Aplus Practical Exam Cram

A+ Practical Application 220-802 Cram Notes
1. Operating Systems
1.1 Compare and contrast the features and requirements of various Microsoft Operating Systems
1.2 Given a scenario, install, and configure the operating system using the most appropriate method
1.3 Given a scenario, use appropriate command line tools
1. Given a scenario, use appropriate operating system features and tools
1.! Given a scenario, use Control "anel utilities #the items are organi$ed %y &classic vie'(large icons)
in *indo's+
1., Setup and configure *indo's net'or-ing on a client(des-top
1.. "erform preventive maintenance procedures using appropriate tools
1./ 01plain the differences among %asic OS security settings
1.2 01plain the %asics of client3side visuali$ation
2. Security
2.1 4pply and use common prevention methods
2.2 Compare and contrast common security threats
2.3 5mplement security %est practices to secure a 'or-station.
2. Given a scenario, use the appropriate data destruction(disposal method
2.! Given a scenario, secure a SO6O 'ireless net'or-
2., Given a scenario, secure a SO6O 'ired net'or-
3. Mo%ile 7evice
3.1 01plain the %asic features of mo%ile operating systems
3.2 0sta%lish %asic net'or- connectivity and configure email
3.3 Compare and contrast methods for securing mo%ile devices
3. Compare and contrast hard'are differences in regards to ta%lets and laptops
3.! 01ecute and configure mo%ile device synchroni$ation
. 8rou%leshooting
.1 Given a scenario, e1plain the trou%leshooting theory
.2 Given a scenario, trou%leshoot common pro%lems related to mother%oards, 94M, C": and po'er
'ith appropriate tools
.3 Given a scenario, trou%leshoot hard drives and 9457 arrays 'ith appropriate tools
4; 0ssentials 01am Sim 4; "ractical 01am Sim <et'or-; 01am Sim Security; 01am Sim Server; 01am Sim
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. Given a scenario, trou%leshoot common video and display issues
.! Given a scenario, trou%leshoot 'ired and 'ireless net'or-s 'ith appropriate tools
., Given a scenario, trou%leshoot operating system pro%lems 'ith appropriate tools
.. Given a scenario, trou%leshoot common security issues 'ith appropriate tools and %est practices
./ Given a scenario, trou%leshoot, and repair common laptop issues 'hile adhering to the appropriate
procedures
.2 Given a scenario, trou%leshoot printers 'ith appropriate tools
1. Operating Systems
1.1 Compare and contrast the features and requirements of various Microsoft peratin! "#stems
$indo%s 2000
1. 6ard'are requirements?
&ard%are component $indo%s 2000 Prof. $indo%s 2000 "er' Ad "er.
"rocessor "entium(133M6$ "entium(133M6$
Memory ,M@ 2!,M@
67 space ,=M@ 1G@
7isplay AG4 or %etter AG4 or %etter
<et'or- card Optional Optional
C7 9OM 7rive 9equired 9equired #unless loading from net'or-+
2. *hen you install *indo's 2=== in the same folder as that of *indo's 2!( *indo's 2/( *indo's
<8, the operating system gets upgraded to *indo's 2===.
3. 8C"(5" protocol stac- is installed %y default 'hen you install *indo's 2=== on a computer.
. Bou can use 9egional Options to support additional languages on your computer. *ith the support of
additional languages, you 'ill %e a%le to edit documents 'ritten in those languages. Bou can also set
locale specific to any region using this Option.
!. 8he *indo's 2=== "erformance tool is composed of t'o parts?
a. System Monitor? *ith System Monitor, you can collect and vie' real3time data a%out
memory, dis-, processor, net'or-, and other activity in chart #graph+, histogram, or report form
Some of the important System Monitor counters are?
1. MemoryC4vaila%le M%ytes? measures the amount of physical memory that is
availa%le. 8ypically C M@. 5f less than M@, consider adding more memory.
2. MemoryC"ages(Sec? Sho's the num%er of times that the dis- has %een accessed,
%ecause requested information 'as not availa%le in memory. 5f the value of the counter is
not %elo' 2=, you should add more memory. 4 value of or ! is typical.
3. "aging DileCE:sage? 5ndicates the E of allocated page file utili$ation. Should %e less
than 22E.
. "rocessorCE"rocessor 8ime? measure the time that the processor is %usy. Should %e
typically less than /=E
!. "rocessorC5nterrupts(Sec? 5ndicates the average num%er of hard'are interrupts that the
processor receives each second. 5f more than 3,!==, you can suspect a program or faulty
hard'are.
,. "hysical7is-CE7is- 8ime? Measures the amount of time that the physical dis- is %usy
servicing read or 'rite requests. 5f more than 2=E, you can improve the performance %y
adding another dis- channel.
.. "hysical7is-CECurrent 7is- Fueue Gength? indicates the num%er of pending dis-
requests that need to %e processed. 8he value should %e less than 2. 8he dis- pro%lems
might arise from less memory, resulting in usage of e1cessive paging. 0nsure that the
memory is sufficient %efore attending to the dis- pro%lem.
/. Gogical7is- C EDree Space counter? 5ndicates the amount of logical dis-Hs free dis-
space. 8ypical value is 1=E or a%ove.
%. "erformance Gogs and 4lerts? 8hrough "erformance Gogs and 4lerts you can configure logs
to record performance data and set system alerts to notify you 'hen a specified counterIs value is
a%ove or %elo' a defined threshold.
,. 0vent Aie'er maintains logs a%out program, security, and system events. Bou can use 0vent Aie'er
to vie' and manage the event logs, gather information a%out hard'are and soft'are pro%lems, and
monitor *indo's 2=== security events.
.. 8o open 0vent Aie'er, clic- IStartI, point to ISettingsI, and then clic- IControl "anelI. 7ou%le3clic-
I4dministrative 8oolsI, and then dou%le3clic- 0vent Aie'er.
/. 0ncrypting Dile System #0DS+ -eeps your documents safe from intruders 'ho might gain
unauthori$ed physical access to your sensitive stored data %y stealing your laptop or Jip dis-, or %y
other means.
2. Bou need to ensure the follo'ing %efore the upgrade?
a. 8he hard'are is adequate for upgrading to *indo's 2=== "rofessional
%. 4lso, chec- the hard'are, soft'are adequacy %y running &*innt32.e1e ( chec-upgradeonly).
<ote that the s'itch &chec-upgradeonly) 'ill output a report on the adequacy of hard'are and
soft'are. 5t 'ill also 'arn you if any applications need upgrade pac-s, 'hich may %e o%tained
from respective application vendors, if availa%le. 5f the soft'are upgrade pac- is not installed for
any application, the application may %e rendered unusa%leK
1=. 5f you are creating a Striped volume on a ne' *indo's 2=== machine, it can only %e created on
dynamic dis-s. 6o'ever, if you are upgrading a *indo's <8 computer to *indo's 2===, any e1isting
stripe set 'ill %e supported.
11. Dor creating Stripe set 'ith parity, 'e need at least 3 dis- volumes.
12. "lacing the paging file on different physical dis-s is optimal. 8his 'ill improve faster access to the
"aging file, and also distri%ute the load.
13. Microsoft 5nternet 01plorer and *indo's 01plorer can %e used for assigning Share and <8DS
permissions on a *indo's 2=== computer.
1. 8o insert a ne' file e1tension, you use *indo's e1plorer, and select the application. 8hen, 8ools 3C
Dolder Option 3C Dile 8ypes. Configure the e1tension appropriately.
1!. *indo's 2=== Operating systems support ! different volume types?
a. Simple volumes ?4 simple volume consists of a formatted dis- on a single hard dis-.
%. Spanned volumes? 4 Spanned volume consists of dis- space on more than one hard dis-.
c. Striped volumes? 4 Striped volume has dis- space on 2 or more dis-s. 8he dis- spaces must
%e same on all dis-s. Dastest dis- access among all volume types. 9457 level =.
d. Mirrored volumes? 4 mirrored volume consists of a Simple volume that is mirrored in total,
onto a second dynamic dis-. "rovides highest level of fault tolerance. 9457 level 1
e. 94573! volumes? 4 94573! volume consists of identical si$ed dis- space located on three or
more dynamic dis-s. 6ere any single dis- failures can %e recovered. 9457 level !
f. <ote that *indo's 2=== "rofessional doesnHt support 7is- Mirroring, 94573! volumes,
'here as other *indo's 2=== Operating Systems #2=== Server, 4dvanced Server+ support.
1,. Dault tolerance %oot dis- is a floppy dis- that ena%les you to %oot a computer in the event that the
first dis- in a mirrored volume fails. 5f you mirror the installation folder in a *indo's 2=== Server, you
'ill not %e a%le to %oot %ecause %oot.ini points to the first volume. 8herefore, you need to create a fault
tolerance %oot dis- that contain an appropriately edited @oot.ini file, that points to the mirrored volume.
1.. @y default, you can start recovery console #in *indo's 2===+ using,
a. 8he *indo's 2=== "rofessional Setup 7is-s
%. Drom the C7 9OM drive using *indo's 2=== "rofessional C7 #if the C7 L9OM drive is
%oota%le+.
c. 4lso, you can have &9ecovery Console) as a start up option %y typing Mi3/,M'innt32.e1e
(cmdcons at the command prompt, after s'itching to the C7 9OM drive letter.
1/. *indo's 2=== provides t'o versions of 9egistry 0ditor
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a. 9egedt32.e1e #323%it+? 9egedt32.e1e is automatically installed in the systemrootMsystem32
folder.
%. 9egedit.e1e #1,3%it+? 9egedit.e1e is automatically installed in the systemroot folder. c.
9egedit.e1e is primarily used for its search capa%ilities as it doesnHt support all functions and
data types.
12. On a *indo's 2=== computer, the default spool folder is located at?
SystemrootMSystem32MspoolMprinters. Dor e1ample, if the OS is residing on C drive, the default location
'ill %e? &C?MM*5<<8MSystem32MspoolMprinters).Bou can access this location through?
Start 3C "rinters 3C Dile 3C Server "roperties 3C 4dvanced ta%. 8ype in the ne' spool location over the
default location.
2=. :p3grade to *indo's 2===?
a. Bou can upgrade *indo's 2!(2/, *indo's <8 3.!1*or- Station, *indo's <8 .= *S can
%e upgraded to *indo's 2=== "rofessional.
%. Bou canHt upgrade *indo's 3.1 and *indo's for 'or-groups to *indo's 2=== "rofessional.
5f you need to install 2=== "rof. On *indo's 3.1, you need to upgrade first to *indo's 2!(2/
or <8 and then upgrade to 2=== "rof. 5t is easy to do a clean install of *indo's 2=== on
*indo's 3.1 machines.
c. Bou need to ensure the follo'ing %efore the upgrade?
a. 8he hard'are is adequate for upgrading to *indo's 2=== "rofessional
%. 4lso, chec- the hard'are, soft'are adequacy %y running *innt32.e1e ( chec-upgradeonly.
<ote that the s'itch &chec-upgradeonly) 'ill output a report on the adequacy of hard'are and
soft'are. 5t 'ill also 'arn you if any applications need upgrade pac-s, 'hich may %e o%tained
from respective application vendors, if availa%le. 5f the soft'are upgrade pac- is not installed for
any application, the application may %e rendered unusa%leK
c. 5t is also recommended, if you are upgrading on a large population, to upgrade only one 'or-
station, and chec- 'hether the application soft'ares are running properly.
21. @y default, *indo's 2=== stores a userHs profile in the C?M7ocuments and SettingsM userNname
folder on the computer the user logs on.*hen a ne' user logs on, his initial user profile is an e1act copy
of either the local or domain3'ide &default user) profile folder.8he local default user profile folder is
located in ErootEM7ocuments and Settings.
22. 5f you have installed *indo's 2=== in C drive, it is C?M7ocuments and Settings.
23. "ressing D/ during %oot process in *indo's 2=== des- top %ring up the follo'ing options?
a. Safe Mode? Safe Mode loads only the drivers necessary to get the des- top up and running.
8he drivers loaded 'ith Safe Mode include mouse, monitor, -ey%oard, hard drive, and standard
video driver.
