s Fig. 2 The magnetic very-near-eld intensity right below the base
station antenna.
s Fig. 3 Absorber placed between the mea-
surement array and the antenna under test.
s Fig. 4 Base station antenna radiation
pattern at 700 MHz for elevation (a) and
azimuth (b) cuts.
0
10
20
30
40
100 100 0
100 100 0
E
RFX
E
chamber
E
RFX
E
chamber
(
d
B
)
0
10
20
30
40
(
d
B
)
()
()
(a)
(b)
( = 0)
( = 90)
s Fig. 5 Base station antenna radiation
pattern at 1950 MHz for elevation (a) and
azimuth (b) cuts.
0
10
20
30
40
100 100 0
100 100 0
E
RFX
E
chamber
E
RFX
E
chamber
(
d
B
)
0
10
20
30
40
(
d
B
)
()
()
(a)
(b)
( = 0)
( = 90)
_1M32 FINAL.indd 118 12/23/13 9:26 AM
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ApplicationNote
eld range results, especially for the main lobe in the eleva-
tion cut. This is the narrow lobe at 0 that contains most
of the energy in the pattern. In this application, knowing
the beamwidth and downtilt is critical. The downtilt is how
much off center the peak of the main lobe is.
A second set of results is given for a different base station
antenna and the beamwidth and downtilt are highlighted
(see Tables 1 and 2). The results for the multi co-planar ap-
proach show very close agreement in the vertical (elevation)
beamwidths as well as downtilt. The horizontal (azimuth)
beamwidth could be improved by increasing the number of
multi co-planar samples in the horizontal direction.
CONCLUSION
When measuring the magnetic very-near-eld of an an-
tenna, it is fast and easy to obtain accurate estimates of the
radiation pattern and power levels. By combining smaller
snapshots of the very-near-eld, a reasonably sized mea-
surement array can also quickly measure very large anten-
nas in the lab setting and get good estimates of the critical
parameters. This solves the very expensive and time con-
suming problem of measuring arbitrarily large antennas in
very large chambers or outdoor ranges.
References
1. www.nttdocomo.co.jp/english/binary/pdf/corporate/technol-
ogy/rd/technical_journal/bn/vol13_4/vol13_4_071en.pdf.
2. R. Yamaguch and K. Komiya, Gain Measurement of Base
Station Antenna Using Short Reference Antenna, Antennas
and Propagation (EUCAP), 2012 6
th
European Conference,
pp. 1581-1584.
3. R. Patton and N. Yang, Verifying Very-Near-Field Antenna
Measurements: Algorithm Evaluation, Microwave Journal,
April 2013, pp. 94-104.
4. R.C. Johnson, H.A. Ecker and J.S. Hollis, Determination of
Far-eld Antenna Patterns from Near-eld Measurements,
Proceedings of IEEE, Vol. 61, No. 12, December 1973, pp.
1668-1694.
5. A.D. Yaghjian, An Overview of Near-eld Antenna Mea-
surements, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propaga-
tion, Vol. AP-34, January 1986, pp. 30-45.
TABLE I
COMPARISON OF THE CRITICAL RADIATION PATTERN
PARAMETERS AT 700 MHz
Multi Co-planar
Results
Datasheet
Vertical 3 dB Beamwidth 6.35 6.3
Horizontal 3 dB Beamwidth 52 66
Gain 19.87 dBi (D
max
) 18.2 dBi
Downtilt 2 0-10
TABLE II
COMPARISON OF THE CRITICAL RADIATION PATTERN
PARAMETERS AT 1950 MHz
Measurement
Results
Datasheet
Vertical 3 dB Beamwidth 4 4.2
Horizontal 3 dB Beamwidth 28 33
Gain 23.55 dBi (D
max
) 23.4 dBi
Downtilt 1 0 and 2
The information you need, from the
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ProductFeature
T
he astonishing, sometime bewildering
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tems are faced with severe challenges when
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and options.
The solution seems obvious: minimize use
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software-dened radio (SDR) to implement
and manage as much of the transmitting and
receiving functionality as possible. Todays
high-performance, low-power processors, in-
cluding FPGAs, and their ability to execute
complicated algorithms at high speed make
such real-time implementation practical.
But there is a real-world impediment to this
solution: it is difcult to design
wideband analog circuitry for
the receiver and transmitter
signal paths. As a result, most
broadband SDRs use a set of
overlapping, parallel analog
channels, each optimized for
a specic slice of the overall band, and with
bandwidths matched to the signals of inter-
est in each segment. While this approach is
technically effective, it requires considerable
hardware, PC board real estate, power and, of
course, cost.
Thats the dilemma Epiq Solutions (Scha-
umburg, IL) faced as it developed its latest
SDR unit, the Maveriq
Multichannel Recon-
gurable RF Transceiver (shown in Figure 1),
an advanced platform combining multiple RF
transceivers, an internal solid state drive (SSD)
for data recording, an on-board Intel 86 CPU
running Linux, and a gigabit Ethernet interface
for high-speed data access. It offers signicant
SDR capability in a small package and covers
a tuning range from 100 MHz to 6 GHz. As
designers and builders of state-of-the-art, re-
congurable radio systems for mission-critical
applications, the companys objective was to
deliver a more powerful multi-channel version
of its existing Matchstiq
SDR.
Despite its advanced features and capa-
bilities, Maveriq is a portable, low-power plat-
form, while previous solutions required large
and bulky hardware congurations. Combined
Advanced RF
Transceiver Meets the
Demands of
SDR Applications
Analog Devices
Norwood, MA
Peter Real, vice president of high speed
products and technology, Analog Devices.
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Fig. 1 The Maveriq
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ProductFeature
s Fig. 2 Analog Devices AD9361 RF Agile Transceiver IC block
diagram.
RX1B_P,
RX1B_N
RX1A_P,
RX1A_N
RX1C_P,
RX1C_N
RX2B_P,
RX2B_N
RX2A_P,
RX2A_N
RX2C_P,
RX2C_N
TX_MON1
TX1A_P,
TX1A_N
TX1B_P,
TX1B_N
TX_MON2
TX2A_P,
TX2A_N
TX2B_P,
TX2B_N
SPI
CTRL
P0_[D11:D0]/
TX_[D5:D0]
P1_[D11:D0]/
RX_[D5:D0]
RADIO
SWITCHING
CLK_OUT
XTALN XTALP AUXDACx AUXADC
CTRL
TX LO
RX LO
AD9361
D
A
T
A

I
N
T
E
R
F
A
C
E
DAC
DAC
ADC
ADC
PLLs
GPO
A
D
C
D
A
C
D
A
C
s Fig. 3 The Maveriq unit simplied system block diagram.
GPS
Module
Clock
Mgmt
10 MHz
Input
1PPS
Input
GigE
Dual
USB
User
GPIO
GigE
FPGA
Xilinx Spartan 6
LX150T
Solid State
Hard Drive
-Up to 1 TB
COM Express
CPU Board
-Dual Core Intel Atom (86)
-Runs Linux + GNU Radio
-Signal Processing + I/O
MAVERIQ
SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
SATA II
PCle
1
RF Card
-FPGA Mezzanine Card
-22 MIMO or 4 Receiver
-100 MHz to 6 GHz
-Up to 50 MHz RF
Bandwidth per Channel
TCVCXO
UART + 1PPS
4-channel receiver congurations via
a pair of AD9361s, with an RF tuning
range from 100 MHz to 6 GHz, 1 kHz
step size, and 2 msec tuning time. It
includes an integrated GPS receiver
with 1 PPS performance, up to a 1
TB internal SSD supporting data re-
cording 100+ MB/sec (sustained), and
gigabit Ethernet for interfacing to ex-
ternal systems.
The processing function is cen-
tered on a dual-core Intel 86 CPU
running Linux plus an FPGA for sig-
nal-processing tasks, along with run-
time loadable/executable software
applications, all supported by an avail-
able software-development kit (SDK)
for custom applications. The entire
unit is 9.1" 6.6" 1.7" (23 16.7
4.3 cm), weighs 1.9 lbs (0.9 kg) and
dissipates 15 W (depending on FPGA
and I/O usage).
