Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Higher Education
Higher Education
Table of Contents...................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................2
PROBLEM STATEMENT....................................................................................................................3
OBJECTIVES........................................................................................................................................3
SCOPE...................................................................................................................................................4
LIMITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH.................................................................................................4
LITERATURE REVIEW......................................................................................................................4
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY ................................................................................9
NATURE OF RESEARCH...................................................................................................................9
POPULATION OF THE STUDY.........................................................................................................9
SAMPLE OF THE STUDY ..................................................................................................................9
SAMPLE DETAILS............................................................................................................................10
INSTRUMENT OF THE STUDY ......................................................................................................10
DATA COLLECTION........................................................................................................................10
DATA ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................................10
RESEARCH QUESTIONS.................................................................................................................10
SELECTION OF VARIABLES..........................................................................................................11
Independent Variables: .......................................................................................................................11
Dependent Variables............................................................................................................................11
INDICATORS OF QUALITY EDUCATION....................................................................................11
ANALYSIS OF DATA........................................................................................................................12
Frequency Table...................................................................................................................................12
T-Test...................................................................................................................................................18
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION..........................................................................................................20
RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................................................21
REFERENCE.......................................................................................................................................22
basis of convenience in the universities of Hazara region of KPK. The sample of the study consisted
of teachers and students. A total of 88 teachers and 95 students participated in the study. A
questionnaire developed on 5 point Likert Scale was used to collect data from the respondents. T test
was used for the purpose of analysis of the data. It was found that universities were lacking trained
faculty members, equipped library, merit based admission policy, equipped laboratories and multimedia use. It was recommended that the higher education commission should introduce an academic
audit system and provide foreign training to faculty members of universities. The study also
recommended that merit based admission policy should be ensured in the universities.
INTRODUCTION
Importance of Education can never be ignored because it plays a role of backbone of every nation.
Education means the conveying of knowledge and skill from teacher to student but this process in
not taking place effectively in our country. Higher education always played a very vital role of
leadership in any society. Developing people physically, mentally and spiritually is a function of
university. Different aspects of the life of a nation such as economic, social, political and cultural are
improved and promoted.
University is such an institution that creates the desire for research and expands critical thinking. It
can achieve its motives only if it has been provided the necessary resources, and has good planning
and long-term policies. Universities being dynamic organizations perform different functions such as
research function, economic function and social function. I am conducting this study in order to
determine whether the quality of higher education in Pakistan is good enough to meet International
standards and what are the factors affecting its quality. This study shows that the quality of
education in Pakistan has a declining trend due to certain factors.
There is an increase in number of universities in Pakistan but it is constantly facing political
instability and weak economic conditions. The wealth or poverty of a nation depends upon the
quality of education and is considered as benchmark for the success in todays globalizing world.
Therefore the countries are realizing the emerging needs of higher education and taking steps to
enhance the standard of education.
The better development of any society depends on the quality and standard of higher education in
that country. Higher educational institutes are responsible for producing competent people having
better knowledge and skills for playing their role in success of the nation.
Poor quality educational system is one of the reasons why poor countries like Pakistan do not grow.
Factors which have overall impact on the quality of higher education include infrastructure, quality
of faculty, quality of students, facilities, learning environment, research and planning etc.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Problem statement of this research study is analyzing the present status of higher education and the
factors affecting its quality.
OBJECTIVES
University being a vital institution in society plays a vital role in development as well as in favor of
national interests. University not only contributes in the betterment of civilization but also set
excellent learning and teaching standards. This study determines the current status of higher
educations quality in Pakistan. The main objectives of the study are as follows:
To find whether the quality of higher education in Pakistan meets International standards or
not?
To give recommendations and suggestions for enhancing the quality of higher education.
Considering this major problem of having poor quality education I have selected this topic for
research, the reasons behind this quality issue and at the end of my research study I will give some
recommendations and suggestions to improve the quality of higher education system in Pakistan.
SCOPE
A base for socio-economic development is provided by education. We cannot isolate our education
system from rest of the world. Graduates are not just the end products or output of education but
they are the outcome of higher education system that plays an essential role in modern economy.
Improving quality of higher education in Pakistan is much more important than increasing access to
higher education.
Education is also exchanged like other commodities in todays globalize world. Therefore its very
important to improve higher education so that it can meet international standards. A person is
affected mentally, physically and socially by the education system. Nowadays there is a huge
competition in the field of education therefore understanding the need of time we should focus on
the improvement of the quality of our higher education system so that it can meet international
standards.