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%. Safe Mode 'ith <et'or-ing? Safe Mode 'ith <et'or-ing is same as Safe Mode 'ith
net'or-ing ena%led.
c. Safe Mode 'ith Command prompt? Safe Mode 'ith Command "rompt option loads the
command prompt instead of *indo's 2=== graphical interface.
d. 0na%le @oot Gogging
e. 0na%le AG4 Mode? 0na%le AG4 Mode option loads a standard AG4 driver. 8his option is
good if you have any pro%lem 'ith ne'ly installed video driver.
f. Gast Ono'n Good Configuration? Gast Ono'n Good Configuration ena%les the des- top to
load the configuration that 'as stored 'hen it 'as %ooted successfully last time. 8his option
canHt ta-e care of any hard'are related pro%lems.
g. 7e%ugging Mode? 8he 7e%ugging Mode option runs the Oernel 7e%ugger, if that utility is
installed.
h. @oot <ormally? 8he @oot <ormally is same as not pressing the D/ -ey. 8he *indo's %oots
normally
2. Bou can access 8as- Manager %y pressing P4ltC PCtrlC P7elC. 8he applications ta% lists all the
applications that are currently running on the computer. 8he current status of the application is also
displayed as either &9unning) or &not responding) or &stopped).
2!. @lue screen messages are also called S8O" messages. Bou 'ill not %e allo'ed to proceed, 'hen a
%lue screen message appears. 8he most li-ely cause of %lue screen messages are?
a. @oot sector virus
%. 59F( 5O address conflicts.
c. Bou can chec- for any %oot sector virus, and also for any conflicting 59F ( 5O addresses.
2,. Bou can configure support for multiple displays on your *indo's 2=== computer. 8his is done
through the use of Control "anel 3C 7isplay 3C Settings. 4 *indo's 2=== computer can support up to
ten display monitors at the same time. :se additional video cards as required.
2.. On a *indo's 2=== computer, dis- quotas can %e used on <8DS volumes. *indo's 01plorer can
%e used to configure and monitor dis- quotas.
2/. On a *indo's computer, you can use the Aie' ta% in Dolder Options applet in the Control "anel to
sho' ( hide files and folders that have &6idden) attri%ute set. Bou can also use *indo's 01plorer 3C
8ools 3C Dolder Options 3C Aie' ta%.
22. 5f you 'ant to install *indo's 2=== on the same partition as that of *indo's 2/, install 2===
"rofessional either on the D48 file systems or on the D4832 for dual %oot. *indo's 2/ supports D48
#D481,+ and D4832. 5t doesnHt support <8DS file system.
3=. 8he various file systems supported %y *indo's 2=== are?
a. D48? 4lso called D481,, supported %y all Microsoft Operating Systems.
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%. D4832? 4lso supported %y *in 2! OS92 and *in2/
c. <8DS? 8his is not supported %y *in2!(2/
d. C7DS #Compact 7is- Dile System, used to access C7s+
e. :7D #:niversal 7is- Dormat, used to access 7A7s+
31. 5f you 'ant to have dual %oot %et'een *indo's <8 and *indo's 2===, ensure that Service "ac-
is installed on *indo's <8 . 8his is required since *indo's 2=== upgrades the <8DS to <8DS !.
<8 requires Service "ac- to read and 'rite to <8DS !.
32. 5f you encrypt a folder on an <8DS volume, all files and su% folders created in the encrypted folder
are automatically encrypted. 8herefore, it is recommended that you use encryption at the parent folder
level.
33. 4lso note that you canHt encrypt a file or folder that is compressed. 5f you 'ant to encrypt a file or
folder that is compressed, you need to first decompress the file or folder and then encrypt. Only <8DS
volumes support file or folder encryption.
3. Bou donHt need to have a net'or- card installed for successful installation of *indo's 2===
"rofessional. Bou can use loop %ac- adapter for this purpose and proceed 'ith the installation. <et'or-
card can %e installed at a later time, 'hen required.
3!. 5n *indo's 2=== computer, 7is- Management is used to create, manage, and delete simple
volumes, spanned volumes, mirrored volumes, striped, and stripe set 'ith parity volumes. 7is-
4dministrator is <8 tool and is not availa%le in *indo's 2===.
3,. Only *indo's <8 Server and *indo's <8 Server 3.!1 can %e upgraded to *indo's 2===
Server. *indo's <8 *or-station .= or *indo's 2!(2/ canIt %e upgraded to 2=== Server.
$indo%s (P
1. 5n *indo's Q" computer, you can use Start 3C *indo's :pdate to connect to the Microsoft site.
*indo's :pdate is a catalog of items such as drivers, patches, the latest help files, and 5nternet
products that you can do'nload to -eep your computer up to date. Bou must %e logged on as an
administrator or a mem%er of the 4dministrators group in order to access the "roduct :pdates section of
*indo's :pdate for do'nloading help files.
2. Q" "rofessional supports multiple processors, multiple monitors #up to 2+, Group "olicy, 0ncrypting
Dile System, 7ynamic 7is-s, 55S, a %uilt in %ac-up program, and advanced net'or-ing capa%ilities
#such as 5"Sec.+ 4ll of these features are missing from Q" 6ome 0dition. 4nother important distinction
%et'een the t'o versions is that Q" 6ome 0dition cannot Roin a *indo's <8(2===(2==3 domain.
3. *indo's Q" Operating System comes in the follo'ing flavors?
a. *indo's Q" 6ome? 8he %asic Q" OS intended for home users
%. *indo's Q" "rofessional? 8he Q" OS intended for %usiness users
c. *indo's Q" Media Center 0dition? *indo's Media Center provides a large3font, remotely
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accessi%le interface #S1=3foot user interfaceS+ for television vie'ing on the computer as 'ell as
recording and play%ac-, a 8A guide, 7A7 play%ac-, video play%ac-, photo vie'ing, and music
play%ac-.
d. *indo's Q" 8a%le "C? 8his edition is intended for specially3designed note%oo-(laptop
computers called ta%let "Cs. *indo's Q" 8a%let "C 0dition is compati%le 'ith a pen3sensitive
screen, supporting hand'ritten notes and portrait3oriented screens.
. @oot process #D/+ in *indo's Q" des- top %ring up the follo'ing options?
a. Safe Mode? 8his option uses a minimal set of device drivers and services to start *indo's.
8he drivers loaded 'ith Safe Mode include mouse, monitor, -ey%oard, hard drive, and standard
video driver.
%. Safe Mode 'ith <et'or-ing? 8his option uses a minimal set of device drivers and services to
start *indo's together 'ith the drivers that you must have to load net'or-ing.
c. Safe Mode 'ith Command "rompt? 8his option is the same as Safe mode, e1cept that
Cmd.e1e starts instead of *indo's 01plorer.
d. 0na%le AG4 Mode? 8his option starts *indo's in ,= 1 /= mode %y using the current video
driver #not Aga.sys+. 8his mode is useful if the display is configured for a setting that the
monitor cannot display.
Note: Safe mode and Safe mode with Networking load the Vga.sys driver instead.
e. Gast Ono'n Good Configuration? 8his option starts *indo's %y using the previous good
configuration.
f. 7irectory Service 9estore Mode? 8his mode is valid only for *indo's3%ased domain
controllers. 8his mode performs a directory service repair.
g. 7e%ugging Mode? 8his option turns on de%ug mode in *indo's. 7e%ugging information can
%e sent across a serial ca%le to another computer that is running a de%ugger. 8his mode is
configured to use COM2.
h. 0na%le @oot Gogging? 8his option turns on logging 'hen the computer is started 'ith any of
the Safe @oot options e1cept Gast Ono'n Good Configuration. 8he @oot Gogging te1t is
recorded in the <t%tlog.t1t file in the ESystem9ootE folder.
i. Starts *indo's <ormally? 8his option starts *indo's in its normal mode.
R. 9e%oot? 8his option restarts the computer.
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-. 9eturn to OS Choices Menu? On a computer that is configured to starting to more than one
operating system, this option returns to the @oot menu.
!. Bou can configure support for multiple displays on your *indo's Q" computer. 8his is done through
the use of Control "anel 3C 7isplay 3C Settings. 4 *indo's Q" computer can support up to ten display
monitors at the same time. :se additional video cards as required.
,. 8he 7evice Manager #5t can %e accessed using 4dd(9emove 6ard'are in Q"+ lists all the hard'are
devices installed on your system. Bou can also update any e1isting drivers, as 'ell as change the
hard'are settings. Bou use 4dd(9emove 6ard'are to install ne' hard'are. 4ccessi%ility options are
primarily used to configure the -ey%oard, display, and mouse options on a computer to accommodate
the users 'ho are physically handicapped. 8he 4dd( 9emove "rograms is used to install(uninstall 3rd
party soft'are. 8his is also used for installing(uninstalling *indo's Q" optional components.
.. Deatures supported %y Q"
a. On reada%le('rita%le dis-s, Microsoft *indo's Q" "rofessional supports the <8DS file
system and three file allocation ta%le #D48+ file systems? D4812, D481,, and D4832. On
C79OM and 7A7 media, *indo's Q" "rofessional supports t'o file systems? Compact 7isc
Dile System #C7DS+ and :niversal 7is- Dormat #:7D+.
%. *hile installing Q", if you have a standard des-top "C that uses integrated drive electronics
#570+ dis- drives, then these 'ill %e detected during setup. 5f, ho'ever, you use SCS5 dis-s or
have 9edundant 4rray of 5ndependent 7is- #9457+ storage systems, you 'ill see, shortly after
the re%oot, the follo'ing line of te1t displayed at the %ottom of the screen?
&"ress D, if you need to install a third party SCS5 or 9457 driver...)
c. "ressing D, 'ill start a dialog that allo's you to configure and install the drivers for your
SCS5 or other dis- su%system controllers. 8his option is usually used on server platforms that
use large3capacity, high3speed, fault3tolerant dis- su%systems. Dor most "Cs, ho'ever, you 'onIt
need to use this option.
d. *indo's Q" advanced startup options can %e accessed %y pressing D/ -ey 'hen prompted
during the %eginning of the *indo's Q" %oot process.
e. On your *indo's Q" computer, you can use the Aie' ta% in Dolder Options applet in the
Control "anel to sho' ( hide files and folders that have &6idden) attri%ute set. Bou can also use
*indo's 01plorer 3C 8ools 3C Dolder Options 3C Aie' ta%.
f. Bou can access Computer Management screen through?
1. MyComputer on 7es- 8op 3C 9ight Clic- 3C Manage
2. Start 3C "rograms 3C 4dministrative 8ools 3C Computer Management
3. One of the frequently used resource in &Computer Management) screen is System
8ools. System tools contain the follo'ing?
1. 0vent Aie'er
2. System 5nformation
3. "erformance logs
. 7evice Manager
!. Shared folders
,. Gocal :sers and Groups
8hese are very useful tools to a system administrator.
$indo%s )ista
1.8he minimum hard'are requirements for installing Aista Operating System #6ome @asic(6ome
"remium(@usiness(:ltimate+ are given %elo'?
a. /== M6$ processor and !12 M@ of system memory
%. 2= G@ hard drive 'ith at least 1! G@ of availa%le space
c. Support for Super AG4 graphics
d. C739OM drive
2. 8he recommended hard'are requirements #for 6ome "remium(@usiness(:ltimate+ are given as?
a. 1 G6$ 323%it #1/,+ or ,3%it #1,+ processor
%. 1 G@ of system memory
c. = G@ hard drive 'ith at least 1! G@ of availa%le space
d. Support for 7irectQ 2
e. 7A79OM drive
3. Dor 6ome @asic, the recommended requirements are?
a. 1 G6$ 323%it #1/,+ or ,3%it #1,+ processor
%. !12 M@ of system memory
c. 2= G@ hard drive 'ith at least 1! G@ of availa%le space
d. Support for 7irectQ 2 graphics
e. 7A739OM drive
. Bou can upgrade to *indo's Aista :ltimate from *indo's Q" 6ome, Q" "rofessional, Q" Media
Center, and Q" 8a%let "C, *indo's 2=== "rofessional canIt %e upgraded to *indo's Aista directly.
!. Certain versions of *indo's Aista uses @itGoc-er 7rive 0ncryption. @itGoc-er 7rive 0ncryption is a
full dis- encryption feature included 'ith the :ltimate and 0nterprise editions of MicrosoftIs *indo's
Aista and *indo's . des-top operating systems.