Of course, processing power is
inadequate without suitable RF per-
formance. The receiver has a typical
noise gure of less than 8 dB and typi-
cal IIP3 of 10 dBm. Transmit-side
performance parameters (such as
bandwidth, tuning and speed) com-
plement the receive side numbers,
along with output power of +5 dBm.
Although the AD9361 IC was a key
enabler for this design, additional im-
provements are always on the horizon.
Certain applications require stretching
the RF performance down to the 20
MHz range and below, which is beyond
the reach of the AD9361. Further, se-
lection of RF components such as low
noise ampliers (LNA) capable of op-
erating down to 20 MHz can also be a
challenge, especially for size and pow-
er constrained designs. It is simplistic
to think that advances in low-power
processing coupled with the availabil-
ity of large amounts of memory plus
high-speed digital I/O and connectiv-
ity all driven by Moores law are
sufcient for a viable small, high-per-
formance SDR. The reality is that the
front end channel for both receive and
transmit paths is just as important, and
developments in RF ICs that combine
analog processing, ltering and conver-
sion not only minimize the algorithm
burden, but make much of the actual
SDR performance possible.
Analog Devices,
Norwood, MA,
www.analog.com/
ad9361rftransceiver.
into a small, low-
power unit was the
availability of a new
IC, the AD9361 RF
Agile Transceiver
from Analog De-
vices, specically
tailored for SDR ap-
plications. Accord-
ing to John Orlando,
Epiqs CEO and sys-
tem architect, The
AD9361 provides
the RF exibil-
ity and integration
needed to enable
our next generation
SDR platform.
This 10 10 mm
chip-scale device
with dual indepen-
dent channels, as
shown in Figure
2, has user-tunable
bandwidth from
200 kHz to 56 MHz,
and 12-bit A/D and
D/A converters operating up to 61.44
MSPS, along with other features and
the performance that are needed to
build a signal chain spanning 70 MHz
to 6 GHz. Critical operating param-
eters are user-adjustable on the y
for optimum matching to the applica-
tion requirements. Using this com-
ponent reduced the overall footprint
of the entire analog front end (AFE)
while keeping power consumption for
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The overall Maveriq unit, shown
in Figure 3, supports 22 MIMO or
with a library of ready-to-run specialty
software applications, Maveriq can im-
mediately be used to solve challeng-
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These include scanning and decoding
cellular radio signals from both base
stations and mobile phones; recording
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(SSD) as well as RF playback; and im-
plementing 2 2 multiple input, mul-
tiple output (MIMO) waveforms.
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APPROACH
What allowed the engineers at
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MWJSV0114.indd 125 12/20/13 2:49 PM
ProductFeature
A
t the heart of this digital attenuation so-
lution is a series of USB/TTL controlled
MMIC digital attenuators and Ethernet
controlled rack mountable subsystems that is
suitable for a multitude of RF and microwave
applications up to 6 GHz. Designed with bud-
get and perfor-
mance concerns
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RF characteristics
and performance
suitable for au-
tomated bench
testing in wireless
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RoHS compliant.
The USB/TTL
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Model 4205 Series,
are available in three attenuation congura-
tions up to 95.5 dB in 0.5 dB steps and operate
over the 0.2 to 6 GHz frequency range. These
devices are supplied with both parallel-TTL
and USB 2.0 interfaces. The mode of opera-
tion is determined by the source of DC power
to the unit. Note: The two interfaces cannot be
used in a simultaneous use conguration.
TTL Control: Two pins are specied for
supply voltage and ground. The remaining pins
will accept TTL control signals to activate or
de-activate a particular attenuation cell. A TTL
high will energize a cell to the high attenua-
tion state, whereas a TTL low will maintain
a cell in its zero attenuation state. The TTL
control connector is an AMP-Latch 10-pin rib-
bon cable connector that mates with AMP P/N
746285-1, which is supplied with each device.
USB Control: The USB interface is com-
patible with standard USB 2.0 interfaces. In
USB mode, DC power to the attenuator is
provided by the host USB connection. The at-
tenuator operates as a USB CDC device and
accepts simple ASCII text commands. This al-
lows the unit to be controlled from any system
capable of sending data via a standard COM
The Next Evolution
of Digital/
Programmable
Attenuation
Aeroex / Weinschel
Frederick, MD
s Fig. 1 Attenuation versus frequency plot.
FREQUENCY (MHz)
CELL ATTENUATION vs. FREQUENCY
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
6000 4200 2200 200
A
T
T
E
N
U
A
T
I
O
N

(
d
B
)
DB ( S(2, 1)) 0pt5 DB ( S(2, 1)) 1
DB ( S(2, 1)) 16 DB ( S(2, 1)) 2
DB ( S(2, 1)) 32 DB ( S(2, 1)) 4
DB ( S(2, 1)) 8
_1M20 FINAL Proof.indd 126 12/23/13 9:27 AM
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Anz_PCB_198x273_131120.indd 1 20.11.2013 14:15:04
MWJROSENBERGER0114.indd 127 12/20/13 2:50 PM
ProductFeature
port-style interface. The USB port is a
5-pin female series B mini socket and
mates with most standard USB 5-pin
male series B mini plug connectors.
These devices offer uninterrupted
RF when changing attenuation dB
values with excellent solid-state re-
peatability and performance. Avail-
able in three ranges of 0 to 31.5 dB,
63.5 dB and 95.5 dB congurations
(see Figure 1). Tables 1 through 4
show the performance specications.
Control software is also included
with each device. Aeroex / Wein-
schels LabVIEW based USB Control
Center Software (AUCS) can also be
used in the operation of this series of
digital attenuators. The AUCS will
allow the user to set up, control and
perform test and measurements using
TABLE II
ATTENUATION ACCURACY (dB)
dB Range 4205-31.5 4205-63.5 4205-95.5
1 to 7.5 dB 0.5 0.5 0.5
8 to 11.5 dB 1.0 1.0 1.0
12 to 31.5 dB 1.25 1.25 1.25 or 4%
32 to 63.5 dB 1.25 1.25 or 4%
64 to 85 dB 1.25 or 4%
86 to 95 dB 5%
TABLE III
MAXIMUM INSERTION LOSS (dB)
Frequency (GHz) 4205-31.5 4205-63.5 4205-95.5
0.2 to 3 3 4.5 6.5
3 to 6 4 6 8
TABLE IV
MAXIMUM SWR
Frequency (GHz) 4205-31.5 4205-63.5 4205-95.5
0.2 to 0.8 1.50 1.80 2.00
0.8 to 5 1.50 1.50 1.60
5 to 6 1.70 1.50 1.90
these digital attenuators over a stan-
dard USB 2.0 communication inter-
face.
The low prole design of the
Model 4205 Series and convenient
12 mounting holes on the front, sides,
top and bottom allow for mounting in
any subsystem or rack conguration.
With this in mind, Aeroex / Wein-
schel offers a standard line of half-
rack (Model 8320) and full 19 inch
rack turn-key solutions (Model 8321
and 8331) containing these devices
that offer USB, Ethernet control or
front panel operation. Attenuation
matrices and custom congurations
can also be designed using these
building block components. These
units are also supplied with Lab-
VIEW-based control software. These
devices are already employed in spe-
cic applications that include simula-
tion of the cell phone-to-base station
RF link; simulation of the WiFi cli-
ent-to-access point RF link; precise
power level control of RF and micro-
wave signal generators.
Aeroex / Weinschel,
Frederick, MD
(301) 846-9222,
www.aeroex.com/Weinschel.
TABLE I
SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE MODEL
4205 SERIES
Nominal Impedance 50
Frequency Range 0.2 to 6 GHz
Power Rating +23 dBm maximum
Switching Speed 1 sec maximum
Control Logic TTL or USB
Operating Voltage +5 V @ 50 mA
Temperature Range 0 to + 70C
_1M20 FINAL Proof.indd 128 12/23/13 9:27 AM
MWJSPECTRUM0114.indd 129 12/20/13 2:51 PM
ProductFeature
S
urveillance radars employ multichannel
rotary joints as transition gears between
the transmit/receive equipment and a di-
rectional antenna that is rotating around its azi-
muth. The task of the rotary joint is to enable
low-loss transmission channels between stator
and rotor for various electrical and optical sig-
nals and also for electrical power and media, if
necessary.
