INTERNSHIP REPORT

Switching dept. PTCL Multan

NOVEMBER 19, 2013
ALI AHSAN
Internee
Table of Contents
What is Communication?
o Parts of communication
What is Telecommunication?
What is network?
What is internet?
Access of internet and voice from exchange to our home.
What are private IP and public IP?
What is difference between LAN and WAN?
What is difference between Packet switching and circuit switching network?
What is NGN?
o Why NGN is important?
o Layers of NGN.
o Protocols used in NGN.
o In band and out of band signaling
Switching Technologies used at PTCL?
Basic Call flow diagrams using different protocols.
Number Creation Method.





What is Communication?
Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place to another.
Parts of communication:
a) Sender/Encoder
b) Message
c) Channel
d) Receiver/Decoder
e) Protocol

What is telecommunication?
Telecommunication is communication at a distance by technological means, particularly
through electrical signals or electromagnetic waves.
What is Network?
A group or system of interconnected people or things.
What is internet?
A global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities,
consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols.


Protocol

Transit Exchange:

A Transit Exchange unlike a LE (Local Exchange) does not have subscribers connected to it and
therefore does not act as a source or sink for traffic in the network. It only collects and redirects
the traffic among local exchanges.

Local Exchange:

A Local Exchange is the first telephone exchange or switch into which the lines connecting
subscribers terminate.
DSLAM:
Digital subscriber line access multiplexer is a mechanism at a phone company's central location
that links many customer DSL connections to a single high-speed ATM line. When the phone
company receives a DSL signal an ADSL modem with a POTS splitter detects voice calls and
data. Voice calls are sent to the PSTN and data are sent to the DSLAM where it passes through
the ATM to the Internet then back through the DSLAM and ADSL modem before returning to
the customer's PC.
MDF:
Main Distribution Frame (MDF) is a signal distribution frame or cable rack used in telephony to
interconnect and manage telecommunication wiring between itself and any number of
intermediate distribution frames and cabling from the telephony network it supports.
The MDF connects equipment inside a telecommunications facility to cables and subscriber
carrier equipment. Every cable that supplies services to user telephones lines ends up at an MDF
and is distributed through MDF to equipment within local exchanges.


SPLITTER:
A DSL filter or micro filter is an analog low-pass filter installed between analog devices (such as
telephones or analog modems) in order to prevent interference between such devices and a
digital subscriber line (DSL) service operating on the same line. Without splitter (DSL filters)
signals or echoes from analog devices at the top of their frequency range can result in reduced
performance and connection problems with DSL service.
What is difference between Private IP and Public IP?
Public IP addresses
A public IP address is any valid address, or number, that can be accessed over the
Internet. Internet standards groups, such as the Network Information Center (NIC) or the
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), are the organizations responsible for registering
IP ranges and assigning them to organizations, such as Internet Service Providers (ISPs).
In the Cloud (n) system, a public IP address is an identifier assigned to a virtual router on the
network. Any resources that will be available over the Internet will require a public IP
address. Public IP addresses can be added in the Cloud Console.
Private IP addresses
A private IP address is any number or address assigned to a device on a private TCP/IP Local
Area Network that is accessible only within the Local Area Network. For a resource inside the
Local Area Network to be accessible over the Internet, a device within the Local Area Network
must be connected to the Internet with a public IP address, and the networking must be
appropriately configured. The same Internet standards organizations have reserved the following
three IP address ranges that will never be registered publicly:
First IP in
block
Last IP in block
10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255

What is difference between LAN and WAN?
Key Difference: LAN is a computer network that connects computers in small areas. WAN is a network that
covers a broad area using private or public network transports.


What is Packet Switching and Circuit Switching?
Circuit switching (Connection Oriented):
Circuit switching was designed in 1878 in order to send telephone calls down a dedicated
channel. This channel remains open and in use throughout the whole call and cannot be used by
any other data or phone calls. The simple analogy for circuit switching is the reserving the lane
on the highway. For circuit switching we reserve the lane so that only the data can reach to the
destination fast and consistent without delay. There is no traffic jam occur that will slow down
the data.