,. 5n order for @itGoc-er to operate, the hard dis- requires at least t'o <8DS3formatted volumes? one
for the operating system #usually C?+ and another 'ith a minimum si$e of 1==M@ from 'hich the
operating system %oots. @itGoc-er requires the %oot volume to remain unencrypted, so the %oot should
not %e used to store confidential information.
.. *indo's Side%ar is a pane on the side of the Microsoft *indo's Aista des-top 'here you can -eep
your gadgets organi$ed and al'ays availa%le. Gadgets are mini programs that give you information at a
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glance and provide access to frequently used tools. *indo's Side%ar helps you to organi$e your
gadgets. 8he *indo's side%ar is also availa%le in *indo's . Operating System.
/. 8he parental controls %uilt into *indo's Aista help parents determine 'hich games their children can
play, 'hich programs they can use, and 'hich 'e%sites they can visit, and 'hen. "arents can restrict
computer use to specific times and trust that *indo's Aista 'ill enforce those restrictions, even 'hen
theyIre a'ay from home.
2. *indo's Aista introduces Sync Center, 'hich ena%les users to synchroni$e their data 'ith other
computers and devices from one common user interface. 8here are several 'ays to interact 'ith Sync
Center, one of 'hich is as a provider of synchroni$ation information. Synchroni$ation information
consists of a synchroni$ation engine, and the data that it synchroni$es.
1=. 7river Aerifier is included in *indo's ., *indo's Aista, *indo's 2===, *indo's Q", and
*indo's Server 2==3 to promote sta%ility and relia%ility. Bou can use this tool to trou%leshoot driver
issues. Bou can start the tool %y going to 9un C verifier.e1e Specifically, in the version of 7river
Aerifier included in *indo's Aista?
a. Bou can start verification of any driver 'ithout re%ooting, even if 7river Aerifier is not already
running.
%. Bou can start the verification of a driver that is already loaded.
c. Bou can activate or deactivate most 7river Aerifier options 'ithout re%ooting.
11. 8he editions %elo' support the 4ero Deature?
a. *indo's Aista 6ome "remium
%. *indo's Aista @usiness 0dition
c. *indo's Aista :ltimate 0dition
$indo%s *
1.@oth the 32 %it and , %it versions of *indo's . require minimum 1 G6$. 5f you 'ant to run
*indo's . on your "C, given %elo' are the hard'are requirements?
a. 1 Gigahert$ #G6$+ or faster 323%it #1/,+ or ,3%it #1,+ processor
%. 1 Giga%yte #G@+ 94M #323%it+ or 2 G@ 94M #,3%it+
c. 1, G@ availa%le hard dis- space #323%it+ or 2= G@ #,3%it+
d. 7irectQ 2 graphics device 'ith *77M 1.= or higher driver
2. Only , %it versions of 'indo's . can handle over G@ of 94M
3. "hysical Memory Gimits? *indo's .. 8he follo'ing ta%le specifies the limits on physical memory
for *indo's ..
Aersion Gimit on Q/, Gimit on Q,
*indo's . :ltimate G@ 122 G@
*indo's . 0nterprise G@ 122 G@
*indo's . "rofessional G@ 122 G@
*indo's . 6ome "remium G@ 1, G@
*indo's . 6ome @asic G@ / G@
*indo's . Starter 2 G@ 2 G@
. *indo's . "rofessional can %e upgraded to only *indo's . :ltimate. 8he possi%le upgrade
scenarios from one edition of 'indo's . to another edition of 'indo's . are given %elo'
Drom *indo's . 4nytime :pgrade to *indo's .
6ome @asic 6ome "remium, "rofessional, :ltimate
6ome "remium "rofessional, :ltimate
"rofessional :ltimate
Starter 6ome "remium, "rofessional, :ltimate
!. indo's Aista and *indo's . feature a user interface termed as 4ero %y Microsoft. 8his is the default
interface used %y Aista. 4ero interface is characteri$ed %y the follo'ing features?
a. .Glass3li-e translucent design
%. .7ynamic 'indo's? *hen you minimi$e a 'indo', it animates to its place on the tas-%ar, so
itIs easier to find 'hen you need it.
c. 6igh dots3per3inch #dpi+ support? *indo's 4ero supports high3resolution monitors, so you
can get a laptop or flat3screen monitor thatIs smaller in si$e %ut sho's visually richer, displaying
high3resolution, easy3to3read images.
d. Give tas-%ar thum%nails? 5n *indo's 4ero, live tas-%ar thum%nail images display the actual
contents of %oth 'indo's that are currently open and those that are minimi$ed in the tas-%ar.
*hen you rest your mouse pointer on a tile on the tas-%ar, youIll see the SliveS contents of that
'indo' 'ithout having to %ring it to the foreground.
e. Other features include *indo's Dlip 37, and smooth scrolling des-top.
,. *indo's Q" Mode for *indo's . ma-es it easy to install and run your applications for 323%it
*indo's Q" directly from your *indo's . 323%it or ,3%it %ased "C. 5t utili$es virtuali$ation
technology such as *indo's Airtual "C to provide a Airtual *indo's Q" environment for *indo's ..
*indo's Q" Mode provides only *indo's . "rofessional, :ltimate, or 0nterprise users the fle1i%ility
to run many older productivity applications in a virtual *indo's Q" environment on a *indo's .3
%ased "C.
.. 4ero des-top is availa%le in the
a. *indo's . 6ome "remium,
%. *indo's . "rofessional,
c. *indo's . :ltimate, and
d. *indo's . 0nterprise
,. Bou can use 9egion and Ganguage to support additional languages on your *indo's . computer.
*ith the support of additional languages, you 'ill %e a%le to edit documents 'ritten in those languages.
Bou can also set locale specific to any region using this Option.
.. *hen you upgrade to *indo's ., you need to ensure that you have soft'are upgrade pac-s
availa%le. 5t is very much possi%le that an application that 'as 'or-ing properly may not 'or- the same
'ay after the upgrade of OS. Bou need to contact the vendor for upgrade pac- for any application#s+
you are using. 5f the upgrade pac-s are not availa%le, and the application is critical, you may need to
reconsider the upgradation of OS.
1.2 +iven a scenario, install, and confi!ure the operatin! s#stem usin! the most appropriate
method
1. <8DS
a. 5f you encrypt a folder on an <8DS volume, all files and su%folder created the encrypted
folder are automatically encrypted. 8herefore, it is recommended that you use encryption at the
parent folder level. 4lso note that you canHt encrypt a file or folder that is compressed. 5f you
'ant to encrypt a file or folder that is compressed, you need to first decompress the file or folder
and then encrypt. Only <8DS volumes support file or folder encryption.
%. <8DS ! supports file encryption, 'here as <8DS doesnIt. Bou can upgrade <8DS to <8DS
! on *indo's <8 .= computer %y installing Service "ac- or later.
c. Microsoft 5nternet 01plorer and *indo's 01plorer can %e used for assigning Share and <8DS
d. 7is- quotas can only %e used on <8DS volumes. 8his is %ecause only <8DS volumes
maintain o'nership information on files and folders. *indo's 01plorer can %e used to
configure and monitor dis- quotas.
2. 4 hard dis- can have one "rimary partition and one 01tended partition. 4n 01tended partition can %e
divided into one or more logical partitions. 4fter partitioning the hard dis-, each partition need to %e
formatted.
3. *hen you have t'o hard dis- drives, the follo'ing t'o com%inations are possi%le?
a. 5nstall the drives one each on primary and secondary controllers and designate %oth as
Masters.
%. 5nstall %oth the drives on the primary controller and designate one as Master and the other as
Slave.
3. 5f you are una%le to use a :S@ device, it is li-ely that the :S@ is not ena%led in the @5OS. 8his is
the first thing to %e chec-ed 'hile configuring :S@ port. 5f the -ey%oard is :S@ -ey%oard, and you are
una%le to enter @5OS configuration, it may need to %e replaced 'ith a conventional -ey%oard for the
purpose of changing( verifying the @5OS settings. <ote that :S@ interface need to %e ena%led in the
@5OS.
. Bou use Scanners and Cameras to install device drivers for a ne' scanner or a digital camera. Bou
can also set properties, remove a scanner or a camera using the &Scanners and Cameras) applet in the
Control "anel. Once the Camera or Scanner is installed, you can use the 5maging application to initiate
the transfer of images from your scanner or camera to your *indo's 2=== computer. Bou can access
the 5maging application through Start 3C "rograms 3C 4ccessories 3C 5maging.
!. 8raditionally, 'or-stations can have multiple operating systems installed on them %ut run only one at
a time. @y running virtuali$ation soft'are, the same 'or-station can %e running *indo' . along 'ith
*indo's Server 2==/ and 9ed 6at 0nterprise Ginu1 #or almost any other operating system+ at the same
time, allo'ing a developer to test code in various environments as 'ell as cut and paste %et'een them
'ithin a virtual machine #AM+.
,. 4 8rusted "latform Module #8"M+ is a microchip that is %uilt into a computer. 5t is used to store
cryptographic information, such as encryption -eys. 5nformation stored on the 8"M can %e more secure
from e1ternal soft'are attac-s and physical theft.
1.- +iven a scenario, use appropriate command line tools.
:sing D75SO, the follo'ing activities can %e carried out?
1. Create "artitions? Bou can create primary and e1tended partitions. 01tended partition holds
one or more #:p to 23+ logical drives.
2. Set 4ctive "artition? D75SO allo's you to mar- the primary partition as active partition.
3. 7elete "artition? Bou can delete a partition %y using D75SO
. 7isplay "artition 5nformation.
D75SO can %e used 'ith M@9 s'itch to replace the Master @oot 9ecord 'ith a %ac-up copy.
SC4<75SO? Scan7is- is a utility program that 'as added to 7OS Aersion ,.=. SC4<75SO is a %etter
compared to C6O7SO. SC4<75SO can fi1 errors on data storage devices such as hard dis-s, floppy
dis-s, 94M drives etc, and 7ou%leSpace compressed drives. 5t analy$es and repairs damage to the
follo'ing?
1. "hysical clusters
2. Dile allocation ta%le #D48+
3. Gost clusters
. Cross3lin-ed files
!. 7irectory tree
,. MS37OS @oot sector
.. 7@GS"4C0 volume header, file structure, compression structure.
C6O7SO #Chec- 7is-+? C6O7SO command, one of 7OS commands, e1amines your hard drive for
error conditions and reports the total si$e of the dis-, ho' many files are stored there, and the space
remaining. C6O7SO also reports the total amount of conventional memory in your system and the
amount of conventional memory availa%le. <ote that C6O7SO canIt report e1tended memory.
7D94G? 8he 7D94G.0Q0 is included 'ith 7OS,.= and later. 70D94G utility arranges the clusters of
data on the hard drive to achieve %etter performance %y placing all of the clusters for a given file
together in a contiguous order. 70D94G does not do any repair on your dis-, and errors, if any 'ill
remain on the dis-.
@4CO:"? 7OS has a %ac-up utility since version 2.=.
8he command Sformat a? (sS can %e used to format the floppy dis- in drive 4, and at the same time
ma-e it %oota%le.
8o ma-e floppy in drive 4 %oota%le, the command SBS 4? should %e given.
5O.SBS
1. 5t does? Goads %asics 5nput( Output routines for the processor
2. 7efault 4ttri%utes? 6idden ( System( 9ead Only 3. 5s it required for OS Start up? B0S
MS7OS.SBS
1. 5t does? 7efines System Dile locations
2. 7efault 4ttri%utes? 6idden ( System( 9ead Only
3. 5s it required for OS Start up? B0S
8o stop a single process on a *indo's . 'or-station from the command line
Bou have to run the Command "rompt as 4dministrator. 8o do this Rust right clic- command prompt
from S4ll "rograms C 4ccessories C Command "romptS then select S9un as 4dministratorS on the pop3
up menu.
On the Command "rompt, perform the follo'ing.
1. 8ype Stas- listS and press enter. 5t 'ill sho' you a list of all the running processes.
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2. <o' you can 0nd any particular process %y e1ecuting the S8as- -illS command. Dor 01ample, to -ill
Chrome Rust type.
01ample?
8as- -ill (5M chrome.e1e (D
*here?
(5M 3 Oill %y 5mage <ame
(D 3 Oill the process forcefully.
Of course, you can also do this using 8as- Manager 'ithout going to the command prompt.