Transmission channels can be divided into
four different categories according to their
primary function: RF channels (high and low
power signals), power channels (for power
supply of electrical equipment), media chan-
nels (cooling media, dry air, etc.) and data
channels (optical, Ethernet, RS232, RS422).
SPINNER has built up increasingly complex
hybrid rotary joints to serve all those customer
requirements. Here, a range of the latest trans-
mission paths that have been developed for ra-
dar applications is described.
DATA CHANNELS
The basic function of a classical low power
RF joint is the submission of data that is col-
lected by the antenna. Figure 1 shows an
L-Band medium power channel rotary joint
with a relatively large center opening. It has a
frequency range of 1 to 1.1 GHz, an average
power rating of 500 W, typical insertion loss of
0.5 dB and a 70 mm diameter.
A higher data rate can be achieved with a
contactless ber optic rotary joint. Optical ro-
tary joints are available as single mode as well
as multi-mode solutions with up to 20 channels.
SPINNERs new optical rotary joint family is
available with four mechanical housings: A sin-
gle channel joint, a dual channel joint, a small
multichannel housing with space for up to six
channels (shown in Figure 2) and a large mul-
Hybrid Rotary
Joints for Radar
Applications
SPINNER GmbH
Munich, Germany
s Fig. 1 Modular RF channel rotary joint for L-Band
secondary radar.
_1M21 FINAL.indd 130 12/23/13 9:27 AM
Control the comb.
Control the clarity.
The sensitivity and the
distance youve been
striving for from your radar
or surveillance receiver
is now within reach. New
GaAs comb generators
from Aeroflex / Metelics are
a best-in-class, non-linear-
transmission-line (NLTL)
innovation that provides 10
to 18 dB lower phase noise
for better sensitivity than Si
step recovery diode (SRD)
comb generators. Offering
phase noise as low as
-135 dBc/Hz at 100 Hz
offset from the 12 GHz
harmonic, the MLPNC
series creates clean, low
conversion loss harmonics
to 30 GHz over variable input
frequencies from 400 to
1300 MHz. Their variable
input power from 21 to
23 dBm make them easy
to drive and operate. They
provide ultimate system
design flexibility and the
opportunity to simplify your
system architecture.
Visit our website or call
888-641-7364.
www.aeroflex.com/metelicscomb
Non-linear-transmission-line (NLTL) GaAs Comb Generators
* Contact the factory for additional information or for products not covered in the table.
Part Number
Power (dBm)
Output Harmonics (dBm)*
Minimum Maximum
MLPNC-7100-SMA850 20 @ 100 MHz 24 @ 400 MHz > -8 @ 4 GHz > -18 @ 12 GHz > -35 @ 20 GHz
MLPNC-7100-SMT680 20 @ 100 MHz 24 @ 400 MHz > -8 @ 4 GHz > -18 @ 12 GHz > -35 @ 20 GHz
AeroflexMetelics_Comb3 12-3-13_MJ 12/18/2013 6:26 AM Page 1
MWJAEROFLREXMET0114.indd 131 12/26/13 3:08 PM
ProductFeature
of the sliding contacts. In order to re-
duce maintenance and increase reli-
ability of a rotary joint, it is necessary to
reduce the number of sliding contacts.
To eliminate wear completely, contact-
less systems need to be used. Contact-
less systems are available for RF chan-
nels (choke systems with limited band-
width), data channels (Ethernet and
optical joints), media and some power
transmission in the range up to 1 kW.
HYBRID JOINTS
Several rotary joints with multiple
transmission paths have been realized.
The multichannel rotary joint in Fig-
ure 4 is used for a radar employing a
passive electronically scanned array
(PESA). On the antenna unit, which
rotates at a speed of up to 30 RPM,
digital interface signals as well as the
electrical power supply necessary for
feeding active electronics and eleva-
tion drives are needed. Four Gigabit-
Ethernet channels are realized in a
contactless way, whereas the power
supply is realized with a classical slip
ring module.
In 2013, SPINNER developed and
manufactured the rst hybrid rotary
joint not serving an RF path. The media
joint was designed for a customer proj-
ect, in which a phased array antenna
is used. In order to cool the electronic
components, the supply antenna is sup-
plied with the corresponding coolant.
In Figure 5, the integrated media
joint is shown in the assembly process
prior to the nal completion with the
power and signal slip ring module. The
elements for the different transmis-
sion channels, such as the modules of
non-contacting Ethernet transmission,
cooling water and air, are clearly iden-
tiable. In addition, there is a 20-chan-
nel ber optic multimode rotary joint
as well as a 14-bit encoder system in-
side the hybrid system.
As can be seen, the SPINNER
portfolio of hybrid rotary joints for ra-
dar applications is comprehensive and
expansive, meeting all requirements,
in any format. The range continues to
expand and 2014 will see new prod-
ucts enter the market.
SPINNER GmbH,
Munich, Germany,
(Europe): +49 89 12601-0,
(USA): (770) 263-6326,
info@spinner-group.com,
www.spinner-group.com.
tichannel housing with up to 20 chan-
nels. All optical rotary joints represent
a high technical standard with a large
temperature range, a high mechanical
capability against vibration, shock and
bump, as well as very attractive optical
parameters.
A newly developed module for
contactless bidirectional data trans-
mission with an Ethernet interface is
shown in Figure 3. The standards it
supports are: 10BASE-T, 100BASE-
TX and 1000BASE-T. This module
automatically recognizes and selects
the connected devices current Eth-
ernet standard and duplex mode (full
or half). All Ethernet modules can be
stacked directly and will be attached
together to an Ethernet unit which
can be implemented into a rotary joint
assembly.
MEDIA ROTARY JOINT
Modern radar antennas generate
the RF power directly on the rotating
part. This process calls for a cooling
liquid which needs to be transmitted
up and down. In total, three media
channels, one dry air and two cooling
media, are needed for a typical mod-
ern rotary joint. The essential techni-
cal data is summarized in Table 1.
The technical data has been cho-
sen in such a way that they meet the
customer requirements for a large
number of applications. The module
was thoroughly tested in SPINNERs
test facility and all data stated could be
proven in the tests.
When developing the media mod-
ule, care was taken so that it can also
be used in a wide range of other joints.
The mechanical anges allow for vir-
tually any integration into any hybrid
joint. In addition to this module, a
second module is currently being de-
veloped that has an identical techni-
cal design, but allows a considerably
higher ow rate for cooling water.
The lifetime of a rotary joint is nor-
mally limited by the mechanical wear
s Fig. 4 Multichannel rotary joint.
s Fig. 5 Hybrid unit including a media
joint.
s Fig. 3 A Gigabit single module.
TABLE I
TECHNICAL DATA OF THE MEDIA MODULE
Channel 1 Channel 2 + 3
Medium Dry air 60% glycols, 40% H
2
O
System pressure 2.5 kPa 800 kPa
Flow rate 30 l/min 30 l/min
Pressure difference at max.
ow rate
1.5 kPa 100 kPa
s Fig. 2 Small multichannel FORJ housing
with six channels including input and output
bers.
_1M21 FINAL.indd 132 12/23/13 9:27 AM
MWJSYNERGY_SAW0413.indd 133 12/20/13 2:51 PM
TechBrief
steps. Automatic calibration is partic-
ularly time-saving in production en-
vironments or other scenarios where
frequent recalibration is required. Or,
the Planar 808/1 can be calibrated
with any commercially available 50 V
mechanical calibration kit.
PROGRAMMABILITY
Planar 808/1 can t into applica-
tions needing automation it is fully
programmable by SCPI commands
from any programming environment
supporting COM/DCOM includ-
ing C++ , Visual Basic and LabVIEW.
Automation enables remote instru-
ment control and automatic exchange
of data among components in an inte-
grated ATE station.