There are three phases in circuit switching:
Establish
Transfer
Disconnect


Advantages:
Circuit is dedicated to the call no interference no sharing during the call.
Guaranteed the full bandwidth for the duration of the call.
Guaranteed quality of service.
There will be no IP (and TCP/UDP) header on each packet in Circuit Switching.
Disadvantages:
Inefficient the equipment may be unused for a lot of the call if no data is being sent the
dedicated line still remains open.
It takes a relatively long time to set up the circuit.
During a crisis the network may become unstable or unavailable.
It was primarily developed for voice traffic rather than data traffic.
Packet switching (Connectionless):
Packet switching is a digital networking communications method which is similar to message
switching using short messages. All the transmitted data are broken into suitably sized blocks
regardless of their contents, types or structures. This grouped data are called packets. Each
packet is associated with a header before they are transmitted individually through the network.
The path taken by each packet to reach their respective destination is depending on the status of
links or algorithms used by switching equipment. Meanwhile switching is carried out by special
nodes on the network which govern the flow of data.
Each packet is sent with a header address which tells it where its final destination so
it knows where to go.
The header address also describes the sequence for reassembly at the destination
computer so that the packets are put back into the correct order.
One packet also contains details of how many packets should be arriving so that the
recipient computer knows if one packet has failed to turn up.
If a packet fails to arrive, the recipient computer sends a message back to the
computer which originally sent the data, asking for the missing packet to be resent

Advantages:
Security
Bandwidth used to full potential
Devices of different speeds can communicate
Not affected by line failure (redirects signal)
Availability no waiting for a direct connection to become available
Disadvantages:
Under heavy use there can be a delay
Data packets can get lost or become corrupted
Protocols are needed for a reliable transfer
Not so good for some types of data streams (e.g. real-time video streams can lose frames due to
the way packets arrive out of sequence)
What is NGN?
The next-generation network (NGN) is body of key architectural changes
in telecommunication core and access networks. The general idea behind the NGN is that one
network transports all information and services (voice, data, and all sorts of media such as video)
by encapsulating these into packets,
OR
Simply it can be defined as All Over IP.
Why NGN is better?
The next-generation network (NGN) enables the deployment of access independent
services over converged fixed and mobile networks The NGN is packet based and uses
IP to transport the various types of traffic (voice, video, data and signaling).
The motivation behind the NGN is much more than just switch replacement, it is an
answer to the market reality that 'fixed' voice telephony - although a major part of the
telecommunications business - is no longer the only feature that the user wants from their
phone service provider.
Triple play services (Voice, Internet and TV) are available via Cable and XDSL already.
The NGN brings mobility in to the picture and the opportunity for further bundling of
high revenue services for customers.
At the core of the harmonized 'ALL IP' NGN network is the IP Multimedia Subsystem
(IMS) which provides an 'access independent' platform for a variety of access
technologies (GSM, 3G, Wi-Fi, Cable and XDSL).
ETSI technical committee TISPAN has adopted the 3GPP core IMS specifications
using Internet (SIP) protocols to allow features such as Presence, IPTV, Messaging, and
Conferencing to be delivered irrespective of the network in use. ETSI NGN standards
also use WLAN/3G interworking concepts, further expanding the network's potential for
broadband services.
Layers in NGN



Access
In access layer it includes the media gateway and provides the connection to and from
access network with core network.
Core
Core layer network handling converged service based on IP.

Control
Control layer provide call services control the function and also control the functionality
of media gateway.
Service
Application layer is an IT plat form thats play the role of IN.SCE (intelligence network
service creation Environment) and provides the control and logic for the execution of service.