Bou can have S9ecovery ConsoleS as a start up option %y typing Mi3/,M'innt32.e1e (cmdcons at the
command prompt, after s'itching to the C7 9OM drive letter. 8o install the 9ecovery Console, follo'
these steps?
1. 5nsert the *indo's Q" C7 into the C739OM drive.
2. Clic- Start, and then clic- 9un.
3. 5n the Open %o1, type d?Mi3/,M'innt32.e1e (cmdcons 'here d is the drive letter for the C73
9OM drive. 5n the case of IMicrosoft *indo's Q" "rofessional 1, 0dition, type
d?Mamd,M'innt32.e1e (cmdcons 'here d is the drive letter for the C739OM drive.
. 4 *indo's Setup 7ialog @o1 appears. 8he *indo's Setup 7ialog @o1 descri%es the
9ecovery Console option. 8o confirm the installation, clic- Bes.
!. 9estart the computer. 8he ne1t time that you start your computer, SMicrosoft *indo's
9ecovery ConsoleS appears on the startup menu.
1.. +iven a scenario, use appropriate operatin! s#stem features and tools.
1. MSCO<D5G, short for SMicrosoft System Configuration :tilityS is designed to help you trou%leshoot
pro%lems 'ith your computer, MSCO<D5G can also %e used to ensure that your computer %oots faster.
0very time you %oot your computer a lot of ShiddenS programs load in the %ac-ground. Some of these
hidden programs are essential, %ut most arenIt. 8urning off some of these hidden programs #or services+
can significantly increase your computerIs performance and relia%ility.
2. 8he 7evice Manager provides the status of the devices installed in the system. 8he 7evice Manager
lists all the hard'are devices installed on your system. Bou can also update any e1isting drivers, as 'ell
as change the hard'are settings. Bou use 4dd( 9emove 6ard'are to install ne' hard'are. 4ccessi%ility
options is primarily used to configure the -ey%oard, display, and mouse options on a computer to
accommodate the users 'ho are physically handicapped. 8he 4dd( 9emove "rograms is used to install (
uninstall 3rd party soft'are. 8his is also used for installing ( uninstalling *indo's 2=== optional
components. 8o connect a :S@ device,
a. 8he computer supports :S@.
%. 8he :S@ should %e ena%led in the @5OS,
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5f %oth the a%ove conditions are met, :S@ Controller is listed in the 7evice Manager. 5f itHs not listed in
the 7evice Manager, you can suspect that the :S@ 'as not ena%led in the @5OS.
3. :S@ devices are hot plugga%le. 8here is no need to re%oot the computer. 5f the drive files for the :S@
device is availa%le already 'ith the operating system, the system 'ill automatically load the drivers for
the device. Other'ise, the driver files need to %e provided separately.
. Bou can access Computer Management screen through?
a. MyComputer on 7es- 8op 3C 9ight Clic- 3C Manage
%. Start 3C "rograms 3C 4dministrative 8ools 3C Computer Management
One of the frequently used resource in &Computer Management) screen is System 8ools. System tools
contain the follo'ing?
a. 0vent Aie'er
%. System 5nformation
c. "erformance logs
d. 7evice Manager
e. Shared folders
f. Gocal :sers and Groups
8hese are very useful tools to a system administrator.
!. Bou can access 8as- Manager %y pressing P4ltC PCtrlC P7elC. 8he applications ta% lists all the
applications that are currently running on the computer. 8he current status of the application is also
displayed as either &9unning) or &not responding) or &stopped).
,. Bou can ena%le memory dump to a file 'hen your system is a%out to crash due to Stop 0rror #such as
@lue Screen+8he follo'ing types of memory dumps are availa%le 'ith *indo's Q"(2===?
a. Complete memory dump
%. Oernel memory dump
c. Small memory dump #, O@+
.. Bou can start the Diles and Settings 8ransfer *i$ard %y clic-ing Start on the computer running
*indo's Q", pointing to 4ll "rograms, 4ccessories, System 8ools, and then clic-ing Diles and Settings
8ransfer *i$ard.
/. 8he System "reparation #Sysprep+ tool prepares an installation of *indo'sT for duplication,
auditing, and customer delivery. 7uplication, also called imaging, ena%les you to capture a customi$ed
*indo's image that you can reuse throughout an organi$ation. 4udit mode ena%les you to add
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additional device drivers or applications to a *indo's installation. 4fter you install the additional
drivers and applications, you can test the integrity of the *indo's installation. Sysprep also ena%les you
to prepare an image to %e delivered to a customer. *hen the customer %oots *indo's, *indo's
*elcome starts.
2. *indo's "erformance Monitor is a Microsoft Management Console #MMC+ snap3in that com%ines
the functionality of previous stand3alone tools including "erformance Gogs and 4lerts, Server
"erformance 4dvisor, and System Monitor. 5t provides a graphical interface for customi$ing 7ata
Collector Sets and 0vent 8race Sessions. *indo's "erformance Monitor ena%les you to trac- the
performance impact of applications and services, and to generate alerts or ta-e action 'hen user3defined
thresholds for optimum performance are e1ceeded.
1=. 4l'ays <otify option in :ser 4ccount Control, 'hich is the selection at the top of the slider and is
identical to the default mode in *indo's Aista. 5t 'ill sho' the user any changes to the computer either
%y a program or the user themselves. 4lthough the default mode 'ould notify for programs that 'anted
to change the computer settings, it 'ould not notify if the users accidentally changed something.
11. Sync Center allo's you to chec- the results of your recent sync activity if youHve set up your
computer to sync files 'ith a net'or- server #often called offline files+. *hen you sync 'ith a net'or-
server, you can access files %y -eeping synced copies of those files on your computer, even 'hen the
net'or- server is unavaila%le. Sync Center can tell you if the files synced successfully or if there are
any sync errors or 'arnings. 8o launch sync center, Rust open your control panel, then clic- sync center.
1./ +iven a scenario, use Control Panel utilities 0the items are or!ani1ed 2# 3classic vie%'lar!e
icons4 in $indo%s5
1. 8o change the account loc-out threshold to 1! minutes on *indo's . computer
a Open the Control "anel #icons vie'+, and clic- on the 4dministrative 8ools icon.
5. Close the Control "anel 'indo'.
55. 7ou%le clic- on Gocal Security "olicy to open it.
%. Bou can no' set and manage the Gocal Security "olicies on your computer to ho' you 'ant them.
Alternativel#,
8o Open Gocal Security "olicy 0ditor through Gocal Group "olicy 0ditor
a. Open the Gocal Group "olicy 0ditor.
%. :nder Computer Configuration and :ser Configuration, clic- on and e1pand *indo's
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Settings to see the Security Settings.
c. Bou can no' set and manage the Gocal Security "olicies on your computer to ho' you 'ant
them. #See screenshot a%ove+
Alternativel#,
a. Open the Start menu, and type secpol.msc in the search line and press 0nter.
N678 8his file is located at C?M*indo'sMSystem32Msecpol.msc.
2. 0vent Aie'er maintains logs a%out program, security, and system events. Bou can use 0vent Aie'er
to vie' and manage the event logs, gather information a%out hard'are and soft'are pro%lems, and
monitor *indo's 2=== security events.
8o open 0vent Aie'er, clic- IStartI, point to ISettingsI, and then clic- IControl "anelI. 7ou%le3clic-
I4dministrative 8oolsI, and then dou%le3clic- 0vent Aie'er.
3. 0vent Gog 01plorer helps you to quic-ly %ro'se, find and report on pro%lems, security 'arnings and
all other events that are generated 'ithin *indo's. Monitoring and analysis of events recorded in
Security, System, 4pplication and other logs of Microsoft *indo's <8(2===(Q"(2==3 operating
systems can %e useful in identifying and diagnosing pro%lems.
. Microsoft *indo's Q" automatic update feature ena%les a user to stay current 'ith the latest updates
for their computer. Bou can ena%le or disa%le automatic updates %y going to Sautomatic updatesS ta% of
System applet of Control "anel.
!. Microsoft *indo's Q" comes pre3installed 'ith a soft'are fire'all utility although %y default this
feature is not ena%led.
0na%ling the *indo's Q" fire'all?
a. Clic- Start, Settings, Control "anel and open <et'or- Connections.
%. *ithin the <et'or- Connections 'indo' right clic- the Gocal 4rea Connection and select
properties.
c. *ithin the Gocal 4rea Connection "roperties 'indo' clic- the 4dvanced ta%.
d. Dinally, chec- the "rotect my computer and net'or- %y limiting or preventing access to this
computer from the 5nternet option.
,. 8he default spool folder is located at? SystemrootMSystem32MspoolMprinters. Dor e1ample, if the OS is
residing on C drive, the default location 'ill %e? &C?MM*5<<8MSystem32MspoolMprinters).
Bou can access this location through?
Start 3C "rinters 3C Dile 3C Server "roperties 3C 4dvanced ta%. 8ype in the ne' spool location over the
default location.
.. Bou can use 4dd( 9emove applet in the Control "anel to add or remove a program.
1.9 "etup and confi!ure $indo%s net%or:in! on a client'des:top
1. Dor accessing the 5nternet using static 5" addressing, you need to configure the 5" address, su%net
mas-, default gate'ay #if required %y the 5S"+, and 7<S server information.
2. 5"CO<D5G gives the current 5" address assigned to the computer.
3. 8he default su%net mas-s for various classes of 5" address are given %elo'?
Class 4? 2!!.=.=.=
Class @? 2!!.2!!.=.=
Class C? 2!!.2!!.2!!.=
.Bou can ping the loop %ac- address at 12..=.=.1. 4 response ensures that the 8C"(5" stact is installed
properly on your computer.
!. Bou can use %oth "ing Gocalhost and "ing 12..=.=.1 to see 'hether the 8C"(5" stac- is installed
properly. 5pconfig is used to o%tain the 8C"(5" configuration information, such as the 5" address, su%net
mas-, default gate'ay etc. on the local computer.
,. 9emote 7es-top Connection #97C, also called 9emote 7es-top, formerly -no'n as Microsoft
8erminal Services Client, or mstsc+ is the client application for 9emote 7es-top Services. 5t allo's a
user to remotely log in to a net'or-ed computer running the terminal services server. 97C presents the
des-top interface #or application G:5+ of the remote system, as if it 'as accessed locally.
1.* Perform preventive maintenance procedures usin! appropriate tools
1. 8o schedule 4utomatic :pdates on *indo's Q"?
1. Clic- Start, clic- Control "anel, and then dou%le3clic- System.
2. On the 4utomatic :pdates ta%, clic- 4utomatically do'nload the updates, and install them on
the schedule that 5 specify.
3. Clic- to select the day and time that you 'ant to do'nload and install updates.
2. 5n *indo's 2===, to configure 4utomatic :pdates, do the follo'ing?
1. Clic- Start, clic- Control "anel, and then dou%le3clic- 4utomatic :pdates.
2. Clic- 4utomatically do'nload the updates, and install them on the schedule that 5 specify.
3. Clic- to select the day and time that you 'ant to do'nload and install updates.
1.8 7;plain the differences amon! 2asic " securit# settin!s
2. Microsoft 5nternet 01plorer and *indo's 01plorer can %e used for assigning Share and <8DS
2. On a stand3alone computer or a computer that is a mem%er of a 'or-group, a user account esta%lishes
the privileges assigned to each user. 8he three user accounts availa%le are? 4dministrator, Gimited, and
Guest. 8he important features of these accounts are as given %elo'?
3. 4dministrator account?
3 Can create and delete user accounts on the computer.
3 Can change other usersI account names, pass'ords, and account types.
. Gimited account?
3 Generally cannot install soft'are or hard'are, %ut can access programs that have already %een
installed on the computer.
3 Can create, change, or delete his or her pass'ord.
3 Cannot change his or her account name or account type. 4 user 'ith a computer administrator
account must ma-e these -inds of changes.
3 Can manage his or her net'or- pass'ords, create a reset pass'ord dis-, and set up his or her
account to use a .<08 "assport.
!. Guest account?
3 Cannot install soft'are or hard'are, %ut can access applications that have already %een
installed on the computer.
3 Cannot change the guest account type.
,. Standard user account
3 lets a person use most of the capa%ilities of the computer, %ut permission from an administrator
is required if you 'ant to ma-e changes that affect other users or the security of the computer.
