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After that about spirulina
Collective research results explore numerous effects of Spirulina, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory,
anticancer, antiviral, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective and immunoenhancing. Many of the effects are associated
with the antioxidative effect, which appears to be involved in synergistic effects of a series of phytochemicals, such
as selenium, carotenoids, phenolics, phycocyanins, and essential fatty acid GLA. The oxidative stress and
subsequent induced inflammation substantially lead to liver damages such as hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, and
carcinoma. Considerable results suggest that Spirulina is able to control hepatic steastosis through its antioxidative
and anti-inflammatory effects, induction of PGE2 production by GLA, hypolipidemic and hypochlesterolemic effects,
and activated ALDH activity. In addition, ROS and related oxidative intermediates have been recognized as the
potential stimuli for the accumulation of connective tissue in the liver. Various types of cells are involved in liver
fibrosis. Kupffer cells and HSC are mainly responsible for Antioxidative and Hepatoprotective Effects of Spirulina
the fibrosis process by exerting several paracrine and autocrine signalings. However Spirulina can be used to
attenuate fibrotic process through antioxidative effect, antiinflammation, induction of apoptosis ofHSCand probably
enhanced innate immunity.\ Spirulina enhances the activity of endonuclease and repair DNA synthesis, which makes
it promising for cancer therapy. On the basis of the findings from many studies, the supplement of Spirulina as an
adjunct could benefit the treatment of several chronic diseases.
ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF SPIRULINA
Numerous disease development processes are caused or accompanied by oxidative stress, which refers to cellular
damage that is caused by reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI)especially in age-related disorders. Since oxidative
stress is an important factor in the beginning of several pathologies, from cancer to cardiovascular and other
neurodegenerative diseases, an effective approach is sought to improve antioxidant nutrition to protect the body
against the harmful consequences of oxidative stress. In this respect, antioxidants from natural sources are believed
to have higher bioavailability and greater protective efficacy than synthetic antioxidants Restated, Spirulina is
attracting more interest because of its potential pharmaceutical and neutraceutical value. The antioxidant property
of Spirulina or phycocyanin has been examined in vitro. Since then, Spirulina or its specific component,
phycocyanin, has been studied with reference to the role of antioxidants in improving health and preventing
diseases.Immuno enhancing Effects of Spirulina
Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Spirulina
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has an important role in catalyzing the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins
and other eicosanoids. The overexpression of COX-2 is associated with high levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) that
are observed in various malignancies of the colon, breast, lung, prostrate, skin, cervix, pancreas, and bladder.Excess
prostaglandin levels cause inflammation, influence cell proliferation, and the mediation of immune suppression.39,40
Many investigations have confirmed that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and selective COX-2 inhibitors can
induce apoptosis in colon cancer cell lines and transformed fibroblasts.Phycocyanin, present in Spirulina, has been
claimed to have a selectively inhibitory effect on COX-2.28 Restated, phycocyanin is a natural COX-2 inhibitor,
which controls inflammation that is caused by the presence of the enzyme COX-2. Studies have been conducted to
examine the involvement of phycocyanin in inducing apoptosis in tumor cells and the mechanisms of the apoptotic
process. Pardhasaradhi et al. (2003)

Antiviral Effects of Spirulina
Soon after the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the causative agent of acquired immune
deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 1984, heparin and other sulfated polysaccharides were found to be potential
inhibitors of HIV-1 replication in cell culture. As a potent anti-HIV drug candidate, sulfated polysaccharides had
several promising advantages, including their ability to block HIV replication in cellculture at rather low
concentrations (0.10.01 g/mL) without observable side-effects or cytotoxicity to the host cells at concentrations of
up to 2.5 mg/mL. They could also inhibit the cytopathic effect of HIV, and prevent HIV-induced giant cell
(syncytium) formation. As mentioned above, this important component of Spirulina, sulfated polysaccharides
(calcium spirulan, Ca-SP) consists of rhamnose, ribose, mannose, fructose, galactose, xylose, glucose, glucuronic
acid, galacturonic acid, sulfate, and calcium. Ca-SP inhibits the replication of various enveloped viruses, including
herpes simplex virus, influenza virus, measles virus, mumps virus, and HIV,48,60,62,63 by selectively inhibiting the
penetration of the virus into host cells. Its antiviral effect60 depends on the retention of its molecular conformation
by chelating calcium ions with sulfate groups
Protection of Drug-Induced Nephrotoxicity by Spirulina
Anticancer Effects of Spirulina
Spirulina is one of the richest natural sources of -carotene and phycocyanin. Since both -carotene and
phycocyanin exhibit anticancer activity,64 Spirulina has also been claimed to be a potent cancer-fighting
phytonutrient. Spirulina not only has antioxidant and immune-enhancing effects but also has anticancer properties
that have been demonstrated in numerous studies of laboratory animals by preventing the development of
experimentally produced cancers.The administration of phycocyanin to mice with liver cancer markedly increased
their survival rate, perhaps because of the powerful antioxidant activity of phycocyanin, which prevented cancer and
reduced DNA damage that is caused by free radicals. Subhashini et al. (2004) revealed that molecular mechanisms
in C-phycocyanin induced apoptosis in human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line-K562

Effect of Spirulina on Liver Fibrosis

As reported elsewhere, Spirulina prevents the formation of fatty liver in animal models and in humans. The
effectiveness of Spirulina against fatty liver may follow from its antioxidants, which include GLA, selenium,
phycobilins, vitamins and carotenoids (-carotene). In addition, essential fatty acids like GLA can prevent the
accumulation of cholesterol in the body.In an animal model, fatty liver has been reported to be induced by a high
cholesterol diet, 60% fructose diet,101 carbon tetrachloride, and alloxaninduced experimental diabetes.The high
fructose diet induces fatty liver because the rapid conversion of fructose to acyl-CoA or -glycerophosphoric acid
elevates plasma lipid level

Heptoprotective Effect of Spirulina
administration of C-phycocyanin (200 mg/kg body weight) 3 h prior to treatment with carbon tetrachloride and R-
(+)-pulegone substantially reduced the hepatotoxicity and the serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT)
activity, and lower levels of toxic intermediates formed (haloalkane free radicals and menthofuran).44
Furthermore, the activities of microsomal cytochrome P450, glucose-6-phosphatase,
and aminopyrine-N-demethylase were restored. This protection effect may come from either the inhibition by
phycocyanin of cytochrome P450-mediated reactions that are involved in converting toxic metabolites or scavenging
reactive metabolites. Another investigation demonstrated that the hepatoprotective effect of Spirulina derives
primarily from its radical scavenging ability


References ( Spirulina in Human Nutrition and Health text book )