Copper Mountain Technologies,
Indianapolis, IN
(317) 222-5400,
www.coppermountaintech.com.
Low Cost, Fully
Programmable 4-Port VNA
P
lanar 808/1 is a four-port VNA
that operates with an external
PC, opening a new range of
possibilities for users who need highly
accurate multiport instrumentation
for lab, production or eld use. At 19
pounds, Planar 808/1 is a more mo-
bile and transportable solution than
a traditional benchtop unit. This lab-
quality VNA has an extensive feature
set, multiple data saving options, and
is fully programmable for incorpora-
tion in automated applications.
EXTENSIVE FEATURE SET
Planar 808/1 characterizes S-pa-
rameters in a wide variety of presen-
tation formats. In addition to the tra-
ditional frequency domain measure-
ments of S-parameters, it has time
domain with gating, embedding and
de-embedding, and frequency offset
mode for mixer/converter testing.
As a four-port VNA, the Planar
808/1 can be used to measure bal-
anced or differential networks. The
Planar 808/1 xture simulation feature
supports testing DUTs with single
ended inputs and balanced outputs,
balanced inputs and single ended out-
put, and balanced inputs and outputs.
Multiport analyzers are also well-suit-
ed for testing multiport DUTs such
as combiners and duplexers, reduc-
ing or eliminating reconnection steps
from the testing process. Unlike other
four-port VNAs, the Planar 808/1 in-
corporates two independent genera-
tors, providing greater exibility for
advanced test scenarios.
The Planar 808/1 is fully compat-
ible with the ACM8000T automatic
calibration module, enabling full four-
port calibration with as few as four
connection and four disconnection
_1M23 FINAL.indd 134 12/23/13 9:27 AM
Upcoming Courses
for Engineering Professionals
Register Now!
www.besserassociates.com info@besserassociates.com
Web-Classroom Live eLearning
EMC Shielding/Grounding Techniques
for Chip & PCB Layout ............... Jan 27-31
RF Design: Core Concepts ........... Mar 17-21
Silicon Valley, CA
Monolithic Microwave Integrated
Circuit (MMIC) Design .....................Feb 5-7
Los Angeles, CA
RF and High Speed PCB Design
Fundamentals ............................Feb 24-26
San Diego, CA
The Radio Modem: RF Transceiver
from Antenna to Bits and Back ...... Mar 3-7
Introduction to Data Converters ..... Mar 3-5
Behavioural Modeling & Digital
Pre-Distortion of RF PAs ................ Mar 4-6
Hardware DSP: A guide to
building DSP Circuits in FPGAs ....... Mar 5-7
Silicon Valley, CA
RF Design Techniques ............... Mar31-Apr4
DSP - Understanding Digital
Signal Processing ........................... Apr 1-3
RF Measurements:Principles &
Demonstration ............................. Apr 7-11
Boston, MA
Advanced RF Power Amplifer
Techniques ....................................May 5-8
Radio System Design -
Theory and Practice .......................May 5-9
PCB Filters and Multiplexers Using
Standard SMT Components .............May 5-6
Power Conversion & Regulation
Circuits for VLSI Systems ...............May 5-8
Antennas & Propagation for
Wireless Communications ..............May 7-9
Cavity Filters and Multiplexers
for Wireless Applications ...............May 7-9
RF/Wireless Training Courses
San Jose San Diego Boston On-Site Web Classroom
www.besserassociates.com
Attend classes from anywhere!

EMC/Shielding/Grounding Techniques for
Chip & PCB Layout
Jan 21-25, 2013 - 90 minutes/day
RF Fundamentals
June 17-21,2013 - 90 minutes/day
Besser Associates
Web Classroom
SM
RF and Wireless Simpli ed: Concepts and
Terminology
Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit
(MMIC) Design
EMC/Shielding/Grounding Techniques for
Chip & PCB Layout
Antennas & Propagation for Wireless
Communications
Behavioural Modeling & Digital Pre-
Distortion of RF Power Ampli ers
Practical Digital Wireless Signals
Power Conversion & Regulation Circuits for
VLSI Systems
Applied RF Techniques I
Phase-Locked Loop and Frequency Synthesis
Design
RF Measurements:Principles & Demonstration
RF Power Ampli er Techniques
Radio System Design - Theory and Practice
DSP - Understanding Digital Signal
Processing
Practical Digital Wireless Signals
Measurements and Characteristics
Download our Schedule Brochure for dates,
prices, and course descriptions.
Besser Associates
Web Classroom
SM
1301.indd 1 12/13/2013 10:42:19 AM
MWJBESSER0114.indd 135 12/26/13 10:33 AM
TechBrief
enabling longer time correlation
with the rest of the system as well as
the capture and analysis of multiple
bursts of modulated data.
Lower frequency limit has dropped
from 50 to 9 kHz enabling EMI di-
agnostics over the frequency range
specied by internal regulations.
When used with SignalVu-PC vec-
tor signal analysis (VSA) software, the
MDO4000B offers the industrys widest
bandwidth ($1 GHz) vector signal ana-
lyzer, making this combination well-suit-
ed for such RF test and measurement
tasks as general modulation analysis,
pulse analysis, frequency and phase set-
tling, radar and spectrum management.
Tektronix Inc.,
Beaverton, OR,
www.tektronix.com.
Enhanced Spectrum
Analyzer Performance of
Mixed Domain Oscilloscopes
T
he Tektronix MDO4000B se-
ries of mixed domain oscillo-
scopes now features signicantly
enhanced spectrum analyzer perfor-
mance and, when used with Tektronix
SignalVu-PC, the widest bandwidth vec-
tor signal analysis capability and deep
support for WLAN 802.11 a/b/g/j/n/p/
ac testing.
The Tektronix mixed domain oscil-
loscopes are the only oscilloscope with
an integrated spectrum analyzer that
can capture time-correlated analog,
digital and RF signals for a complete
system view of a users device. At its
core, a mixed domain oscilloscope
combines the functionality of Tektro-
nix popular mixed signal oscilloscopes
(MSO) with a powerful spectrum ana-
lyzer in a single instrument. With the
introduction of the MDO4000B, Tek-
tronix has signicantly enhanced the
performance of the MDOs spectrum
analyzer compared to the original
MDO4000 instruments. These en-
hancements include the following:
Spurious Free Dynamic Range
(SFDR) has improved to 60 dBc
guaranteed and 65 dBc typical
(from 55/60 typical) giving users
higher condence while performing
spurious searches.
Phase noise performance has im-
proved as much as 20 dB enabling
close-in spurious measurements
and phase noise evaluation.
Vector calibrated I&Q data enable
high-accuracy modulation and vec-
tor measurements.
Maximum RF acquisition time has
been doubled from 79 to 158 ms
with the NEW MWJ APP
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_1M22 FINAL.indd 136 12/23/13 9:27 AM
Ones all battle. Ones all business.
Both are ready to ship.
Whether youre designing
for the battleeld or a
demanding DAS application
requiring reverse polarity,
Aeroex / Inmet has the
rugged, low-power attenua-
tor you need, in stock and
ready to ship. These new
additions to our extensive
line of coaxial attenuators
feature the same Inmet
quality and pricing youve
come to expect.
Attenuation Accuracy:
0 to 10 dB: 0.5 dB
12, 15, 20 dB: 0.7 dB
30 dB: 0.9 dB
40 dB: 1.5 dB
VSWR: 1.20:1 Max.
Impedance: 50 Ohms
Theyre delivered with high-
performance, passivated
stainless-steel, SMA
connectors featuring
gold-plated, beryllium-
copper conductors.
Call or visit our website to
order today.
888-244-6638
www.aeroex.com/inmet
Models 6FH & 18FH
6 and 18 GHz Full Hex
2-Watt Attenuators
Model AHC/RP
6 GHz Reverse-Polarity
2-Watt Attenuator
MWJAEROFLEX0114.indd 137 12/20/13 2:51 PM
TechBrief
The FRF-166 low power X-Band
phased array weather radar antenna
is designed as a low cost, low power
solution that supports high beam up-
date rate in the azimuth plane, where
the weather community needs perfor-
mance, and saves cost and complexity
by offering an optional mechanical tilt
capability in the elevation plane. It is
a solution for many weather applica-
tions including: wind shear monitor-
ing at airports, wind turbine mitiga-
tion, gap-ll and other high-resolution
weather sensing needs.