3 *hen you use a standard account, you can use most programs that are installed on the
computer, %ut you canIt install or uninstall soft'are and hard'are, delete files that are required
for the computer to 'or-, or change settings on the computer that affect other users.
3 5f youIre using a standard account, some programs might require you to provide an
administrator pass'ord %efore you can perform certain tas-s.
.. *indo's Aista 6ome @asic, Aista 6ome "remium, and Aista Starter provide only limited support for
0DS #0ncrypted Dile System+, 'hereas Aista @usiness, and Aista :ltimate provide full support for 0DS.
:pgrade to *indo's Aista :ltimate. Bou can upgrade to *indo's Aista :ltimate from *indo's Q"
6ome, Q" "rofessional, Q" Media Center, and Q" 8a%let "C, *indo's 2=== "rofessional canIt %e
upgraded to *indo's Aista directly.
1.< 7;plain the 2asics of client-side visuali1ation
Airtuali$ation has %ecome very popular %ecause of its main t'o advantages the performance and cost
saving. Airtuali$ation can %e implemented through open source li-e Qen and Airtual@o1 as 'ell as
proprietary solutions li-e AM'are. 5t allo's you to ma-e one physical device appear as a num%er of
standalone entities to users. 4 virtual des-top is often referred as A75#Airtual 7es-top 5nterface+ it
refers to soft'are and hard'are needed to create virtual environment. Microsoft Airtual "C 2==. is
availa%le for *indo's Q" and Aista and *indo's Airtual "C is availa%le for *indo's ..
Purpose of )irtual Machines
4 'or-station can have multiple operating systems installed on it %ut can run only one OS at a time %ut
%y running virtuali$ation soft'are same 'or-station can run *indo's server along 'ith 'indo's . and
Ginu1 or any other operating system at the same time. 8his 'ill allo' a developer to test a code on
various environments at the same time and he can also move code from one operating system to another
'ith %asic copy paste.
0ach virtual des-top 'ill typically need full net'or- access. Configuring permissions for each virtual
des-top can %e tric-y for administrator. 9emote administration often uses virtual des-top to 'or- on a
'or-station 'ithout -no'ledge of user sitting on the 'or-station.
=esource requirements
8he hard'are on the machine must have enough memory, hard drive space and processor capa%ility to
support virtuali$ation. 4lso soft'are is needed to ma-e virtuali$ation possi%le these requirements are
%ased on the type of environment you are creating.
7mulator requirements
*indo' Q" has a free emulator from Microsoft that you can do'nload and use as a virtual emulator. 5n
most cases, the mother%oard and associated @5OS settings need no alteration to provide service to these
virtual machines. Some of the ne'er virtuali$ation products li-e MicrosoftHs 6yper3A and *indo's .
Airtual "C require that the mother%oard support hard'are3assisted virtuali$ation. 8he advantage of
using hard'are3assisted virtuali$ation is it allo's the 6ypervisor #the virtuali$ation product+ to
dynamically allocate memory and C": to virtual machines as required.
"ecurit# =equirements
Security for virtuali$ation is important %ecause if some%ody gains access to the host, they effectively
'ould gain access to at least parts of all those different operating systems. 4nd if you have a failure of
the hard'are of that host, then of course all of those other operating systems are not going to 'or-
either.
Main security threat in virtuali$ation is to the hypervisor. 8he AM escaping is a ne' type of security
concern. @ecause if you can gain access to those virtual machines and then even gain access from one
virtual machine to the other through the hypervisor, thatHs a significant security hole. 8he %ad guys are
trying to create mal'are and find 'ays to get around and move around that operating system or multiple
operating systems much easier than 'hat they can do today. 5f they can ta-e advantage of the
hypervisor, that gives them a very, very useful channel. @oth physical and digital security methods are
used to ensure security in virtuali$ation
Net%or: =equirements
*hile it is possi%le to do des-top virtuali$ation on a computer 'ithout an internet connection there are
several reasons for 'hich having internet connection is an advantage. Dirst hypervisors can %e o%tained
from internet, and updates to hypervisors, host operating system, guest operating system are easily
availa%le on internet. Durthermore, if you create a virtual machine to test an operating system or other
soft'are for use in a normal environment, then you certainly should include testing ho' it 'or-s on a
net'or-. 8herefore, the hypervisors 'e use simulate a net'or- card 'ithin each virtual machine, as
'ell as a net'or- on the host, so that multiple virtual machines can communicate 'ith each other and
the underlying host. 8hen, through a virtual connection to the host computerHs physical net'or- adapter,
each AM has access to an e1ternal net'or-, and through that to the 5nternet, if availa%le. Of course, you
can turn off these and other features for a AM, if you desire.
&#pervisor
8o do des-top or server virtuali$ation, you first need a hypervisor. 4 hypervisor, also called a virtual
machine monitor #AMM+, is the soft'are that creates a virtual machine, providing access to the
necessary hard'are on the host machine in isolation from other virtual machines and the host operating
system, if present. 8his allo's multiple operating systems to run simultaneously on a single physical
computer, such as a net'or- server or des-top computer. 4 hypervisor must create a virtual C":
compati%le 'ith that of the underlying machineUmainly either an 5ntel or an 4M7 C":. 8his means
that the installed OS must %e capa%le of installing directly on the underlying computer. 4lso, todayHs
hypervisors require, or at least 'or- %est on, computers 'ith 6ard'are34ssisted Airtuali$ation #64A+
features, either 5ntel Airtuali$ation 8echnology for 1/, #5ntel A831+ or 4M7 Airtuali$ation #4M73A+.
64A supports and improves the performance of virtual machines on the host. @oth 5ntel and 4M7
C":s have supported 64A since 2==,.
2. Security
2.1 Appl# and use common prevention methods
1. 0ach Airtual Machine is li-e a separate platform, and the host "C is transparent to the end user. 5f the
AM is infected 'ith virus the end user may treat the virus same as in a normal "C. 8here is no need to
shut do'n the host operating system.
2.2 Compare and contrast common securit# threats
1. Soft'are is considered mal'are #malicious soft'are+ %ased on ho' the soft'are is intended to %e
used. Mal'are includes computer viruses, 'orms, 8roRan horses, spy'are, dishonest ad'are, and other
malicious and un'anted soft'are
a. 4 %oot sector virus stays resident %y infecting the %oot sector of the computer
%. 4 Master %oot record #M@9+ virus infect the first physical sector of all affected dis-s
c. Dile viruses either replace or attach themselves to e1ecuta%le files, and most commonly found
virus.
d. Macro virus attaches itself to documents in the form of macros.
e. Memory viruses are viruses that e1ecute and stay resident in memory. 8roRan 6orse is an
e1ample of memory virus. 4 8roRan is not a virus. 8he principal variation %et'een a 8roRan
horse, or 8roRan, and a virus is that 8roRans donHt spread themselves. 8roRan horses disguise
themselves as valua%le and useful soft'are availa%le for do'nload on the internet. 8roRan may
'or- as a client soft'are on your computer communicating 'ith the 8roRan server over the
5nternet.
f. 4 %ro'ser hiRac-er is a form of mal'are, spy'are or virus that replaces the e1isting internet
%ro'ser home page, error page, or search page 'ith its o'n.V1W 8hese are generally used to force
hits to a particular 'e%site.
2. 4nti3virus update files are traditionally called as &7efinitions).
3. "ossi%le reasons for slo' running of a computer may include insufficient memory, viruses and 8roRan
horses, too many 8S9s #8erminate and Stay 9esident+ running at the same time, etc. 0nsure that your
computer has sufficient memory, hard dis- space, and anti3virus soft'are installed #particularly if
connected to the 5nternet+.
2.- >mplement securit# 2est practices to secure a %or:station
1. 0ncrypting Dile System #0DS+ -eeps your documents safe from intruders 'ho might gain
unauthori$ed physical access to your sensitive stored data %y stealing your laptop or Jip dis-, or %y
other means.
2. 4nti3virus soft'are, and Spy'are soft'are can %e used to clear malicious programs from a computer.
4lso, note that you need to install up3to3date Service "ac-s, and patches.
3. <ever store pass'ords in plain te1t files.
. <ever 'rite do'n the username and pass'ords on a paper if done so destroy it after memori$ing it.
2.. +iven a scenario, use the appropriate data destruction'disposal method
1. @atteries contain environmentally ha$ardous chemicals and therefore, should not %e disposed through
dust %it. 4l'ays refer to the manufacturerIs instructions or the relevant State guidelines. 8he same is
true 'hen you are disposing chemical solvents.
2. MS7S stands for Material Safety 7ata Sheet. 5t is :S state department document that contain
information on any su%stance that is ha$ardous, and proper use ( disposal.
3. <ic-el Cadmium %attery is not environmentally friendly and not as efficient as <ic-el(Metal hydride
or Githium 5on. <ic-el(Metal hydride, though environmentally friendly, not as efficient as Githium 5on.
Githium 5on %attery is environmentally friendly and very efficient.
. 8o get rid of the old computers proper options are?
a. 7onate to a charity
%. 9ecycle it %y giving it to a recycle center
c. Give it to a training school in the neigh%orhood
2./ +iven a scenario, secure a "& %ireless net%or:
1. M4C limiting the M4C addresses that can access the 'ireless net'or-, you can prevent
unauthori$ed computers from accessing your 'ireless net'or-. <ote that each M4C address is unique,
and hence M4C address filtering can effectively prevent unauthori$ed computer access.
2. M4C Diltering #or layer 2 address filtering+ refers to a security access control method 'here%y the
/3%it address #also called M4C address+ assigned to each net'or- card is used to determine access to
the net'or-. M4C addresses are uniquely assigned to each card, so using M4C filtering on a net'or-
permits and denies net'or- access to specific devices through the use of %lac-lists and 'hitelists.
3. *0", short for *ireless 0quivalent "rotection, is a security protocol designed to provide protection
equivalent to 'ired G4<s. *"4 is an improved security protocol compared to *0".
. *i3Di "rotected 4ccess #*"4+ and *i3Di "rotected 4ccess 55 #*"42+ are t'o security protocols and
security certification programs developed %y the *i3Di 4lliance to secure 'ireless computer net'or-s.
0na%ling SS57 %roadcast 'ill only annount the net'or- to neigh%orhood devices, thus lessening the
security of the net'or-.
2.9 +iven a scenario, secure a "& %ired net%or:
1. 5f a net'or-ed computer is infected 'ith $ero day viruses then 8raditionally, antivirus soft'are relies
upon signatures to identify mal'are. 8his can %e very effective, %ut cannot defend against mal'are
unless samples have already %een o%tained, signatures generated and updates distri%uted to users.
@ecause of this, signature3%ased approaches are not effective against $ero3day viruses.
2. 4 $ero3day #or $ero3hour or day $ero+ attac- or threat is an attac- that e1ploits a previously un-no'n
vulnera%ility in a computer application, meaning that the attac- occurs on Sday $eroS of a'areness of
the vulnera%ility.8his means that the developers have had $ero days to address and patch the
vulnera%ility.
3. Mobile Devices
-.1 7;plain the 2asic features of mo2ile operatin! s#stems
1. 4dvanced Configuration and "o'er 5nterface #4C"5+ specification provides an open standard for
device configuration and po'er management %y the operating system.
2. 8he specification is central to Operating System3directed configuration and "o'er Management
#OS"M+, a system implementing 4C"5, 'hich removes device management responsi%ilities from legacy
firm'are interfaces.
3. 8he 4dvanced 6ost Controller 5nterface #46C5+ is a technical standard defined %y 5ntel that specifies
the operation of Serial 484 #S484+ host %us adapters in a non3implementation3specific manner.
!. iOS ! offers untethered updates.
,. Bou can see the 5" address of an iOS device %y going to Settings C General C <et'or- C *i3Di C
SS57 <ame C 5" address
.. i8unes is a media player and media li%rary application developed %y 4pple 5nc. 5t is used to play,
do'nload, and organi$e digital audio and video on personal computers running the OS Q operating
system and the iOS3%ased i"od, i"hone, and i"ad devices, 'ith editions also released for Microsoft
*indo's.
/. iCloud is a cloud storage and cloud computing service from 4pple 5nc. 8he service allo's users to
store data such as music and iOS applications on remote computer servers for do'nload to multiple
devices such as iOS3%ased devices running iOS ! or later, and personal computers running OS Q 1=...2
SGionS or later, or Microsoft *indo's #*indo's Aista service pac- 2 or later+.
