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where: Af, As1, As2 the area of carbon fibre reinforcement, steel bar reinforcement in tension and compression;
ff, fy strengths of carbon fibre and tensile steel reinforcement; x the height of the compression zone; h the
height of strengthened beam; d the effective depth of
reinforced concrete beam; f, s2 deformations carbon
fibre composite and compressed steel reinforcement; Ef,
Es2 the elasticity modulus of carbon fibre composite and
compressed steel reinforcement; 1, G reduction coefficients of the compression zone 1 =0.650.85 and
G =0.4).
1. Introduction
Methods enabling calculation of the load-carrying
capacity of a beam are based on the balance of resultant
forces caused by internal effects and external actions.
Therefore, two methods can be distinguished that are
most frequently used: the method of balance of internal
and external forces (An et al. 1991; GangaRao 1998;
Toutanji 2006; Alagusundaramoorthy et al. 2003; Pham
2004; Lu 2007; Bencardino et al. 2007; Capozucca 2002)
and the method based on the theory of built-up bars (Valivonis 2007; Mariukaitis et al. 2007; Skuturna et al.
2008; Benyoucef et al. 2006, 2007).
If the first method is applied to determine the loadcarrying capacity, according to ACI 440.2R-08 it is
measured by creating balance of forces in respect to the
weight centre of the compression zone cross-section
(Fig 1):
x
x
M R = As1 f yd d 1 + f A f f f h 1 .
2
2
(1)
M R = As1 f yd ( d G x ) +
,
+ A f E f f ( h G x ) + As 2 Es s 2 ( G x as 2 )
(2)
818
l p cosh
(4)
1
Ec,eff (t ) Ac,eff
(5)
1
E fe A fe
=)
,
+
=
(
(6)
a2
,
Ec,eff (t ) I c,eff
b Gc,eff t
c (t )
) (
c (t )
(7)
where: Ac,eff, Ec,eff (t), Ic,eff the area of effective reinforced concrete cross section, the effective elasticity
modulus, the effective moment of inertia; b the width of
cross section.
The characteristic of the bond shear stiffness Gc,eff (t)
can be calculated according to the formula:
fe
110 2
Ec (t )
Ecm
(8)
M crc
460
,
M R ka
s1
=)
Gc.eff t
where: Ec(t) the elasticity modulus of concrete is calculated according to EC2; Ecm the secant modulus of concrete; fe reinforcement ratio of carbon fibre composite;
s1 reinforcement ratio of steel reinforcement in tension
zone; Mcrc the cracking moment; MR the load-carrying
capacity of the beams with external carbon fibre reinforcement when the bond between carbon fibre composite
and concrete is stiff is calculated according to the formula
9; ka coefficient which evaluates the type of anchorage
of external reinforcement (when external reinforcement
over supports ka =1; when carbon fibre reinforcement is
not additionally anchored).
819
M 0 Tc a ,
0.5l
MR
lp
EI
sinh
c (t )
P a lp
Tc
M R f cd b x d 0.5 x
Es 2 s 2 As 2 d as 2 A f E f
+
(9)
af .
Beam
code
fc,
(MPa)
Ec,
(GPa)
38.27
34.1
ff,
(MPa)
Ef,
(GPa)
fy,
(MPa)
fyu,
(MPa)
358
460
Af,
(cm2)
4800
231
4800
231
4800
231
As,
(cm2)
Asc,
(cm2)
0.6784
0.6784
1.038
0.57
0.167
2.26
1.01
3.08
0.6784
B6.1C
B6.2C
1
B6.3Ct
0.167
B6.4Ct
B6.5
B8.1C
2
B8.2C
35
31.3
B8.3
557
638
0.167
B12.1C
B12.2C
3
B12.3Ct
32.1
32.27
318
B12.4Ct
B12.5
B12.6
4800
231
456
B14.1C
B14.2C
4
38.27
34.1
B14.3Ct
B14.4Ct
B14.5
32.87
358
460
0.167
31.45
820
20
18
Bending moment [kNm]
16
14
12
10
8
6
-1
-2
-3
0
-0.2
-0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Deformations [ 10]
troppus gniraeB
A-A
troppus gniraeB
It has also been found out that carbon fibre reinforcement in the tension zone influences increase of
cracks, limits the development of cracks, therefore, the
width and height of cracks do not increase. Carbon fibre
is glued to reinforced concrete beams with epoxy adhesive. When adhesive deforms, carbon fibre composite
slips horizontally and causes stresses in concrete. Due to
these stresses, additionally to vertical cracks, horizontal
cracks appear in concrete (Fig 9). Research shows that
these cracks interconnect and in separate zones damage
the bond between carbon fibre composite and concrete.
When the bond is damaged, increase in steel bar deformation significantly grows (Fig 8 refraction of the graph).
Later, depending on how carbon fibre composite
was anchored, beams failed by peeling off carbon fibre
composite (Fig 10) or carbon fibre rupture (Fig 11).
The research conducted shows that the load-carrying
capacity of the strengthened beams subjected to shortterm loading compared to the beams without external
reinforcement increases. The load-carrying capacity of
B6 series beams increases more than 3 times; the loadcarrying capacity of B8 series beams increases more
than 70 %; the load-carrying capacity of B12 series
beams increases more than 50 % in comparison with the
beams that were not strengthened (Table 3).