LITERATURE REVIEW
In literature review knowledge from previous research studies is taken. Certain articles related with
the topic of this research study are being consulted and read. Certain reasons behind the poor quality
of higher education in Pakistan are explored. It is found that the current system of education in
Pakistan is not good. The society will develop as the standard of education will be improved.
Universities play a major role in providing skilled and competent peoples to the society who will be
very useful. Higher Education Commission is taking initiatives to improve the quality of higher
education in Pakistan but this goal is not attained due to some obstacles in their way.
There are so many factors which are negatively affecting the quality of higher education in Pakistan.
These factors are as follows:
Inadequate Faculty
Infrastructure Problem
Budget Allocation
Quality and the adequacy are the main determinants of the quality of higher education but
unfortunately there is a lack of highly qualified and competent faculty members in case of Pakistan.
The faculty requirement of the higher education institutes should be fulfilled and there should be
professional development of the faculty members.
So many efforts have been done to analyze the problems of education in Pakistan in past and to
formulate a strategy to overcome those problems. Many educational policies have been produced for
making the system of education better. (Khan, 1997)
South Asia has been emerged as the poorest and populous region in the world. It is facing many
problems and therefore different steps should be taken towards the development. One of the major
challenges is regarding the provision of education and technical skills to the people. (Haq, 1998)
If the basic education will not be of standard then the students will not be having potential to go for
higher education. Therefore the public schooling should be improved and the problems in basic
education system should be solved. (Gazdar, 1999)
The importance of higher education cannot be ignored in the better development of a nation.
Pakistan needs to revise its constitutional provisions in its constitutions. Problems affecting the
quality of higher education are identified. Again the identified issues behind the low quality of
higher education are the quality of faculty, research facilities, poor infrastructure, inadequate
financing and libraries and laboratories which are not well equipped. (Isani, 2001)
Different problems in higher education system of Pakistan are quality of faculty, students, labs and
laboratories which are not well equipped. There are many other problems also in the higher
education such as weak examination systems, ineffective governance, corruption etc. as a result of
such problems the education system of Pakistan cannot meet international standards. (Iqbal, 2004)
For the purpose of achieving economic stability and economic growth higher education is very
important. The quality of education directly depends on the quality of teachers. Therefore for the
purpose of achieving overall goal development of the education staff is very important. The author
did research the development of faculty of higher education in Pakistan. Those teachers require
proper training and development through different models for staff development in Pakistan. The
author evaluated the staff development in Pakistan. He investigated the areas which require
improvement and different models for the higher education staff development. Training incentives
should be given to faculty so that they are motivated towards the training and development. (Khan
M. N., 2005)
In the entire education system school age education is also very important sub sector. Although the
high quality of competent professionals in different fields of life depends on the quality of higher
education in Pakistan but the school age education is also very important. The children envisioned to
attend the university need to be prepared very early. Therefore efforts should be done to increase the
academic performance of the students. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of
students parents and their school age teachers role in preparing them for higher education.
(Yousaf, 2005)
Higher education is very important in all aspects of life. Quality products can be produced with
quality education. Higher education in public sector is performing not as much good due to lack of
funding and as a result the quality of education of such universities is affected. Now the public and
private sectors of education are in competition with each other. The study was conducted to compare
the quality of publics and private sectors. The number of institutions is increasing in both the sectors
of education. There is tough competition between private and public sector universities. Public
sector is not performing well due to lack of funds and inadequate facilities. (Ullah, 2005)
The objective of the study was to determine the impact of higher education on women in
understanding their rights in Pakistan. The women who acquire higher education can enjoy their
rights in the society. The higher education system need to be improved and a system should be
developed for the awareness in women. Higher education created an important role in creating the
awareness in women about their rights and responsibilities. (Yasmeen, 2006)
Research creates curiosity and a desire to know something in generated. There is a huge lack of
research in Pakistan and the reason behind this lack of funding and inadequate resources. (Memon,
2007)
Higher education institutes have some operational and infrastructural needs. Some important factors
are building, facilities of well equipped labs and laboratories, sufficient computers for the students
and easy access of internet. (Hoodboy, 2009)
Poor higher education in Pakistan will not be able to produce competent and skilled professionals.