Layers in
NGN
Core Control
Application
or Services
Access
Protocols in NGN:

H.323
H.323 is a standard approved by the international telecommunication union in 1996to promote
the comp ability in video conference transmission over IP network.h.323 was originally
promoted as a way to provide consistency in audio, video and data packet transmission in that
event that a local area network did not provide guarantee service quality.
SIP
SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) is an application layer signaling protocol. It deals with
interactive multimedia communication sessions between end users called user agents. It defines
their initiation, modification and termination. SIP calls may be terminal-to-terminal or they may
require a server to intercede.
SIP is closely related to IP. SIP borrows most of its syntax from the familiar HTTP (hypertext
transfer protocol). A SIP message looks very much like an HTTP message especially with
message formatting header and multipurpose Internet mail extension support. It uses addresses
that are very similar to URLs and to email. SIP messages are text-based rather than binary. This
makes writing easier and the debugging of software more straightforward.
SIP is a request-response protocol dealing with requests from client and response from server.
H.248
Gateway control protocol also known as H.248 and MEGACO is a standard protocol for
handling the signaling and session management needed during a multimedia conference. The
protocol defines a means of communication between a media gateway which converts data from
the format required for a circuit-switched network to that required for a packet switch-network
and the media gateway controller. MGCP can used to set up, maintain and terminate calls
between multiple end points.
protocols in
NGN
SIP H.248(Megaco) SS7
H.323
SIGTRAN
SIGTRAN (for Signaling Transport) is the standard Telephony Protocol used to
transport Signaling System 7 signals over the Internet. SS7 signals consist of special
commands for handling a telephone call.
Internet telephony uses the IP PS connections to exchange voice, fax and other forms
of information that have traditionally been carried over the dedicated CS connections
of the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Calls transmitted over the Internet
travel as packets of data on shared lines avoiding the tolls of PSTN.
SS7
Signaling: exchange of the information between the call components required to provide and
maintain call.
Signaling System 7 a telecommunications protocol defined by the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU) as a way to offload PSTN data traffic congestion onto a
wireless or wire line digital broadband network.
SS7 is characterized by high-speed circuit switching and out-of-band signaling using Service
Switching (SSPs), Signal Transfer Points (STPs), and Service Control Points (SCPs)
(collectively referred to as signaling points or SS7 nodes). SS7 IS out-of-band signaling is
signaling that does not take place over the same path as the data transfer (or conversation).A
separate digital channel is created (called a signaling link) where messages are exchanged
between network elements at 56 or 64 kbps.
In-Band Signaling:
In telecommunications, in-band signaling is the sending of metadata and control
information within the same band or channel used for voice (e.g. DTMF tones) and can be heard
by the callers, as opposed to out-of-band signals (e.g. SS7 control signals) which cannot be heard
as they are on a different channel or band.
Out-of-Band signaling
The term out-of-band has different uses in communications and telecommunication. In case of
out-of-band control signaling, signaling bits are sent in special order in a dedicated signaling
frame.
What are the Switching Technologies used in PTCL?
Switching Technologies
There are 7 different kinds of switching technologies currently operational in PTCL network.

Alcatel
Siemens
NEC
Ericson
Huawei
J.S telecom
ZTE
With these different switching technologies PTCL is running its huge network and providing
different communication facilities to its customers.

Basic Call flow diagrams using different protocols.
Basic call flow diagram using ss7.
SS7 network and protocol are used for:
Basic call setup, management.
Wireless services such as personal communications services (PCS), wireless roaming,
and mobile subscriber authentication.
Local number portability (LNP).
Enhanced call features such as call forwarding, calling party name/number display, and
three-way calling.
Efficient and secure worldwide telecommunications.
Call flow diagram from SS7



Explanation:
Initial address message (IAM): contains all necessary information for a switch to
establish a connection.
Address complete message (ACM): acknowledge to IAM .the required circuit is reserved
and the phone is ringing (ring back tone).
Answer message (ANM): occurs when the called party picks up the phone.
Release (REL): sent by the switch sensing that the phone hung up.
Release complete (RLC): each exchange that receives REL sends an RLC message back.
Basic call flow diagram using SIP.

Number creation method:
Required the number create.
Area code required.
Service required international/local category.
Rank (physical port allocate).