FIRST RF Corp.,
Boulder, CO,
products@rstrf.com,
www.rstrf.com.
Low Cost X-Band Phased
Array Weather Radar
F
IRST RF and Raytheon have
partnered with the University
of Massachusetts at Amherst to
create an X-Band phased array radar
for use in weather measurements.
This radar has been deployed to Aus-
tralia and has been used for weather
and bushre studies since January
2013. Additional units are being used
at the University of Massachusetts for
weather research. This weather radar
provides a low cost tool for demon-
strating the use of X-Band frequen-
cies in studying weather phenomena
and to explore the operational and
maintenance implications of small
form-factor phased array technology
for weather surveillance.
The prime purpose of this radar
is to investigate the feasibility of a
low infrastructure, low maintenance,
and low cost technology for a variety
of weather applications including:
airport weather surveillance, haz-
ard detection and monitoring, future
operational radar in regions such as
mountainous terrain or in the Arctic,
and process and precipitation studies.
This product represents an early com-
mercial offering of the LPAWR series
and is considered an experimental sys-
tem that includes the following com-
ponents:
Up-down converter, antenna con-
troller and radar backend assembly
(including DREX)
Integrated weather-resistant phased
array antenna assembly
Host PC, display, software, power
supply and cables
__1M38 FINAL.indd 138 12/23/13 9:27 AM
SSAATELLITE TELLITE
2014
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MWJSATTELITE0114.indd 139 12/20/13 2:51 PM
Product Catalog
AR has completed another revi-
sion of its sought after full line
product catalog. Many new prod-
ucts have been included and
various sections were updated to
provide you with the information
required to make your equipment
search easier and more in depth.
The catalog is easy to use, with
nd-it-fast charts and color cod-
ing to help get right to whatever
you need for RF & EMC testing.
AR RF/Microwave
Instrumentation,
www.arworld.us.
EM Simulation for
Defense Catalog
Electrically large structures such
as aircrafts, ships, land vehicles
and satellites exist within complex
electromagnetic (EM) environ-
ments. The advanced EM simula-
tion tool, CST STUDIO SUITE
,
is used by government agencies
and defense contractors worldwide
to address the broad range of prob-
lems encountered in the design
process of defense technology. This
catalog outlines applications of the
software, including the analysis of:
antenna placement, co-site inter-
ference, electromagnetic environ-
mental effects and radar. Download the brochure on the companys website.
CST-Computer Simulation Technology AG,
www.cst.com.
Model-Based Platform
App Note
EW systems operate in complex
environments with multi-emitter
input signals from radar, military
and commercial communication
systems. This complexity poses
a number of challenges when
designing and testing Radar and
EW systems. The application note
Using a Model-Based Platform
to Quickly and Effectively Test
Radar and Electronic Warfare
Systems shows how to gain access
to a true design-oriented value
proposition to shorten the devel-
opment cycle saving time and money by minimizing eld tests.
Agilent Technologies Inc.,
www.agilent.com.
Microwave Capabilities
Catalog
Crane Aerospace & Electron-
ics Microwave Solutions has an
updated microwave capabili-
ties catalog that features a wide
range of product solutions from
component-level devices to com-
plex, advanced integrated micro-
wave assemblies. Products are
illustrated from major product
areas and represent the breadth
of technical capability of Crane.
Cranes microwave brands include
Merrimac, Signal Technology and
Polyon.
Crane Aerospace & Electronics Microwave Solutions,
www.craneae.com.
Finite-Element Software
Catalog
Field Precisions Finite-Element
Software Catalog describes the
basis of nite-element analysis as
well as available products. Field
Precision creates high-perfor-
mance 3D nite-element software
for Windows. Application areas
include high-voltage engineering,
microwave devices, magnet de-
sign, electron/ion guns, accelera-
tors, X-ray sources and simulations
of X-ray imaging. The programs
are designed for top speed on
multi-core computers. Textbook-
quality instruction manuals and
libraries of prepared examples are
included for quick learning.
Field Precision LLC,
www.eldp.com.
CatalogUpdate
Product Selector Guide
Freescale Semiconductors RF
Product Selector Guide offers
RF products ranging from less
than 100 mW to 1.25 kW using
GaAs and LDMOS technologies.
These products are designed for
communication and industrial ap-
plications serving wireless infra-
structure, broadcast, aerospace,
land mobile communication and
industrial, scientic and medi-
cal (ISM) markets. Freescale of-
fers the broadest portfolio of RF
power transistors. Download the
Freescale RF Product Selec-
tor Guide at www.freescale.com/
RFSelectorGuide.
Freescale Semiconductor,
www.freescale.com.
__1M11 FINAL.indd 140 12/23/13 9:27 AM
ROME, ITALY
5-10 OCTOBER 2014
www.eumweek.com
EuMW 2014
CONNECTING THE FUTURE
SIX DAYS ONE EXHIBITION THREE CONFERENCES
www.eumweek.com
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AND RADAR EVENT
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OCTOBER 5 - 10, 2014
To electronically submit a technical paper for one or more
of the three conferences, all you have to do is:
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2. Click on Conferences to view the
individual conference topics
3. Click on Paper Submission for authors
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MWJEUMW1113.indd 141 12/20/13 2:51 PM
Air Trafc Control
Brochure
The rapidly growing air trafc
density requires the highest stan-
dards of quality and reliability for
ight control systems and their
components. According to these
high demands, HUBER + SUH-
NER developed a specic range of
radio frequency cables, connectors
and assemblies, as well as EMP and
lightning protectors. All of them
have been collected in the new
brochure Air Trafc Control, which
provides an excellent overview on
the product portfolio as well as
guidelines for making a proper se-
lection according to your needs.
HUBER+SUHNER AG,
www.hubersuhner.com.
Cable Connector
Brochure
Precision Connector Inc. has re-
leased a new updated Precision
Cable Connector Brochure for
2013. The new eight-page bro-
chure features an expanded of-
fering of male and female preci-
sion cable connectors designed
for low VSWR and insertion loss.
These connectors are grouped and
matched to specic low loss cables
offered by leading cable manufac-
turers: Harbour Industries, Sem-
ex, Times Microwave, Dynawave
Cable, IW Microwave, ATM and
Pic Wire & Cable. Also included are various semi-rigid cable sizes in
standard RG, low loss and armored versions.
Precision Connector Inc.,
www.precisionconnector.com.
Millimeter Wave
Solutions Brochure
OML offers a new solutions bro-
chure summarizing the available
millimeter wave accessories for
microwave vector network ana-
lyzers, spectrum analyzers and
signal generators. The solutions
span the 50 GHz to 0.5 THz
spectrum. The brochure is avail-
able for free download on the
companys website.
OML,
www.omlinc.com.
Test & Measurement
Catalog
The Test & Measurement Catalog
2013/2014 from Rohde & Schwarz
supplies more than 200 pages full
of information about the companys
test & measurement instruments,
systems and software. It includes
a short description and photos of
each product, the most important
specications and the ordering in-
formation. You can download this
catalog as a PDF from the Rohde
& Schwarz website or order from
customer support (order number:
PD 5213.7590.42).
Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG,
www.rohde-schwarz.com.
Rapid PCB Prototyping
Catalog
The LPKF Laser & Electronics
In-House Rapid PCB Prototyping
Catalog features not only the mill-
ing and laser systems the manufac-
turer has become known for, but
also its complete line of through-
hole, multilayer and SMT/nish-
ing equipment. LPKF is the only
company to provide the full line
of equipment necessary to com-
plete in-house PCB prototypes up
to eight layers in-house. To learn
more about LPKFs in-house PCB
prototyping technology, visit the
companys website.
LPKF Laser & Electronics,
www.lpkfusa.com.