(Shafique, 2010)
This study is about the issues of motivation of faculty members in higher education. The faculty
members can be motivated by different ways. Benefits and compensation motivates teachers but
other motivators like working environment, decision making, feed back etc are also important
factors in motivating teachers. (Rasheed, 2010)
The faculty of higher education is affected by many factors and as a result their performance can be
disturbed. The study is done to investigate the internal and external factors influencing the faculty of
higher education and its consequences. (Sarwar, 2011)
Various studies show that physical infrastructure of universities in unable to meet the requirements
of students. Most of the universities need to improve their departments and should increase the
facilitation for the students. For the purpose of acquiring new knowledge a dynamic research culture
is required. It is also important for the social and cultural betterment. Unfortunately Pakistan cannot
carryout sufficient research in all areas such as Science and technology, humanity and Social
science.
The universities should be accountable for providing quality education and because they are
accountable to students, employers and society. (Iqbal, 2011)
The improvement of higher education is slow because of low budget allocation. The level of public
expenditure is low ranging from 2.2 to 2.4 % of GDP from 1993 to 2007. Standards of higher
education should be followed while designing the courses and curricula. Some of the important
courses have no continuity. Modern and important courses are not given attention and therefore are
ignored and not taught.
The curricula are according to the personal choice, experience, likes and dislikes of the professors.
Linkages between the university and industry are very important. In Pakistan higher education
institutes and industries do not have linkages. Therefore such institutes are not capable to develop
practical skills. As a result the performance of the industries and institutes is not up to the
international standards. The institutes and practical life has no such linkages therefore he will face
problems in social life.
Public sector universities do not have favorable circumstances in Pakistan. So many problems are
faced by the public sector universities such as, lack of funding, and well qualified faculty
competition from the private sector universities ,bad management etc. Hence there are lots of
challenges for public sector universities. (Mangi, 2011)
When there will be no accountability unethical activities will occur in the university like corruption.
(Khan R. &., 2012)
The individual is mentally, physically and spiritually developed. The study found that education
being a life long process develops individuals character thinking habits and personality.
According to Zafar Mueen the education system is directly linked with the economic growth in a
country. When the education system will be good it will produce efficient and skilled workers which
will increase the productivity and economic growth of a country. In Pakistan the education system is
not well and the economic growth is slow.
NATURE OF RESEARCH
This research study is descriptive in nature descriptive research study is usually concerned with
describing a population with respect to important variables.
SAMPLE DETAILS
Name of Universities
Total Students
Total teaching
Sample size of
Sample size of
enrollment
faculty
the students
teaching faculty
6289
5481
328
381
36
31
28
33
Information Technology
UET Abbottabad Campus
University of Haripur KPK
Total
419
4200
16389
33
260
1002
3
25
95
5
22
88
DATA COLLECTION
Primary data is gathered directly from the respondents. The data is collected from a selected portion
of population about the quality of higher education in Pakistan and the factors affecting it.
DATA ANALYSIS
Data collected is tabulated and analyzed using T test.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
This research study is conducted in order to find answers of the following questions:
Whether the quality of higher education in Pakistan meets International standards or not?
What are the reasons behind the poor quality of education in Pakistan?
10
SELECTION OF VARIABLES
Variables mean the factors upon which our research depends and how different variables have
effects on our research. We can categorize variables in to two main categories:
Independent Variables
Dependent Variables
Independent Variables:
The key factors influencing the quality of higher education in Pakistan are taken as independent
variables. These are as follows:
Curriculum standards
Research environment
Accreditation regime
The above variables were also used by (Ullah, 2005) in his literature.
Dependent Variables
In this research study the dependent variable is Quality of higher education.
