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1 Side-angel-side (sas) Congruence Postulate

If two sides (CA and CB) and the included angle ( BCA ) of a triangle are congruent to
the corresponding two sides (C'A' and C'B') and the included angle (B'C'A') in another
triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.

Example 1: Let ABCD be a parallelogram and AC be one of its diagonals. What

can you say about triangles ABC and CDA? Explain your answer.

Solution to Example 1:
• In a parallelogram, opposite sides are congruent. Hence sides

BC and AD are congruent, and also sides AB and CD are congruent.

• In a parallelogram opposite angles are congruent. Hence angles

ABC and CDA are congruent.

• Two sides and an included angle of triangle ABC are congruent to two
corresponding sides and an included angle in triangle CDA. According to the
• above postulate the two triangles ABC and CDA are congruent
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2.Side-Side-Side (SSS) Congruence Postulate

If the three sides (AB, BC and CA) of a triangle are congruent to the corresponding

three sides (A'B', B'C' and C'A') in another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.

Example 2: Let ABCD be a square and AC be one of its diagonals. What can you
say about triangles ABC and CDA? Explain your answer.

Solution to Example 2:
• In a square, all four sides are congruent. Hence sides

AB and CD are congruent, and also sides BC and DA are congruent.

• The two triangles also have a common side: AC. Triangles ABC has three sides
congruent to the corresponding three sides in triangle CDA. According to the
above postulate the two triangles are congruent. The triangles are also right
triangles and isosceles.
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3.Angle-Side-Angle (ASA) Congruence Postulate

If two angles (ACB, ABC) and the included side (BC) of a triangle are congruent to the
corresponding two angles (A'C'B', A'B'C') and included side (B'C') in another triangle,
then the two triangles are congruent.

Example 3: ABC is an isosceles triangle. BB' is the angle bisector. Show that
triangles ABB' and CBB' are congruent.

Solution to Example 3:
• Since ABC is an isosceles triangle its sides AB and BC are congruent and also
its angles BAB' and BCB' are congruent. Since BB' is an angle bisector, angles
ABB' and CBB' are congruent.

Two angles and an included side in triangles ABB' are congruent to two
corresponding angles and one included side in triangle CBB'. According to the
above postulate triangles ABB' and CBB' are congruent.

Angle-Angle-Side (AAS) Congruence Theorem

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If two angles (BAC, ACB) and a side opposite one of these two angles (AB) of a triangle
are congruent to the corresponding two angles (B'A'C', A'C'B') and side (A'B') in another
triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.

Example 4: What can you say about triangles ABC and QPR shown below.

Solution to Example 4:
• In triangle ABC, the third angle ABC may be calculated using the theorem that
the sum of all three angles in a triangle is equal to 180 degrees. Hence

angle ABC = 180 - (25 + 125) = 30 degrees

• The two triangles have two congruent corresponding angles and one congruent
side.

angles ABC and QPR are congruent. Also angles BAC and PQR are congruent.
Sides BC and PR are congruent.

• Two angles and one side in triangle ABC are congruent to two corresponding
angles and one side in triangle PQR. According to the above theorem they are
congruent.

Right Triangle Congruence Theorem

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If the hypotenuse (BC) and a leg (BA) of a right triangle are congruent to the
corresponding hypotenuse (B'C') and leg (B'A') in another right triangle, then the two
triangles are congruent.

Example 5: Show that the two right triangles shown below are congruent.

Solution to Example 5:
• We first use pythagora’s theorem to find the length of side AB in triangle ABC.

length of AB = sq [5 2 - 3 2] = 4

• ABC and B'A'C' are congruent. One leg and the hypotenuse in triangle ABC are
congruent to a corresponding leg and hypotenuse in the right triangle A'B'C'.
• According to the above theorem, triangle
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Reflexive Property A quantity is congruent (equal) to itself. a = a

Symmetric Property If a = b, then b = a.

Transitive Property If a = b and b = c, then a = c.

Postulates:
(asummed to be
true).

