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Reciprocating engine dynamic properties

Scuola di Dottorato di Ricerca 2010 - Road vehicle and engine engineering science
1. Combustion engines main principles and definitions
2. Reciprocating combustion engines architecture
3. Reciprocating engines dynamic properties
4. Engine components and systems
5. The engine management system for gasoline and Diesel engines
6. The emission Requirements & Technology
7. Engine vehicle integration
7.1 Engine layout and mounting
7.2 Engine-vehicle cooling system
7.3 Intake system
7.4 Exhaust system
Reciprocating engine dynamic properties
Scuola di Dottorato di Ricerca 2010 - Road vehicle and engine engineering science
2
1. Engine operation forces
2. Engine Excitation Mechanisms (Single Cylinder Engine)
3. Key issue on masses balancing
In line 4 cylinder engine balance
Flat 4 cylinder engine balance
In line 5 cylinder engine balance
In line 6 cylinder engine balance
V606 cylinder engine balance
V90- 30crank offset 6 cylinder engine balance
V908 cylinder engine balance
V90- flat crankshaft 8 cylinder engine balance
Reciprocating engines dynamic properties
John Heywood, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals / McGraw-Hill
Charles F. Taylor, The internal Combustion Engine in Theory and Practice /The M.I.T. Press
Automotive Handbook R. Bosch/SAE
Advanced engine technology (Heinz Heisler) Butterworth/Heinemann
Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology (M.J. Nunney) - CGIA, MSAE, MIMI
Reciprocating engine dynamic properties
Scuola di Dottorato di Ricerca 2010 - Road vehicle and engine engineering science
3
The purpose of the piston-connecting rod-crankshaft assembly in the reciprocating piston-engines
is to transform the gas forces generated during combustion within the working cylinder into a piston
stroke, which the crankshafts converts into useful torque available at the flywheel. The cyclic
operation leads to unequal gas forces, and the acceleration and deceleration of the reciprocating
power-transfer components generate inertia forces.
The mass inertia properties of the piston-connecting rod-crankshaft assembly are a composite of
the rotating mass of the crankshaft about their axis and the reciprocating masses in the cylinder
direction.
The inertial properties of a single cylinder engine are determined by the piston mass,
exclusively oscillating mass, the crankshaft mass, exclusively rotating mass, and the
corresponding connecting-rod mass components, usually assumed to amount to 1/3 for rotating
and to 2/3 for oscillating mass.
The inertia force components are identified as inertial forces of the 1
st
, 2
nd
, 4
th
order,
depending upon their rotational frequencies, relative to engine speed: in general only the 1
st
and 2
nd
-
order components are significant.
In the case of multi-cylinder engines, free moments of inertia are present when all the complete
crankshaft assemblys inertial forces combine to generate a force couple at the crankshaft.
Engine operation forces
Reciprocating engine dynamic properties
Scuola di Dottorato di Ricerca 2010 - Road vehicle and engine engineering science
4
Il Motore come sorgente di vibrazioni e rumore
Fig. 1. 1
Eccitanti alterne di inerzia in un motore alternativo monocilindro
Eccitanti alterne di inerzia in un motore alternativo monocilindro
II I a
F F acc m Force
dt d
r acc
+ = =
=
+ =
*
/
)] 2 cos( [cos * *
2


Massa
alterna m
a
The alternate motion of the con rod - crank system
Inertia or mass forces
Reciprocating engine dynamic properties
Scuola di Dottorato di Ricerca 2010 - Road vehicle and engine engineering science
5
The gas forces are generated by the fuel combustion acting on the piston to be
transferred to the crankshaft by connecting- rod through the expansion stroke:
therefore during the complete cycle they depend on the crankshaft position.
When multiplied by the crank radius, the gas forces produce a periodically
variable torque value.
Il Motorecomesorgentedi vibrazioni erumore
Fig. 1.3
Leffettodellecombustioni inunmotorealternativomonocilindrico
Leffettodellecombustioni inunmotorealternativomonocilindrico
F
gas
=P*A
F
tot
=F
gas
+F
rec
F
n
=F
tot
*sin
T
e
=F
n
*x
Coppia
media
erogata
Gaspressure
Inertialeffect
Resulting
pressure
The diagram shows the curve of the engine
torque as a function of crankshaft position: this
is one of the most important characteristics in
assessing the dynamic engine behavior.
Considerations on gas forces
Reciprocating engine dynamic properties
Scuola di Dottorato di Ricerca 2010 - Road vehicle and engine engineering science
6
Considerations on gas forces
In multiple cylinder engines, the torque curve of the individual cylinders are
superimposed with a phase shift dependent on the numbers of cylinders,
their configuration, crankshaft design and firing sequence. The resulting
composite curve is characteristics of the engine design and covers a full working
cycle.
Harmonic analysis can lead to a torsional harmonics by a series of sinusoidal
oscillations featuring whole-number multiples of the basic frequencies.
Il Motore come sorgente di vibrazioni
Effetto del frazionamento sullirregolarit di coppia
Effetto del frazionamento sullirregolarit di coppia
Fig. 1.4a
The cyclic torque fluctuation leads to a variations of the
crankshafts rotation speed, called cyclic variation and
defined as:
Energy storage devices, as the flywheel and the clutch
spring, must be design to adequately compensate for the
variations of rotation speed in normal applications.
min
min max

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