Connector Series
Application Note
SV Microwave has released a
new application note for the
SMP, SMPM and SMPS con-
nector series. The SMP connec-
tors operate at high frequencies
of DC to 40 GHz; the SMPM
connectors operate at high fre-
quencies of DC to 65 GHz; and
the SMPS connectors operate at
high frequencies of DC to 100
GHz. Please visit the website or
email marketing@svmicro.com
for more information.
SV Microwave,
www.svmicro.com.
CatalogUpdate
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New Waves: Radar and Antennas
FOR MORE NEW PRODUCTS, VISIT WWW.MWJOURNAL.COM/BUYERSGUIDE
FEATURING
V
STOREFRONTS
360 e-scan Radar
Consuming less than
100 W of power and
with a 38 kg mast pay-
load, the Blighter

Revolution 360 mobile
e-scan radar detects
small and slow moving
targets even in clut-
tered environments due to the radars coactive
frequency modulated continuous wave
(FMCW) Doppler fast-scan processing. It can
detect a walking person at 7.4 km or a large
moving vehicle at 22 km. The system is deploy-
able on vehicle or trailer masts.
Blighter Surveillance Systems,
www.blighter.com.
SSPA
Comtech PST
introduced a
new high power
density solid
state RF mod-
ule quickly be-
coming avail-
able in todays marketplace. Comtechs latest
development continues to expand on its proven
innovative integrated RF GaN power amplier
designs by further increasing the RF power
density. Consistent with its planned technology
development roadmap, Comtech introduces
the latest in GaN-based 6 to 18 GHz RF ampli-
er. This highly integrated design is ideal for
use in communication, electronic warfare, and
radar transmitter systems where space, cooling
and power are limited.
Comtech PST,
www.comtechpst.com.
GaN HEMT
Crees CGHV35150 is a 150 W, 50 V gallium-
nitride (GaN) high electron mobility transistor
(HEMT) designed spe-
cically with high ef-
ciency, high gain and
wide bandwidth capa-
bilities, which makes
the CGHV35150 ideal
for 2.9 to 3.5 GHz S-
Band radar-amplier
applications. The tran-
sistor is supplied in a ceramic/metal ange and
pill package. It features 13.5 dB power gain,
and 50 percent typical drain efciency. It is
specied at 85C case and features <0.3 dB
pulsed amplitude droop.
Cree Inc.,
www.cree.com.
GaN MMIC PA
Hittite Micro-
wave an-
nounced a new
10 W GaN
MMIC power
amplier prod-
uct that offers
signicant performance, size and durability ad-
vantages for communications, test instrumenta-
tion and radar systems operating in the 6 to 18
GHz frequency range. The HMC7149 typically
provides 20 dB of small signal gain and +40
dBm of saturated output power. The amplier
draws 680 mA quiescent current from a +28 V
DC supply and features RF I/Os that are
matched to 50 for ease of use.
Hittite Microwave Corp.,
www.hittite.com.
Pulsed Power Transistor
MACOM intro-
duced a new ce-
ramic GaN on
SiC HEMT
power transistor
for avionics ap-
plications. The
MAGX-001090-
600L00 is a gold-metalized, matched GaN on
silicon carbide, RF power transistor optimized
for pulsed avionics applications, such as second-
ary surveillance radar in air trafc control sys-
tems. The MAGX-001090-600L00 provides
600 W of output power with a typical 21.4 dB of
gain and 63 percent efciency. The device has
very low thermal resistance of 0.05C/W and
best-in-class load mismatch tolerance of 5:1.
MACOM,
www.macomtech.com.
GaN Transistors
Microsemis six new sets of transistors with peak
output powers ranging from 20 to 1000 W, all
designed for 50 V drain bias operation. The to-
tal of 24 transistors are designed using the lat-
est in GaN on SiC HEMT proven high voltage
wideband gap technology, delivering the best
performance and reliability available in todays
RF and microwave power transistor market.
Microsemi customers will welcome these new
design solutions for the most demanding pulsed
avionics and radar applications.
Microsemi,
www.microsemi.com.
Termination
For high-power testing
of cellular, satellite, ra-
dar or military applica-
tions, take a look at
Mini-Circuits TERM-
500W-14N+ termina-
tion. This design can
handle up to 500 W RF
power at 1 GHz, with a return loss of 17 dB or
higher from 0.5 to 18 GHz. It features wide-
band coverage of 0.7 to 10 GHz, an operating
temperature of -10 to 50C, a storage tempera-
ture of -10 to 70C, DC supply voltage
+24 2 V, current (for fan) of 310 mA and a rug-
ged construction.
Mini-Circuits,
www.minicircuits.com.
Ku-Band BUC
RADITEKs Ku-Band block upconverter family
is so compact, its small size and weight facilitate
direct antenna feed mounting. It weighs only
5.5 lbs, with up to 40 W
(rated power), and has a
built-in AC (90-265
VAC 50 to 60 Hz auto-
ranging) power supply,
with -48 V (DC) option-
ally available, too.
These BUCs have best-
in-class RF perfor-
mance, including: internal output isolator and
Internet-based monitor and control, with both
serial and analog interfaces. Ideal for any VSAT
application.
RADITEK Inc.,
www.raditek.com.
SPDT Switch
RFMW Ltd. an-
nounced design
and sales support
for Skyworks
SKY12215-478LF,
a 125 W SPDT
switch covering
0.9 to 4 GHz.
Based on silicon PIN diode technology, it features
low insertion loss of 0.4 dB, minimizing receiver
noise gure in Rx applications. 43 dB antenna to
receiver isolation provides protection from large
transmitter output signals enabling this switch to
operate in T/R and failsafe high power switching
applications. Typical switching speed is 250 nS
making it well suited for a variety of telecommuni-
cations systems.
Skyworks Solutions Inc.,
distributed by RFMW Ltd.,
www.skyworksinc.com.
High Resolution Synthesizer
The MTS2500-200400-10 is a high resolution
synthesizer that combines the latest in DDS
and multi-loop synthesizer technologies with a
high performance VCO to generate frequency
signals from 2 to 4 GHz with as low as 1 Hz step
size. It also features ultra low phase noise, wide
bandwidth performance and low spurious, while
permitting for faster settling time and higher
stability under vibration. This product is ideal
for applications in imaging equipment such as
radar and magnetic resonance, DVB transmit-
ters, satellite ground station equipment, test
equipment and control links for UAVs.
Synergy Microwave Corp.,
www.synergymwave.com.
S-Band Radar LNA
The TriQuint TGA2613 is a balanced S-Band
high linearity low noise amplier. The balanced
conguration provides return loss and improves
robustness into non-ideal loads. The TGA2613
operates from 2.5 to 4 GHz. It typically provides
2.5 dB of noise gure, 29 dBm of ITOI, 29 dBm
of P1dB and 12.5 dB of small signal gain. Fully
matched to 50 with integrated DC blocking
caps on both I/O ports, the TGA2613 is ideally
suited for radar and satellite communications.
TriQuint Semiconductor,
www.triquint.com.
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NewProducts
Components
Coaxial Adapters
AtlanTecRF has
introduced its
range of high
grade, yet af-
fordable, coaxial
adapters in the
popular SMA
and Type N se-
ries of interconnects. Suitable for use to 18 GHz
and in some cases to 26 GHz, these professional
quality adapters are available from stock and
feature materials well suited to commercial, de-
fense and aerospace environments. The con-
nector combinations include all male/female
types, both in-series and between-series, as well
as the classic mount options of bulkhead female
and four-hole ange.
Atlantic Microwave Ltd.,
www.atlantecrf.com.
Power Inductors
Coilcraft CPS has
announced its
new AE425PJB
series of low-pro-
le power induc-
tors that meet
NASA low out-
gassing speci-
cations. The AE425PJB is just 1.8 mm high with
a footprint of 3.9 mm square. It features a spe-
cial suspended core construction, allowing it to
pass vibration testing to 80 G and shock testing
to 1000 G and making it ideal for a variety of
mission-critical military, aerospace and hand-
held medical device applications. High-temper-
ature materials allow operation in ambient tem-
peratures up to 155C.