0.52
tellap thgieW
0 .52
0.52
0.52
0.52
0.52
821
sre yal
PR FC
s ma eB
0 .52
0.52
0.52
20
15
10
B6.1C
B12.1C
B14.1C
-0.25
-0.20
-0.15
-0.10
0
0.00
-0.05
Deformations [ 10]
25
20
15
10
B6.1C
B12.1C
B14.1C
0
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
Deformations [ 10]
0.22
Deformations [%]
0.21
Experimental research revealed that the higher reinforcement ratio of steel bar reinforcing, the lower the
strengthening effect of carbon fibre composite. The
maximum strengthening effect is reached when steel bars
reinforcement ratio is low. Experimental research showed
that the best strengthening effect was reached in B6C
beams since the strength qualities of concrete and composite were more used because higher deformations were
reached (Figs 12, 13). Research also showed that when
members are considerably reinforced, carbon fibre fixed
in the tension zone is not fully used (Figs 12, 13).
The sustained bending tests revealed that the intensity of creep deformations in the compression zone of
concrete is higher than in the tension zone. It has also
been found out that under sustained loading deformations
in the tension zone at the steel bar reinforcing level are
bigger than the composite layer deformations (Figs 14,
15). This enables us to make a conclusion that the composite layer under tension displaces in respect to rein-
0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17
-1
-2
0.16
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Days
Fig 14. Distribution of creep deformations in the layers under tension in the beam B12-3Ct: -1 composite
layer under tension; -2 the layer with steel bar reinforcement under tension
30
0.30
0.20
25
20
15
10
5
0.10
200
400
600
0.0
0.1
0.2
800
0.3
Days
Fig 15. Distribution of creep deformations in the layers under tension in the beam B14-3Ct: -1 composite
layer under tension; -2 the layer with steel bar reinforcement under tension
10
1.2
0.0884
0.02575
0.03275
0.0412
0.0326
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
-1
-2
Series7
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Deformations [ 10]
0.5
102
0.3137
0.0465
0.05675
0.04182
0.042514
20
res,f
Deformations [ 10]
102
0.6
1.0
0.8
0.51763
0.06375
0.01975
0.2335
0.261
cr,f
0.6
102
0.4
0.2
0.0
-1
-2
0.2845
0.034
0.02275
0.232
0.2575
res,cs
102
cr,cs
Beam
code
B6.3Ct
B12.3Ct
B12.4Ct
B14.3Ct
B14.4Ct
0.5
12
0.4
Deformations [ 10]
-1
-2
Series2
-1
-2
Deformations [%]
0.40
Series
Code
B6.1C
B6.2C
B6.3Ct
B6.4Ct
B6.5
B8.1C
B8.2C
B8.3
B12.1C
B12.2C
B12.3Ct
B12.4Ct
B12.5
B12.6
B14.1C
B14.2C
B14.3Ct
B14.4Ct
B14.5
M R ,t0 ,exp
M R ,t0 ,calc
M R ,t1 ,exp
M R ,t1 ,calc
(kNm)
15.50
18.00
(kNm)
15.40
15.40
(kNm)
(kNm)
14.6
14.6
1.38
0.99
17.57
17.57
1.11
1.12
17.34
17.34
0.96
0.96
17.22
17.55
11.62
11.78
23.00
28.00
0.99
0.86
10.61
14.76
5.20
15.82
15.63
9.10
18.0
18.0
17.07
17.07
27.70
27.70
0.99
0.97
1.2
0.99
24.00
24.00
1.12
1.12
28.50
Calculation results show that if the suggested calculation method is used, the load-carrying capacity of
strengthened beams can be measured quite precisely.
Analysis of results shows that calculation exactness
mainly depends on reinforcement ratio. Calculations of
load-carrying capacity of beams whose reinforcement
ratio is very low or big are not so exact (138 %) than of
beams where reinforcement ratio is normal (112 %).
References
An, W.; Saadatmanesh, H.; Ehsani, M. R. 1991. RC beams
strengthened with FRP plates. II analysis and parametric
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Alagusundaramoorthy, P.; Harik, I. E.; Choo, C. C. 2003. Flexural behaviour of RC beams strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer sheets or fabric, Journal of Composites for Construction 7(4): 292301.
doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2003)7:4(292)
American Concrete Institute (ACI). 2008. Guide for the Design
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Conclusions
Research showed that carbon fibre composite significantly increases the load-carrying capacity of
strengthened members. The effect of strengthening depends on reinforcement ratio of steel bar reinforcement in
the specimens. The lower the ratio of this reinforcement,
the higher the strengthening effect since the strength of
carbon fibre composite is better used. The higher reinforcement ratio of steel bar reinforcement, the lower the
effect of strengthening.
It has been defined that sustained loading influences
the load-carrying capacity of strengthened beams. Under
sustained loading creep deformations of concrete in the
compression zone as well as carbon fibre composite occur and they remain when specimens are unloaded. When
beams are again subjected to short-term loading, deformations increase starting from the residual values. As a
result, the load-carrying capacity of the specimens decreases in comparison with the load-carrying capacity of
the beams loaded only short-term.
A calculation method that evaluates the stiffness of
bond carbon fibre composite and concrete as well as the
influence of sustained loading has been suggested. The
824
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