11
ANALYSIS OF DATA
Frequency Table
Gender
Cumulative
Valid
Male
Female
Frequency
110
73
Percent
60.1
39.9
Valid Percent
60.1
39.9
183
100.0
100.0
Total
Percent
60.1
100.0
Qualification
Cumulative
Valid
PHD
M.Phil
Frequency
24
63
Percent
13.1
34.4
Valid Percent
13.1
34.4
Percent
13.1
47.5
60
32.8
32.8
80.3
36
19.7
19.7
100.0
183
100.0
100.0
MA/MS
C
4.00
Total
Strongly
disagree
Disagree
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
20
10.9
10.9
10.9
49
26.8
26.8
37.7
neutral
28
15.3
15.3
53.0
Agree
51
27.9
27.9
80.9
Strong agree
35
19.1
19.1
100.0
183
100.0
100.0
Total
Strongly
Frequency
18
Percent
9.8
Valid Percent
9.8
12
Percent
9.8
disagree
Disagree
47
25.7
25.7
35.5
Neutral
24
13.1
13.1
48.6
Agree
60
32.8
32.8
81.4
100.0
Strong agree
Total
34
18.6
18.6
183
100.0
100.0
Strongly
Disagree
Disagree
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
30
16.4
16.4
16.4
70
38.3
38.3
54.6
Neutral
20
10.9
10.9
65.6
Agree
50
27.3
27.3
92.9
13
7.1
7.1
100.0
183
100.0
Offices
100.0
Strong agree
Total
Cumulative
Frequency
Valid
Strongly
disagree
Disagree
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
30
16.4
16.4
16.4
60
32.8
32.8
49.2
Neutral
19
10.4
10.4
59.6
Agree
55
30.1
30.1
89.6
100.0
Strong agree
Total
19
10.4
10.4
183
100.0
100.0
Laboratories
Cumulative
Frequency
Valid
Strongly
disagree
Disagree
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
31
16.9
16.9
16.9
62
33.9
33.9
50.8
Neutral
18
9.8
9.8
60.7
Agree
49
26.8
26.8
87.4
100.0
Strong agree
Total
23
12.6
12.6
183
100.0
100.0
Mosques
13
Cumulative
Frequency
Valid
Strongly
disagree
Disagree
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
17
9.3
9.3
9.3
50
27.3
27.3
36.6
Neutral
22
12.0
12.0
48.6
Agree
59
32.2
32.2
80.9
Strong agree
35
19.1
19.1
100.0
183
100.0
100.0
Total
Hostels
Cumulative
Frequency
Valid
Strongly
disagree
Disagree
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
20
10.9
10.9
10.9
34
18.6
18.6
29.5
Neutral
10
5.5
5.5
35.0
Agree
65
35.5
35.5
70.5
Strong agree
54
29.5
29.5
100.0
183
100.0
100.0
Total
Internet facilities
Cumulative
Frequency
Valid
Strongly
disagree
Disagree
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
26
14.2
14.2
14.2
53
29.0
29.0
43.2
Neutral
21
11.5
11.5
54.6
Agree
63
34.4
34.4
89.1
100.0
Strong agree
Total
20
10.9
10.9
183
100.0
100.0
Strongly
disagree
Disagree
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
20
10.9
10.9
10.9
48
26.2
26.2
37.2
Neutral
27
14.8
14.8
51.9
Agree
76
41.5
41.5
93.4
100.0
Strong agree
Total
12
6.6
6.6
183
100.0
100.0
14
Qualified staff
Cumulative
Frequency
Valid
Strongly
disagree
Disagree
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
19
10.4
10.4
10.4
37
20.2
20.2
30.6
Neutral
24
13.1
13.1
43.7
Agree
71
38.8
38.8
82.5
100.0
Strong agree
Total
32
17.5
17.5
183
100.0
100.0
Strongly
disagree
Disagree
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
20
10.9
10.9
10.9
62
33.9
33.9
44.8
Neutral
21
11.5
11.5
56.3
Agree
46
25.1
25.1
81.4
Strong agree
34
18.6
18.6
100.0
183
100.0
100.0
Total
Strongly
disagree
Disagree
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
17
9.3
9.3
9.3
63
34.4
34.4
43.7
Neutral
13
7.1
7.1
50.8
Agree
64
35.0
35.0
85.8
Strong agree
26
14.2
14.2
100.0
183
100.0
100.0
Total
Strongly
Frequency
18
Percent
9.8
Valid Percent
9.8
disagree
15
Percent
9.8
Disagree
36
19.7
19.7
29.5
Neutral
31
16.9
16.9
46.4
Agree
82
44.8
44.8
91.3
Strong agree
16
8.7
8.7
100.0
183
100.0
100.0
Total
Strongly
disagree
Disagree
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
15
8.2
8.2
8.2
71
38.8
38.8
47.0
Neutal
23
12.6
12.6
59.6
Agree
58
31.7
31.7
91.3
Strong agree
16
8.7
8.7
100.0
183
100.0
100.0
Total
Strongly
disagree
Disagree