1. Properties:
If equal quantities are added to equal quantities, the sums are
\Addition Postulate
equal.
If equal quantities are subtracted from equal quantities, the
Subtraction Postulate
differences are equal.
If equal quantities are multiplied by equal quantities, the
Multiplication Postulate
products are equal. (also Doubles of equal quantities are equal.)
If equal quantities are divided by equal nonzero quantities, the
Division Postulate
quotients are equal. (also Halves of equal quantities are equal.)
Substitution Postulate A quantity may be substituted for its equal in any expression.
If there is a line and a point not on the line, then there exists one
Parallel Postulate
line through the point parallel to the given line.
Corresponding Angles If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the pairs of
Postulate corresponding angles are congruent.
Corresponding Angles If two lines are cut by a transversal and the corresponding
Converse Postulate angles are congruent, the lines are parallel.
Side-Side-Side (SSS) If three sides of one triangle are congruent to three sides of
Congruence Postulate another triangle, then the triangles are congruent.
If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are
Side-Angle-Side (SAS)
congruent to the corresponding parts of another triangle, the
Congruence Postulate
triangles are congruent.
If two angles and the included side of one triangle are
Angle-Side-Angle (ASA)
congruent to the corresponding parts of another triangle, the
Congruence Postulate
triangles are congruent.
Angle-Angle (AA) Similarity If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two angles of
Postulate another triangle, the triangles are similar.

Theorems: (can be proven true)


Right Angles
Congruent Supplements
Congruent Complements
Vertical Angles
Alternate Interior Angles
Alternate Exterior Angles
Interiorsion Same Side
Alternate interior Angeles
Converse
Alternate Exterior Angles
Converse
Interiors on Same Side
Converse
Triangle Sum
Exterior Angle
Angle-Angle-Side (AAS)
Congruence
Base Angle Theorem
(Isosceles Triangle)
Base Angle Converse
(Isosceles Triangle)
Hypotenuse-Leg (HL)
Congruence (right triangle)
Mid-segment Theorem
(also called mid-line)
Parallelograms
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All right angles are congruent.
If two angles are supplementary to the same angle (or to
congruent angles) then the two angles are congruent.
If two angles are complementary to the same angle (or to
congruent angles) then the two angles are congruent.
Vertical angles are congruent.
If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the alternate
interior angles are congruent.
If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the alternate
exterior angles are congruent.
If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, the interior angles
on the same side of the transversal are supplementary.
If two lines are cut by a transversal and the alternate interior
angles are congruent, the lines are parallel.
If two lines are cut by a transversal and the alternate exterior
angles are congruent, the lines are parallel.
If two lines are cut by a transversal and the interior angles on
the same side of the transversal are supplementary, the lines
are parallel.
The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180º.
The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the
sum of the measures
of the two non-adjacent interior angles.
If two angles and the non-included side of one triangle are
congruent to the corresponding parts of another triangle, the
triangles are congruent.
If two sides of a triangle are congruent, the angles opposite
these sides are congruent.
If two angles of a triangle are congruent, the sides opposite
these angles are congruent.
If the hypotenuse and leg of one right triangle are congruent to
the corresponding parts of another right triangle, the two right
triangles are congruent.
The segment connecting the midpoints of two sides of a
triangle is parallel to the third side and is half as long.
* If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, the
About Sides opposite
sides are parallel.
* If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, the
opposite
sides are congruent.
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* If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, the

opposite
About Angles angles are congruent.
* If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, the
consecutive angles are supplementary.

* If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, the

diagonals
About bisect each other.
Diagonals * If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, the
diagonals
form two congruent triangles.
* If both pairs of opposite sides of a
quadrilateral
are parallel, the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.
* If both pairs of opposite sides of a
About Sides
quadrilateral
are congruent, the quadrilateral is a
Parallelogram Converses parallelogram.
* If both pairs of opposite angles of a
quadrilateral
are congruent, the quadrilateral is a
About Angles parallelogram.
* If the consecutive angles of a quadrilateral are
supplementary, the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.
* If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each
About other, the quadrilateral is a
Diagonals parallelogram.
* If the diagonals of a quadrilateral form two
congruent triangles, the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.
If two triangles are similar, the corresponding sides are in
proportion.

Side Proportionality