2. Gyroscope ena%les re3alignment of screen orientation as the user turns his phone.
1=. 8he Glo%al "ositioning System #G"S+ is a space3%ased satellite navigation system that provides
location and time information in all 'eather conditions, any'here on or near the 0arth 'here there is an
uno%structed line of sight to four or more G"S satellites. Most smart phones have G"S %uilt in to the
soft'are.
-.2 7sta2lish 2asic net%or: connectivit# and confi!ure email
1. @luetooth is 'idely used for communication %et'een smart phones and other accessories or %et'een
"74s and information -ios-s. 8he typical coverage for @luetooth devices is up to 3= feet.@luetooth
devices, 'hen in discovera%le mode, are a%le to %e seen # discovered + %y other %luetooth devices. 5f
t'o phones connect, the phone that is trying to esta%lish the initial connection, must %e loo-ing for a
phone that is Sdiscovera%leS other'ise it 'ill not see it. Once the connection is saved, discovera%le
mode is no longer necessary, as the phones already -no' each other. 8his is only necessary during an
initial lin-.
2. 8he *ireless function -ey typically turns on ( off the 'ireless radio. 5f you inadvertantly press the
function -ey, it is possi%le that you are not a%le to access the 5nternet, if using *iDi.
3. Bou need to -no' your domain name #e.g. e1ample.com.au+, email address #e.g.
yournameXe1ample.com.au+ and email account pass'ord. Bou also need to -no' the "O" or 5M4"
server name.
-.- Compare and contrast methods for securin! mo2ile devices
1. 4 ca%le loc- is the most ine1pensive solution to secure a laptop from theft. 4 ca%le loc- Rust 'or-s
the same 'ay a %icycle loc- 'or-s. 5t physically secures the laptop to a ta%le or any other solid o%Rect
that cannot %e moved easily.
2. Setting passcodes on mo%ile devices is the most %asic security requirement for any mo%ile device to
%e allo'ed into a 'or- environment. "asscodes require the user to enter a passphrase to unloc- the
device. 7evices can also %e configured to loc- automatically after a configura%le timeout period.
#8ypically, five minutes is ideal.+
3. "rivacy screen or a privacy guard protects the sensitive information on your screen 'hile also
protecting the screen itself from scratches and damage. 5t is useful 'hen travelling or in pu%lic place in
preventing prying eyes from seeing 'hatYs on your laptop screen. 4nd itYs thin enough that it still
allo's your laptop to close and latch.
. 4 remote 'ipe removes all device3%ased data li-e mail, calendar, and contacts from the device, %ut it
may not delete data stored on the deviceIs S7 card. :se this feature 'hen a device is lost or stolen to
erase all data on the device and reset the device.
-.. Compare and contrast hard%are differences in re!ards to ta2lets and laptops
1. GC7 screens require a %ac-light system to operate, there are t'o %ac-light systems in use today
a. CCDG 3 Cold Cathode Dluorescent Gight, is an older %ac-light method, 'hich utili$es a
daylight specter fluorescent tu%e and an inverter 'hich po'ers it.
%. G07 3 is a %ac-lighting system 'hich does not use an inverter, and instead of a fluorescent
tu%e it uses a strip of G07s #Gight 0mitting 7iodes+.
So in essence there t'o types of laptop screens? GC73CCDG and GC73G07? these screens are <O8
5<809C64<G04@G0.
2. OG07s do not require %ac-lighting li-e GC7s. GC7s 'or- %y selectively %loc-ing areas of the
%ac-light to ma-e the images that you see, 'hile OG07s generate light themselves. @ecause OG07s do
not require %ac-lighting, they consume much less po'er than GC7s
3. <ote that the e1ternal display is 'or-ing properly and the pro%lem is only 'ith the internal laptop
display. 8he most li-ely pro%lem is 'ith the inverter 'hich po'ers the GC7 display. Some times, an
outline of an image can %e vie'ed on a laptop screen, %ut it is very dim and the screen appears almost
%lac-. Such pro%lems are almost al'ays due to %ad inverter and GC7.
. 4ccelerometer measures acceleration #change of velocity+ in a given direction. Mo%ile devices use
accelerometer for screen orientation. 0very modern Smartphone can change the orientation of the
display %ased on the phoneIs rotation than-s to its accelerometer. 8raditional accelerometers use a
Sseismic massS attached to a spring encased in some sort of housing. 4s the device moves the mass
moves on the spring and the device can measure the movement. :sing multiple units a device can
determine 'hich 'ay it turned %ased on 'hich masses move.
!. 8a%lets normally use solid state drives. SS7s are rugged and occupy less space.
-./ 7;ecute and confi!ure mo2ile device s#nchroni1ation
1. 5f a user 'ishes to access his contact from his 4ndroid phone. 0na%le contact sync %y setting up his
email account on the phone to provide the most up to date contact information on the userIs phone on a
daily %asis.
4. Troubleshooting
..1 +iven a scenario, e;plain the trou2leshootin! theor#
1. Dor effective communication, you need to spend roughly != percent of time for listening to your
customer
2. 8he customer 'as o%viously concerned 'hen he reported the matter to you. 4ppropriate action 'ould
%e to apologi$e to the customer, and assure him that it 'ould not happen again. Bou need to report this
to the manager, so that necessary action is ta-en to educate the technician that misused the office time.
3. 8he customer 'ould %e e1pecting you at the specified time. 5t is appropriate to call the customer over
phone, and inform him that you 'ould %e late. Sending an email may not %e the %est option, since the
customer may not see his(her email often. Bour colleague may not convey the message to your customer
appropriately.
. *hen attending to the computer maintenance or repair #other than the monitor+, ensure that you 'or-
in a static free environment. 4l'ays 'ear 'rist strap. Bou should not 'ear clothes(shoes that produce
static charges.
!. *hen 'or-ing on computers, use special 0S7 'rist strap. 7o not directly ground yourself 'ith a
piece of 'ire. 4n 0S7 'rist strap has %uilt3in resistor to prevent electric shoc-. :se specially designed
grounded 0S7 mats. 7o not 'ear synthetic clothing. "lace all electronic components into anti static
%ags. 4nti static %ags can %e reused. Oeep your 'or-place clean.
,. *hile doing any hard'are up gradation on a laptop #such as adding more memory, etc+, remem%er to
remove the %attery in addition to unplugging of 4C mains.
.. Bou need to ta-e the customer in to confidence, and apologi$e to him(her for having lost some
important files(folders.
/. Bou should not give a'ay your login information to any%ody over email. :sually, such emails are not
genuine, and intended for malicious use.
..2 +iven a scenario, trou2leshoot common pro2lems related to mother2oards, =AM, CP? and
po%er %ith appropriate tools
1. On a personal computer, the general errors and the corresponding failures are sho'n %elo'?
1==3122 ? System %oard failures
2==3222 ? Memory failures
3==3322 ? Oey %oard failures
==322 ? Monochrome video pro%lems
!==3!22 ? Color video pro%lems
,==3,22 ? Dloppy dis- errors
1.==31.22? 6ard dis- pro%lems.
2. Some of the frequently encountered error codes and their corresponding error messages on a "C are
given %elo'?
0rror Code33330rror Message
1,1 3 CMOS %attery failure? 9eplace the CMOS %attery
1, 3 Memory si$e error ? 5f the error occurs after memory upgrade, run S08:" program.
2=1 3 Memory test failed ? 94M chips failed, one or more may need to %e replace.
3=1 3 Oey%oard error? Bou may have to chec- the -ey %oard
3. 8he 59F num%ers and relevant Standard 7evice 4ssignment are given %elo'. 5t is important to
memori$e these values %efore going to the e1am, as there 'ould %e !31= questions on 59Fs, and
conflicts.
59F3333Standard 7evice 4ssignment
=3System timer
13Oey%oard
23Cascade to 59F2. CanIt %e used.
33COM ports 2 and
3COM ports 1 and 3
!3"arallel "ort G"82. Aery often used for sound cards.
,3Dloppy drive controller
.3"arallel "ort, G"81
/39eal time cloc-
23:nassigned #4lso redirected from 59F2+
1=34vaila%le
1134vaila%le. SCS5 adapter 'ill usually use this 59F.
123Mouse or touch pads
133Math co3processor.
13"rimary hard3dis- 570 controller
1!3Secondary hard3dis- 570 controller.
. 4 toner pro%e is an electronic test instrument to help trace 'ires. One part #the tone generator+
induces a tone on a pair of 'ires, and 'ith the other you part #the tone pro%e+ you can detect the tone at
the other end to trace 'here the 'ires go. Bou can trace 'ires through 'alls using a tone pro%e, and
determine 'hich pair is carrying the signal you induced at the other end.
!. 4 ca%le tester is used to verify that all of the intended connections e1ist and that there are no
unintended connections in the ca%le %eing tested. *hen an intended connection is missing it is said to
%e SopenS. *hen an unintended connection e1ists it is said to %e a SshortS #as in short circuit+. 5f a
connection Sgoes to the 'rong placeS it is said to %e Smis'iredS #the connection has t'o faults? it is
open to the correct contact and shorted to an incorrect contact+.
,. 8he main difference %et'een a ca%le tester and a toner pro%e is that in the former, you have access to
the %oth ends of the ca%le at the same time, and you normally to Open or Short testing #to determine
right pins are connected+, and in the latter, you dont have simultaneous physical access to %oth ends of
the ca%le.
4n 48 computer 'ill have t'o interrupt controllers. 8he second interrupt controller needs to deliver the
interrupts through the primary interrupt controller. 59F2 had %een identified for this purpose on the
primary and 59F2 on the secondary interrupt controllers. 5n other 'ords, 59F2 and 59F2 are cascaded.
.. 48 style systems use t'o po'er connectors, "/ and "2 to connect to the mother%oard. 48Q systems
use only one "1 connector to connect to the mother%oard.
/. 5f you are getting a -ey%oard error, you need to do one of the follo'ing things?
a. Chec- if the -ey%oard needs to %e cleaned
%. Chec- if the -ey%oard ca%le has %ecome loose
c. Chec- if one or more of the -eys are stuc-
d. 5f required, replace the -ey%oard.
2. 8he %attery is supposed to provide %ac-up in the event of any po'er failure, typically up to 2 hours
or more.
1=. 8he %est 'ays to find 'hether a ne' hard'are is supported %y your *indo's OS is to chec- the
manufacturerHs documentation first, and then the 6ard'are Compati%ility Gist #6CG+.
11. 8he inverter %oard is responsi%le for converting lo' voltage 7C po'er to high voltage 4C,
necessary to light up the %ac-3light %ul%. 5f the inverter %oard is %ad, the GC7 screen #%ac-3light %ul%+
'ill not light up 'hen you turn on the laptop, %ut you still should %e a%le to see a very dim image on the
screen.
12. 8he most li-ely cause for e1cessive paging is insufficient Memory. 5ncrease the physical Memory
on your computer.
13. 7ate and 8ime <ot Set is the most common error that occurs 'hen the @5OS %attery is drained. Bou
need to replace the CMOS %attery.
1. 8he most li-ely cause for sporadic movement of mouse is dirt. 5f dirt has entered the mouse, clean
the dirt 'ith 5"4, or cotton 'etted in soap 'ater.
1!. 8he most li-ely pro%lem is conflicting 59Fs. Since the mouse is 'or-ing until the modem is used,
the 59F(5O address of modem may %e conflicting 'ith that of the mouse.
1,. 8he mother%oard displayed has the follo'ing e1pansion slots?
a. "C5 slots ? ! #distinguished %y 'hite color, usually the num%er of "C5 slots availa%le on a
mother%oard varies from 3 to ,+
%. 5S4 slots? 2 #distinguished %y %lac- color, longer than "C5 slots, placed ne1t to "C5 slots.+
c. 4G" slot? 1 # 8he single slot, ne1t to ! 'hite "C5 slots is 4G" slot in %ro'n color. <ote that
there 'ill %e only one 4G" slot+
1.. 8o o%tain @5OS string 57?
a. "o'er off the system
%. 0ither unplug your -ey%oard or hold do'n one of the -eys on the -ey%oard
c. "o'er3on the system and you should get a -ey%oard error
d. 8he string in the lo'er left hand corner of your computer screen represents the @5OS String
57.