Coilcraft CPS,
www.coilcraft.com.
SMA Male RF Connector
Coaxicoms 3183-1 is a very small, versatile
SMA plug with an overall length of 0.330". It
is used with 0.141 SR,
RG402, Mil 17/130 and
Ul t ra- Fl ex ( Hand-
Formabl e) cabl es.
Manufactured from
type 303 stainless steel,
it can be ordered with a
passivated stainless
steel coupling nut or a
gold plated coupling nut; the body is always
gold plated. The connector is small enough to
allow for very tight bends obviating the need for
a conventional right angle connector or a swept
right angle connector.
Coaxial Components Corp.,
www.coaxicom.com.
Balanced Mixers
It is always a concern at
high millimeter-wave
band that there is not
enough power to drive
the mixer, especially
full waveguide band.
Model FDB-XX-E1 series externally biased,
balanced mixers is especially developed for this
purpose. The mixers are offered in four wave-
guide bands to cover frequency spectra from 50
to 140 GHz. These mixers employ high perfor-
mance GaAs Schottky beamlead diodes and bal-
anced conguration to produce superior perfor-
mance with a very low LO pumping level.
Ducommun LaBarge Technologies,
www.ducommun.com.
DC/DC Controller
Linear Technology introduced the LTC3774,
a current-mode dual output synchronous step-
down DC/DC controller that enables the use of
very low DC resistance (DCR) power inductors
by enhancing the current-sense signal. Power
inductor DCRs down to 0.2 milliohms can be
utilized to maximize converter efciency (up to
95 percent), increase power density and reduce
the output ripple voltage in high current appli-
cations. This new DCR sensing technique also
reduces the switching jitter normally associated
with low DCR resistance applications.
Linear Technology Corp.,
www.linear.com.
Temperature Controller
Oven Indus-
tries 5R7-001
t emper a t ur e
controller cre-
ates a seamless
transition be-
tween heating
and cooling de-
vices, as it serves as the commander of thermo-
electric modules. With a bi-directional or unidi-
rectional H-bridge conguration, the tempera-
ture controller has many benets: it delivers a
load current of 0.1 to 25 amps, is RoHS compli-
ant, allows for a set temperature range of -40 to
250C, has a large program memory space for
customization, is PC programmable and has 0
to 36 V DC output using a split power supply
system.
Oven Industries,
www.ovenind.com.
Broadband Capacitor
PPIs 0201BB104KW160 is intended primar-
ily for coupling RF signals or bypassing them
to ground over extraordinarily large RF band-
widths. It is a 100 nF capacitor and offers reso-
nance-free, low loss operation from 16 KHz (-3
dB point) to >50 GHz at 16 V with an insertion
loss of <1 dB. The applications for which these
parts are intended require small, SMT devices
with low insertion losses and reections across
RF frequencies extending from the tens of KHz
to the tens of GHz.
Passive Plus Inc.,
www.passiveplus.com.
Single Pole Single Throw Switch
PMI Model No. P1T-9D25G-90-T-SFF is a
high speed, solid state, single pole single throw
switch capable
of switching
within 20 ns.
The frequency
range is 9.25
GHz (30
MHz) with > 90
dB of isolation.
Learn more
about this switch at www.pmi-rf.com/Products/
Switches/P1T-9D25G-90-T-SFF.htm.
Planar Monolithics Industries Inc.,
www.pmi-rf.com.
Drop-In Isolator
Renaissance developed
a new drop-in isolator
to handle 25 W of re-
ected power in a com-
pact size of 0.5" 0.75"
at X-Band frequencies.
Covering 7.9 to 8.4
GHz, this isolator pro-
vides a VSWR of 1.25:1
at input and output
ports with loss of 0.5 dB and isolation of 20 dB
over -40 to +85C. It is specically designed
for mobile satellite architecture.
Renaissance Electronics &
Communications LLC,
www.rec-usa.com.
Continuously Variable Attenuators
Trilithic an-
nounced its new
CVA series of
cont i nuous l y
variable attenu-
ators available
in octave bands
over the fre-
quency range of 1 to 18 GHz. The CVA series is
currently available with 0 to 8 dB attenuation
range over 1 to 2 GHz and 0 to 20 dB attenua-
tion range over 2 to 4 GHz, 4 to 8 GHz, 8 to
12.4 GHz, and 12.4 to 18 GHz. Trilithics CVA
attenuators feature a turns counting dial with
locking lever, the non-translating dial is not di-
rect reading in dB; 50 impedance, average
power: 5 W.
Trilithic Inc.,
www.trilithic.com.
Ampliers
RF Gain Blocks
Richardson RFPD Inc. announced immediate
availability and full design support capabilities
for four new broadband
RF gain blocks from
Analog Devices Inc.
The new gain blocks
are single-ended RF/IF
gain block ampliers
that operate from 30
MHz to 6 GHz and of-
fer up to 24 dB gain and 40 dBm OIP3. They
are stable over frequency, temperature and
power supply, enabling high performance with
low power consumption. The gain blocks fea-
ture integrated bias control circuits and are fab-
ricated on an InGaP HBT process.
Analog Devices Inc.,
distributed by Richardson RFPD Inc.,
www.analog.com.
Hybrid Amplier
Model 50HM1G6AB-47 is a compact, wide-
band, Class AB solid state hybrid power ampli-
er module that instantaneously covers 1 to 6
RF/Microwave Training Series
Presented by: Besser Associates
Passive Components: Dividers, Couplers, Combiners
RF and Microwave Filters
Market Research Webinar Series
Technology Trends for Land-Based Electronic Warfare Systems
Technical Education Training Series
What Have You Been Missing in Your Pulsed Network
Analyzer Measurements?
Interference 101
Silicon-on-Sapphire: Leveraging CMOS Integration to
Maximize RF Performance
RF and Microwave Amplifer Power Added Effciency, Fact and
Fiction
Novel Very-Near-Field Measurement Technique to Test Large
Directional Antennas in Minutes
VCO Fundamentals
Fundamentals of Envelope Tracking and Test
INSIGHT Analysis and Diagnostic Software for Antenna
Measurement Post Processing
MMIC Amplifer Design
Agilent in Aerospace/Defense Series
Vector Modulation and Frequency Conversion Fundamentals
Agilent in LTE/Wireless Communications Series
Validating Performance of Satellite Navigation Systems and
Receivers
CST Webinar Series
Train Signaling System Interference Estimation by CST MWS
Simulating Dielectric and Conductor Loss Components In-
cluding the Infuence of Trace Edge and Surface Roughness
Topography
Traveling Wave Tube Design with Simulation
EMC Simulation in the Design Flow of Modern Electronics
Wireless Power Transfer and Microwave Energy Harvesting
Electromagnetic Simulation of Composite Materials and Cable
Harnesses in Aircraft
MIMO Antenna Systems for Advanced Communication
Simulation and Measurement: Complementary Design Tools
High-Speed Serial Link: Full-Wave EM Modeling Methodology
and Measurement Correlation
Modeling and Simulation of Metamaterial-based Devices for
Industrial Applications
High Speed & High Power Connector Design
Innovations in EDA/Signal Generation & Analysis
Series
Presented by: Agilent EEsof EDA/Agilent Technologies
Tolerance Analysis for Planar Microwave Circuits
Designing with 4G Modulated Signals for Optimized Multi-
Standard Transceiver ICs
Advanced Passive Intermodulation (PIM) Measurement System
Designing Custom RF and Analog Filters Through Direct
Synthesis
FieldFox Handheld Analyzers Series
Correlating Microwave Measurements Between Handheld and
Benchtop Analyzers
Presented by:
Past Webinars On Demand
January Short Course Webinars
Precision Validation of Radar System Performance
in the Field
Presented by: Freescale and Scintera
Live Webcast: 1/22/14
Register to attend at mwjournal.com/webinars
Carrier Aggregation: Fundamentals and Type of
Deployments
Scan page
using app
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Mark Walsh, Senior Editor
1-800-225-9977
mwalsh@artechhouse.com
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who believe that they can
make a contribution to the
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conducted professional
seminars or solved impor-
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BOS T ON L ONDON
NewProducts
Low Noise Ampliers
MITEQs SAFSW
series of K-Band
waveguide am-
pliers offer
very low noise
gure (1.25 dB
at +25C from
18 to 21 GHz)
operation in extreme airborne environments. An
integral transmit band lter can also supply 60
dB minimum of rejection at 30 GHz. MITEQs
design can be powered by either +12 to +15 V
DC or +5 V DC for minimum power dissipation.