1/. 5t is also possi%le to read the @5OS information %y going to the @5OS set3up of the "C %y pressing
appropriate -ey #usually 7el -ey+ during %oot up.
12.Aarious "OS8 #"o'er On Self 8est+ error codes and their description is as %elo'?
Code =1? :ndetermined pro%lem
Code =2? "o'er Supply error
Code 111? System %oard errors
Code 211? Memory #94M+ errors
Code 311? Oey%oard errors
Code ,11? 7is-ette 7rive errors
1 is any single digit integer.
2=. 8he follo'ing are true a%out %ac-up?
a. Dull %ac-up? 6ere all files that have %een chosen for %ac-up are %ac-ed up, irrespective of
'hether the archive %it is set or not set. 4rchive %it is set #O<+ after %ac-up.
%. 5ncremental %ac-up? 6ere only the files that have %een created or have changed since the
previous full or incremental %ac-up 'ill %e %ac-ed up. 8he archive %it is set after a file is %ac-ed
up.
c. 5ncremental %ac-up 'ill %ac-up files that have changed since previous full or incremental
%ac-up.
d. 7ifferential %ac-up? 6ere, the files that have changed or created since the last full %ac-up 'ill
%e %ac-ed up. <ote that, unli-e 5ncremental %ac-up, the archive %it is not set on a differential
%ac-up. 8he result of this is that the ne1t differential %ac-up 'ill include files that 'ere %ac-ed
up during earlier 7ifferential %ac-ups.
21. :"S usually contains a filter to smoothen the noise, and this filter is called noise filter.
..- +iven a scenario, trou2leshoot hard drives and =A>@ arra#s %ith appropriate tools
1. 5f the CMOS setup is not properly setup the computer may ignore or not loo- at the C739OM as a
%oota%le option. Aerify in the CMOS that your settings are properly set to %oot from the C739OM
drive.
2. 8he Complementary Metal3O1ide Semiconductor #CMOS+ allo's the computer to store the 9eal
8ime Cloc- #98C+and other device information even after the computer is s'itched off and on. 8his is
achieved %y using a %attery Rust for CMOS.
3. Generally, these settings 'ill %e under the %oot options. Setup your %oot options similar to the %elo'
e1ample.
1 3 Dloppy ( GS12=
2 3 C739OM
3 3 <et'or- #if availa%le+
3 6ard 7is- 7rive
. 5f C739OM is listed after a device that is %oota%le it 'ill %oot from the other device %efore the C73
9OM. Aerify that the devices %efore C739OM, such as floppy, do not have %oota%le media in them.
!. 5f the SCS5 %us termination is not done, SCS5 devices on the %us 'ill not function properly. 8his is
due to reflection of the signals at the end of the %us. 8o prevent this, %oth ends of the SCS5 %us needs to
%e terminated. 5f one end of the SCS5 %us is terminated, you may find intermittent pro%lems. <ever
terminate the %us at a device connected in %et'een.
,. 5f you are creating a Striped volume on a ne' *indo's 2=== machine, it can only %e created on
dynamic dis-s. 6o'ever, if you are upgrading a *indo's <8 computer to *indo's 2===, any e1isting
stripe set 'ill %e supported.
.. 5f you are finding that the Gogical 7is- C EDree Space counter is less than 1=E, you might need to
ma-e additional free space availa%le. 8his can first %e done cleaning up the dis- of any un'anted files,
duplicate files etc. 5f required, additional physical dis- may %e provided.
/. Some of the important System Monitor counters are?
a. MemoryC4vaila%le M%ytes? measures the amount of physical memory that is availa%le.
8ypically C M@. 5f less than M@, consider adding more memory.
%. MemoryC"ages(Sec? Sho's the num%er of times that the dis- has %een accessed, %ecause
requested information 'as not availa%le in memory. 5f the value of the counter is not %elo' 2=,
you should add more memory. 4 value of or ! is typical.
c. "aging DileCE:sage? 5ndicates the E of allocated page file utili$ation. Should %e less than
22E.
d. "rocessorCE"rocessor 8ime? measure the time that the processor is %usy. Should %e typically
less than /=E
e. "rocessorC5nterrupts(Sec? 5ndicates the average num%er of hard'are interrupts that the
processor receives each second. 5f more than 3,!==, you can suspect a program or faulty
hard'are.
f. "hysical7is-CE7is- 8ime? Measures the amount of time that the physical dis- is %usy
servicing read or 'rite requests. 5f more than 2=E, you can improve the performance %y adding
another dis- channel.
g. "hysical7is-CECurrent 7is- Fueue Gength? indicates the num%er of pending dis- requests
that need to %e processed. 8he value should %e less than 2. 8he dis- pro%lems might arise from
less memory, resulting in usage of e1cessive paging. 0nsure that the memory is sufficient %efore
attending to the dis- pro%lem.
/. Gogical7is- C EDree Space counter? 5ndicates the amount of logical dis-Hs free dis- space.
8ypical value is 1=E or a%ove.
2. 5f you have a standard des-top "C that uses integrated drive electronics #570+ dis- drives, then these
'ill %e detected during setup. 5f, ho'ever, you use SCS5 dis-s or have 9edundant 4rray of 5ndependent
7is- #9457+ storage systems, you 'ill see, shortly after the re%oot, the follo'ing line of te1t displayed
at the %ottom of the screen?
1=. &"ress D, if you need to install a third party SCS5 or 9457 driver...) "ressing D, 'ill start a dialog
that allo's you to configure and install the drivers for your SCS5 or other dis- su%system controllers.
8his option is usually used on server platforms that use large3capacity, high3speed, fault3tolerant dis-
su%systems. Dor most "Cs, ho'ever, you 'onIt need to use this option.
11. 5f you 'ant to format a drive and also ma-e it %oota%le, you need to format 'ith (s s'itch. @y
issuing this command, the %oot files 5O.SBS, MS7OS.SBS, COMM4<7.COM get copied to the dis-.
12. 5mportant 9457 #9edundant 4rray of 5ne1pensive 7is-s+ details are given %elo'?
a. 9457 =? 8his has striping %ut no redundancy of data. 5t offers the %est performance %ut no
fault3tolerance.
%. 9457 1? 8his is also -no'n as dis- mirroring. 5t consists of t'o or more drives that duplicate
the storage of data. 8here is no striping. 9ead performance is %etter since either dis- can %e read
at the same time.
c. 9457 2? 5t uses dis- striping across dis-s 'ith some dis-s storing error chec-ing and
correcting #0CC+ information. 9457 2 is hardly used %ecause it is e1pensive and does not
provide fault tolerance li-e other forms of 9457 levels.
d. 9457 3? 5t uses dis- striping and dedicates one drive to storing parity information. 8he
em%edded error chec-ing #0CC+ information is used to detect errors.
e. 9457 ? @loc-3level striping 'ith dedicated parity. 94573 offers no advantage over 9457 3
f. 9457 !? :ses %loc-3level striping 'ith distri%uted parity. 8hus, all read and 'rite operations
can %e overlapped. 94573! stores parity information %ut not redundant data #%ut parity
information can %e used to reconstruct data+. 9457 ! requires at least three dis-s for the array.
5tIs suita%le for multi3user systems in 'hich performance is not critical.
13. 5t is o%vious that you can get shoc- is due to sudden discharge of static electricity. Since the
operator is touching the memory module 'hen the discharge happened, it is most li-ely that the
memory module may have internally damaged. 8his damage may or may not sho' up immediately. 5n
any case, it al'ays recommended to replace the statically damaged module 'ith a good one. Dollo'
anti3static precautions %efore touching any electronic components inside a "C.
1. 5t is recommended that the %ac-up tape is stored at a location a'ay from the %uilding 'here the
%ac-up 'as ta-en. Dor most companies, %ac-ups contain important data and loosing %ac-ups may affect
the continuity of oneHs %usiness. 5f a %ac-up is stored in the same %uilding, it may get damaged in fire or
any other natural calamities along 'ith the computers. 4s a result, %oth the server, as 'ell as %ac- fail at
the same time. 8herefore, it is recommended to store the %ac-up at a different location.
1!. 5f the hard3dis- is ma-ing sound, the most li-ely pro%lem is that the hard dis- read('rite head is
scratching the dis- surface. 5t often results in the total failure of the dis-. 5f you find that you can still
read('rite to the dis-, %ac-up the hard dis- and replace immediately.
1,. Go' level formatting 'ill erase the data on a hard drive permanently.
1.. 4 hard dis- should never %e lo' level formatted at the customer premises. 5t is highly recommended
that it is done at the manufacturerIs or at any authori$ed center.
5t is very cum%ersome to change the partition si$es, once the hard dis- is partitioned and used. 5t may
require %ac-ing up all the data and restoring after repartitioning.
... +iven a scenario, trou2leshoot common video and displa# issues
1. Monitors accumulate very high static charges and need to %e handled very carefully. @efore
attempting any repair, it is imperative to discharge any accumulated charges on the monitor. Bou can use
a Rumper, one end of 'hich is grounded, and touch the other end of the Rumper 'ire to the anode of the
monitor. *hile doing so, ensure that you are not in direct contact 'ith the Rumper 'ire or the anode.
Bou can use a scre' driver or a nose pliers 'ith ru%%er handle for this purpose. 4 S"O"S sound can %e
heard 'hen the static charges accumulated on the anode lead getting grounded through the Rumper 'ire.
9emem%er, that if you get in contact 'ith the static charge, it may lead to severe %urns or even fatal
accidentK
2. <ever 'ear a 'rist strap 'hen 'or-ing on monitors. Monitors contain very high voltages, sometimes
fatal to human, even 'hen the po'er is turned off. 5f you are 'earing 'rist strap, the human %ody 'or-
as a conduit to discharge the electric charge.
3. *hen you are installing a different SAG4 monitor, it is unli-ely that the ne' monitor has the same
capa%ilities as the old one. 4s a result, the image on the screen may not %e reada%le. 5n such instances,
change the video resolution to Standard AG4 %efore installing the ne' monitor. Bou can change the
resolution appropriately after the image on the screen is reada%le 'ith the ne' monitor. 5t may also %e
necessary to load appropriate device driver, if you are installing a different display adapter.
. 8he most pro%a%le cause that the screen is dumping gar%led characters is that the communication
settings are not correct. Chec- the speed, parity, start(stop %its etc. 5f the serial port parameters are
correct, then you need to chec- the ca%le, such as straight(cross ca%le and the pin connections.
!. 8he pro%lems such as video card, net'or- card, and modem card can %e resolved %y %ooting to Safe
Mode. *hile in Safe Mode, trou%leshoot the pro%lem.
../ +iven a scenario, trou2leshoot %ired and %ireless net%or:s %ith appropriate tools
1. Bou need to memori$e the follo'ing port addresses %efore attending the e1am.
"ort3@ase address #in he1+
COM? 20/320D
COM2? 2D/32DD
COM3? 30/330D
COM1? 3D/33DD
G"82 ? 2./32.D
G"81 ? 3./33.D
Dloppy Controller? 3D=33D.
6ard 7rive Controller, 1, %it, 5S4? 1D=31D/
2. 5f Microsoft *indo's Dire'all is %loc-ing a port that is used %y a service or %y a program, you can
configure the *indo's Dire'all to create an e1ception. *indo's Dire'all may %e %loc-ing a program
or a service if the follo'ing conditions are true?
Z "rograms do not respond to a clientIs request.
Z Client programs do not receive data from the server.
3. <@8S848 8his utility displays current <et@5OS over 8C"(5" connections, and display <et@5OS
name cache.
. <08S848 7isplays protocol statistics and current 8C"(5" connections since the server 'as last
%ooted.
!. 894C098 :sed to determine 'hich route a pac-et ta-es to reach its destination from source.
,. 5"CO<D5G :sed to display *indo's 5" configuration information.
.. <SGOOO:" 8his utility ena%les users to interact 'ith a 7<S server and display resource records.
9O:80 :sed to display and edit static routing ta%les.
/. <et'or- is not configured 'ith *5<S server. *5<S server resolves the <et@5OS names to 5"
addresses. 8he net'or- need to %e configured 'ith *5<S #or GM6OS8S file on each computer+ for
<et@5OS name resolution.