DC power can also be supplied over the RF co-
axial outdoor connector for use in high signal
strength environments where EMI is a concern.
MITEQ,
www.miteq.com.
LDMOS RF Power Transistor
Designed for tough engineering environments,
the BLF188XR(S) LDMOS RF power transistor
provides high output powers and simplied
design, while en-
abling lower sys-
tem cost and
eliminating the
use of hazardous
substances. It is
claimed to have excellent stability under severe
mismatch conditions (VSWR greater than 65:1 at
P3dB) and improved Class-C operation due to new
dual-sided ESD diode structure with a larger nega-
tive voltage range. Key applications include terres-
trial broadcast systems, ISM applications, igniting
plasmas and lasers, synchrotrons and MRIs.
NXP Semiconductors,
www.nxp.com.
Sources
PLL-Based Crystal Oscillators
The SG3225 is a new family of small, accurate,
high-frequency differential-output PLL-based
crystal oscillators that support frequencies up to
700 MHz, with a 3.2 2.5 mm footprint. The
product family also in-
cludes the SG5032 and
SG7050, which come in
popular sizes of 5.0
3.2 mm and 7.0 5.0
mm, respectively. With
a frequency tolerance of
20 10
-6
and low phase jitter of 270 femtosec-
onds, these oscillators offer accuracy and stability
and have a wide operating temperature range
(-40 to +85C).
Seiko Epson Corp.,
www.global.epson.com.
Broadband Waveguide Noise
Sources
QuinStar Tech-
nologies Inc. in-
troduced the
QNS-FB15LE
series of wave-
guide noise
sources, which
come in standard
(Q,U, V, E and W) full waveguide bands. The
QuinStar QNS series noise sources have 15 dB
ENR with 0.015 dB/C of noise power output sta-
bility over temperature and 0.15 dB/1 percent
GHz. It oper-
ates from a sin-
gle DC voltage
and provides 48
dB of typical
gain with excel-
lent gain at-
ness, noise g-
ure and low intermodulation distortion for
military and wireless applications.
AR RF/Microwave Instrumentation,
www.arworld.us.
IC Chip Set
The OA3MM2C from
Centellax is an ampli-
er IC chip set contain-
ing one input amplier
chip and one output
amplier chip. The small footprint, superb per-
formance and low cost is perfect for transpon-
der integration. A user could assemble multiple
channels to meet application integration needs
by using the chip set as a building block. The
OA3MM2C has gain and power levels that are
ideally suited for advanced optical modulation
formats such as DP-16QAM at 32 Gbaud and
beyond.
Centellax,
www.centellax.com.
General Purpose LNA
Eclipse Microdevices
EMD1710 is a GaAs
MMIC PHEMPT dis-
tributed general pur-
pose low noise ampli-
er. This LNA has a
small signal gain of 12
dB with noise gure less than 2 dB at 10 GHz.
It is ideal for applications that require a typical
P1dB output power of +18 dBm up to 12 GHz,
while requiring only 83 mA from a +5 V supply.
The EMD1710 comes in an RoHS compliant 4
mm QFN leadless package.
Eclipse Microdevices,
www.eclipsemicrowave.com.
Ultra-Wideband PA
Giga-tronics introduced the GT-1000B op-
tion 06 and the GT-1050B/GT-1051B solid-
state ultra-wideband power ampliers that
cover 100 MHz to 20 GHz and 10 MHz/2
GHz to 50 GHz respectively, with high output
power, low noise gure and low harmonics in
a single amplier. Designed using broadband
MMIC technology, the GT-1000B option 06
provides 5 W from 100 MHz to 18 GHz and
the GT-1050B/GT-1051B provides 0.5 W
(+27 dBm) at 40 GHz and 0.25 W (+24 dBm)
at 50 GHz.
Giga-tronics Inc.,
www.gigatronics.com.
1M05 FINAL Proof.indd 148 12/30/13 12:24 PM
over bias voltage. Typical ENR atness is 0.5 dB
over any 10 GHz region and 1.25 dB over the full
band. QuinStar also offers QIF series full band
matching isolators.
QuinStar Technologies Inc.,
www.quinstar.com.
Test Equipment
DC Power Supplies
The Advanced Power System (APS) family, de-
signed for ATE applications, consists of 1 kW and
2 kW system DC power supplies, the N6900 and
N7900 that deliver a new level in power supply
performance enabled by Agilents exclusive Ver-
saPower architecture. The APS family was de-
signed to help you overcome tough power test
challenges by delivering industry-leading speci-
cations and innovative features in an integrated
solution for advanced automated test equipment
(ATE) power testing needs.
Agilent Technologies Inc.,
www.agilent.com.
PIM Measurement Options
Anritsu Co. introduced
three frequency options
for its industry-leading
PIM Master
MW82119A Passive In-
termodulation (PIM)
high-power, battery-op-
erated, portable PIM
test analyzer. The new
options provide wireless eld engineers and tech-
nicians with the rst battery-operated handheld
analyzers that can accurately conduct top of the
tower PIM measurements in the LTE 800 MHz
and UMTS 2100 MHz bands, in addition to the
LTE 2600 MHz band. The new options have been
specically developed to address the top bands
planned for LTE network deployments.
Anritsu Co.,
www.anritsu.com.
GNSS Simulator
The functionality of the R&S SMBV100A
vector signal generator has been extended by
adding BeiDou/Compass capability to its inte-
grated GNSS simulator. With the R&S SMBV-
K107 option, the GNSS simulator now covers
the Chinese BeiDou standard as well as the GPS,
Galileo and Glonass satellite navigation systems.
The R&S SMBV-K107 allows users to generate
realtime scenarios with up to 24 BeiDou satel-
lites. It supports all possible BeiDou orbits and
can simulate satellites that are not yet in orbit.
Rohde & Schwarz,
www.rohde-schwarz.com.
MICRO-ADS
WR137
WR229
WRD580
p: 561-842-3550
f: 561-842-2196
Waveguide & Coaxial Switches
WR10 thru WR975
WR75
VALUE QUALITY FAST DELIVERY
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1M05 FINAL Proof.indd 149 12/30/13 2:55 PM
US: Call 1-800-225-9977 (in the U.S. or Canada),
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M
obile data subscriptions are
expected to more than double
and mobile wireless trafc to
increase by more than tenfold over the
next few years. Proliferation of smart-
phones, tablets and other portable de-
vices are placing greater demands for
services such as web browsing, global
plications including handsets, laptops,
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The book is comprehensive in coverage
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It starts with a good introduction to the
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positioning, video streaming and video
telephony. Many of the proposed solu-
tions to deal with these demands will
have a signicant impact on antenna
designs. Antennas with frequency agility
are considered a promising technology
to help implement these new solutions.
This book describes the capabilities
of frequency-agile antennas (FAA), the
methods for achieving tunability, the
current achievable performance and
the challenges still facing FAA designs.
It explores the many aspects of FAAs,
including an examination of the met-
rics used to evaluate their performance,
a review of the most commonly used
antenna elements, the wide variety of
mechanisms for achieving tunability
and a survey of examples of FAA de-
signs. The general categories of tuning
techniques covered include frequency
tuning, mechanical tuning, tunable sub-
strates and integrated devices.
The main focus is on FAAs for wire-
less mobile communications with ap-
Frequency-Agile
Antennas for Wireless
Communications
Aldo Petosa
To order this book, contact:
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340 pages, $111.20
ISBN: 978-1-60807-768-7
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IEEE 1-6 June 2014, Tampa Bay, FL MTT-S
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In 1886 Heinrich
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MicrowaveJournals
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Page.
On June 17,
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January 2014

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