2. 5f all the nodes on the net'or- have %een disconnected still if the s'itch port is %lin-ing rapids even
in the a%sence of any data, it is very li-ely that the s'itch port or the s'itch is %ad.
1=. 9unning a command li-e &ping) or &ipconfig) 'ill open the command screen. 6o'ever, the
command screen closes soon after the e1ecution of the command. 5f you intend to o%serve the results of
any such command, you need to open the 7OS screen %y going to "rogram Diles [ 4ccessories [
Command "rompt.
11. *hen doing over the net'or- installation, the most li-ely causes for failure are?
a. 8he domain controller may not %e up and running. Bou need to ensure that the domain
controller is running.
%. 8he username and pass'ord may not %e correct. Bou need to have appropriate access rights to
Roin a domain. 0nsure that you have appropriate access rights and that you have typed in correct
username and pass'ord. <ote that the pass'ords are case sensitive in *indo's 2===.
12.Some of the important commands useful in trou%le shooting 8C"(5" net'or-s are?
5. 5pconfig? 7isplays 8C"(5" configuration values, including 5" address, su%net mas-, and
default gate'ay.
55. "ing? 8his command can %e used to verify 'hether the target ip address or host name is
present. Bou need to specify the target 5" address or host name.
555. route? 7isplays and manipulates route information.
5A? 8racert? 7etermines the route pac-ets ta-e to reach the specified destination.
13. 8he most important thing to do 'hen a net'or- card is replaced is to update the <5C driver. *ithout
this, the net'or- card may not 'or-. 8he <5C speed is limited %y the peer device. 5f it is connected to a
1G%ps s'itch port, then it 'ill transmit at rated speed. 6o'ever, note that if the ca%le does not support
1 G%ps speed, you may need to replace the ca%le also. :sually, the net'or- devices fall %ac- to
mutually accepta%le speeds.
1. 5f a user complains that he is not a%le to connect to his *indo's . computer remotely the reason
may %e *indo's Dire'all restricts communication %et'een your computer and the 5nternet, you might
need to change settings for 9emote 7es-top Connection so that it can 'or- properly.
a. Open *indo's Dire'all %y clic-ing the Start %utton "icture of the Start %utton, and then
clic-ing Control "anel. 5n the search %o1, type fire'all, and then clic- *indo's Dire'all.
%. 5n the left pane, clic- 4llo' a program or feature through *indo's Dire'all.
c. Clic- Change settings. 4dministrator permission required 5f youIre prompted for an
administrator pass'ord or confirmation, type the pass'ord or provide confirmation.
d. :nder 4llo'ed programs and features, select the chec- %o1 ne1t to 9emote 7es-top, and then
use the chec- %o1es in the columns to select the net'or- location types you 'ant to allo'
communication on.
e. Clic- OO.
..9 +iven a scenario, trou2leshoot operatin! s#stem pro2lems %ith appropriate tools
1. *hile preparing for dual %oot 'ith *indo's 2=== "rofessional, note the follo'ing points?
a. *indo's 2=== must %e installed on a separate volume. 5f a separate volume is not availa%le,
repartition the hard dis- suita%ly, and reformat. Bou also need to ta-e suita%le %ac-up.
%. 5f you 'ant to have dual %oot %et'een *indo's <8 and *indo's 2=== as the only
operating systems, ensure that Service "ac- is installed on *indo's <8 . 8his is required
since *indo's 2=== upgrades the <8DS to <8DS !. <8 requires Service "ac- to read and
'rite to <8DS !.
c. Bou must install *indo's 2=== only after installing MS37OS or *indo's 2!.
2. @y default, you can start recovery console on a "C using *indo's 2=== OS using,
a. 8he *indo's 2=== "rofessional Setup 7is-s
%. Drom the C7 9OM drive using *indo's 2=== "rofessional C7 #if the C7 L9OM drive is
%oota%le+.
4lso, you can have &9ecovery Console) as a start up option %y typing Mi3/,M'innt32.e1e
(cmdcons at the command prompt, after s'itching to the C7 9OM drive letter.
3. Dault tolerance %oot dis- is a floppy dis- that ena%les you to %oot a computer in the event that the
first dis- in a mirrored volume fails. 5f you mirror the installation folder in a *indo's 2=== Server, you
'ill not %e a%le to %oot %ecause %oot.ini points to the first volume. 8herefore, you need to create a fault
tolerance %oot dis- that contain an appropriately edited @oot.ini file, that points to the mirrored volume.
. 5f you fail to %oot, first try to %oot in Safe Mode. 5f it doesnHt 'or-, try %ooting to Gast Ono'n Good
Configuration. 5f %oth fail, you can try using 9ecovery Console.
!. 5f your Microsoft *indo's Q"3%ased computer does not start correctly or if it does not start at all,
you can use the *indo's 9ecovery Console to help you recover your system soft'are.
,. 4utomated System 9ecovery #4S9+ is a part of an overall plan for system recovery so that you are
prepared if the system fails. 4S9 should %e a last resort for system recovery. :se 4S9 only after you
have e1hausted other options. 5t is recommended that you use 4S9 only if all other options to repair the
system #such as Gast Ono'n Good, and Safe @oot+ have failed.
..* +iven a scenario, trou2leshoot common securit# issues %ith appropriate tools and 2est
practices.
1. @lue screen messages are also called S8O" messages. Bou 'ill not %e allo'ed to proceed, 'hen a
%lue screen message appears. 8he most li-ely cause of %lue screen messages are?
a. @oot sector virus
%. 59F( 5O address conflicts.
Bou can chec- for any %oot sector virus, and also for any conflicting 59F ( 5O addresses.
2. System 9estore automatically trac- changes to your computer and creates restore points %efore maRor
changes are to occur. 8o create a restore point, System 9estore ta-es a full snapshot of the registry and
some dynamic system files. Dor e1ample, restore points are created %efore ne' device drivers,
automatic updates, unsigned drivers, and some applications are installed.
8o create a System 9estore "oint in *indo's Q", use the sequence, Start [ 4ll "rograms [4ccessories [
System 8ools, and then clic- System 9estore.
3. System 9estore ta-es a &snapshot) of critical system files and some program files and stores this
information as restore points. Bou can use these restore points to return *indo's Q" to a previous state.
. 8he automatic restart option in *indo's Q" is ena%led %y default. 4s a result, if there is any maRor
error, the Operating System 'ill automatically restart. 8his can %e disa%led using System applet in the
Control "anel.
5f an older program doesnIt run correctly, use the "rogram Compati%ility *i$ard to simulate the
%ehavior of earlier versions of *indo's.
!. 4 "OS8 test card is a small diagnostic tool that displays error codes generated during the "o'er On
Self 8est. 8hese errors, called "OS8 codes, correspond directly to a test that has failed and can help
determine 'hat piece of hard'are is causing an issue. Most "OS8 test cards plug directly into
e1pansion slots in the mother%oard 'hile a fe' others connect e1ternally via a parallel or serial port.
4lso Ono'n 4s? "o'er On Self 8est card, "OS8 card, "OS8 diagnostic card, chec-point card, port /=h
card
..8 +iven a scenario, trou2leshoot, and repair common laptop issues %hile adherin! to the
appropriate procedures
1. Gaptops, %eing mo%ile, usually participate on more than one net'or-, and often use a static 5"
address at one location and a dynamically assigned 5" address at another. Dor e1ample, your computer
might use dynamic addressing #76C"+ at the office %ut need to use a static 5" address 'hen at home to
connect to a %road%and 5S".
2. Most laptop computers require a function -ey or soft'are command to activate(deactivate the laptop
video output signal. :sually, the activation(deactivation command acts as a toggle s'itch? repeat the
command to display the image on the internal laptop display, the e1ternal display #proRector+ or %oth
displays simultaneously.
01amples? 4cer? Dn;D!, 7ell? Dn;D/ 'ill activate(deactivate laptop(e1ternal display.
3. 8he nic-el cadmium %attery, -no'n as <iCad , used to %e the most common type of laptop %attery.
<iCad %atteries could easily %e ruined %y %eing left on the charger after they had reached full charge, or
%y %eing recharged %efore they 'ere completely dead. 8he latter pro%lem, called the Smemory effect,S
meant that if you recharged your laptop %attery %efore it had run completely do'n, it 'ould remem%er
the point at 'hich you put it %ac- on the charger, and only discharge that far the ne1t time you used it.
. 8he nic-el metal hydride #<iM6+ laptop %attery could hold considera%ly more po'er than <iCad,
%ut they still had something of a memory effect, although to a lesser e1tent
!. Githium ion #Gi35on+ is the latest technology for laptop %atteries. 8hey are considera%ly lighter and
does not e1hi%it memory effect. 8he Gi35on laptop %attery lasts considera%ly longer than its
predecessors. 5f your laptop supports Gi35on %attery, then it is a recommended choice.
..< +iven a scenario, trou2leshoot printers %ith appropriate tools
1. Some of the frequently encountered pro%lems using laser printers and pro%a%le causes are as given
%elo'?
9evision 1.= copyright > 2=1 Simulation01ams.com =
5. Spec-led pages? 8he causes for this may %e
a. 8he failure to clean the drum after printing properly, or
%. 8he drum might have developed scratches.
55. @lan- pages? 8he causes for 'hite pages may %e,
a. 8he toner 'ould have dried out, replace the toner.
%. 8he transfer corona, that is responsi%le for transferring the toner to the drum might
have failed. c. 8he 6igh Aoltage "o'er Supply #6A"S+ failure 'ill also result in 'hite
pages.
555. Ghosted 5mages? Ghosting occurs 'hen previously printed pages are printed again, though
much lighter than the present image. 8he most li-ely cause is that the erasure lamp might not %e
'or-ing properly, thus leaving some charges representing the earlier image left on the
photosensitive drum %efore ne' image is 'ritten. 4lso chec- the cleaning %lade, 'hich is
responsi%le for scaping the residual toner.
5A. Smudged images? 5f the fusing fails, the toner 'ill not %ond 'ith the paper. Chec- the
halogen lamp responsi%le for heating.
2. 8he follo'ing are the , steps in the 0lectro"hotographic #0"+ print process of Gaser "rinter?
a. Cleaning? Cleaning the photosensitive drum includes residual toner left on the drum and
removing the electrical charges left out on the drum. 8he physical cleaning is done 'ith a ru%%er
%lade and the electrical charge cleaning is done 'ith erasure lamps.
%. Charging? 8he ne1t step in printing, is to charge the photo sensitive drum 'ith high negative
charge, this is done 'ith the help of a corona 'ire.
c. *riting? 4 laser #type 3+ s'eeps the entire length of the drum, creating the static image of the
matter to %e printed. 8he places 'here the laser travel, the highly charges are neutrali$ed. Other
places of the drum, it remains highly negatively charged.
d. 7eveloping? <o' drum gets in close pro1imity to the toner. @ecause the toner is negatively
charged, it gets attracted to the areas 'here the drum is neutral. 5t 'ill not %e attracted to the
places 'here the drum is highly negatively charged. 8hus the image of the page to %e printed
formed on the photosensitive drum.
e. 8ransferring? <o', the toner on the drum gets attracted to'ard the paper, %y using highly
positive charges developed on the surface of the paper. 8he Stransfer coronaS is used to generate
highly positive charge on the paper surface and to attract the toner from the drum. 8hus the
image of the page to %e printed formed on the paper. @ut still, the toner is loose and can get
easily smeared.
f. Dusing? 5n order to permanently %ond the toner particles to the paper, the paper is passed
through rollers. One of the rollers, the non stic- roller is heated %y a high intensity lamp,
generating the heat necessary to %ond the toner to the surface of the paper.
3. *hen a printer is installed on a net'or-, default printer permissions are assigned that allo' all users
to print. @ecause the printer is availa%le to all users on the net'or-, you might 'ant to limit access for
some users %y assigning specific printer permissions. Dor e1ample, you could give all non3e1ecutive
users in a department the "rint permission and give all managers the "rint and Manage 7ocuments
permissions. Bou can also deny print permission to all others. 5n this 'ay, all non3e1ecutive users and
managers can print documents, %ut managers can also change the print status of any document sent to
the printer.
. <ormally, the printer supplier provides a driver that goes 'ith the Q" OS. 5t is al'ays prefera%le to
use the driver supplied %y the device manufacturer along 'ith the printer.

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