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
4.9
4.9
4.9
29
15.8
15.8
20.8
Neutral
20
10.9
10.9
31.7
Agree
102
55.7
55.7
87.4
23
12.6
12.6
100.0
183
100.0
100.0
Strong agree
Total
Strongly
disagree
Disagree
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
31
16.9
16.9
16.9
71
38.8
38.8
55.7
Neutral
29
15.8
15.8
71.6
Agree
43
23.5
23.5
95.1
4.9
4.9
100.0
183
100.0
100.0
Strong agree
Total
16
Cumulative
Frequency
Valid
Strongly
disagree
Disagree
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
25
13.7
13.7
13.7
46
25.1
25.1
38.8
Neutral
12
6.6
6.6
45.4
Agree
86
47.0
47.0
92.3
100.0
Strong agree
Total
14
7.7
7.7
183
100.0
100.0
Strongly
disagree
Disagree
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
18
9.8
9.8
9.8
47
25.7
25.7
35.5
Neutral
46
25.1
25.1
60.7
Agree
56
30.6
30.6
91.3
100.0
Strong agree
Total
16
8.7
8.7
183
100.0
100.0
Strongly
disagree
Disagree
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
20
10.9
10.9
10.9
63
34.4
34.4
45.4
Neutral
30
16.4
16.4
61.7
Agree
57
31.1
31.1
92.9
Strong agree
13
7.1
7.1
100.0
183
100.0
100.0
Total
Strongly
disagree
Disagree
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
45
24.6
24.6
24.6
57
31.1
31.1
55.7
Neutral
31
16.9
16.9
72.7
Agree
39
11
21.3
6.0
21.3
6.0
94.0
100.0
Strong agree
17
Total
183
100.0
100.0
Strongly
disagree
Disagree
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
36
19.7
19.7
19.7
61
33.3
33.3
53.0
Neutral
20
10.9
10.9
63.9
Agree
51
27.9
27.9
91.8
100.0
Strong agree
Total
15
8.2
8.2
183
100.0
100.0
Cumulative
Frequency
Valid
Strongly
disagree
Disagree
Percent
Valid Percent
Percent
30
16.4
16.4
16.4
70
38.3
38.3
54.6
Neutral
21
11.5
11.5
66.1
Agree
51
27.9
27.9
94.0
100.0
Strong agree
Total
11
6.0
6.0
183
100.0
100.0
T-Test
One-Sample Statistics
Std. Error
N
Gender
Qualification
183
183
Mean
1.3989
2.5902
Std. Deviation
.49102
.95002
Mean
.03630
.07023
183
3.1749
1.31434
.09716
183
3.2459
1.29227
.09553
183
2.7049
1.23160
.09104
183
2.8525
1.29881
.09601
18
Laboratories
183
2.8415
1.33096
.09839
Mosques
183
3.2459
1.29652
.09584
Hostels
183
3.5410
1.36969
.10125
Internet facilities
183
2.9891
1.28383
.09490
183
3.0656
1.17486
.08685
183
3.3279
1.26736
.09369
183
3.0656
1.33263
.09851
183
3.1038
1.27750
.09444
183
3.2295
1.15872
.08566
183
2.9399
1.17749
.08704
183
3.5519
1.05679
.07812
183
2.6066
1.16183
.08588
183
3.0984
1.25407
.09270
183
3.0273
1.14562
.08469
183
2.8907
1.17158
.08661
183
2.5301
1.23943
.09162
183
2.7158
1.28650
.09510
183
2.6885
1.21177
.08958
One-Sample Test
Test Value = 0
95% Confidence Interval
Mean
Gender
Qualification
Building fulfills the
t
38.541
36.882
32.677
df
182
182
182
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
.000
.000
instructional requirements
19
Difference
1.39891
2.59016
3.17486
of the Difference
Lower
1.3273
2.4516
2.9832
Upper
1.4705
2.7287
3.3666
of students
33.979
182
.000
3.24590
3.0574
3.4344
29.710
182
.000
2.70492
2.5253
2.8846
29.710
182
.000
2.85246
2.6630
3.0419
Laboratories
28.881
182
.000
2.84153
2.6474
3.0357
Mosques
33.867
182
.000
3.24590
3.0568
3.4350
Hostels
34.972
182
.000
3.54098
3.3412
3.7408
Internet facilities
31.496
182
.000
2.98907
2.8018
3.1763
35.298
182
.000
3.06557
2.8942
3.2369
35.522
182
.000
3.32787
3.1430
3.5127
31.119
182
.000
3.06557
2.8712
3.2599
32.867
182
.000
3.10383
2.9175
3.2902
37.704
182
.000
3.22951
3.0605
3.3985
33.775
182
.000
2.93989
2.7681
3.1116
45.467
182
.000
3.55191
3.3978
3.7060
30.349
182
.000
2.60656
2.4371
2.7760
33.422
182
.000
3.09836
2.9154
3.2813
35.747
182
.000
3.02732
2.8602
3.1944
33.378
182
.000
2.89071
2.7198
3.0616
27.614
182
.000
2.53005
2.3493
2.7108
28.558
182
.000
2.71585
2.5282
2.9035
30.014
182
.000
2.68852
2.5118
2.8653
universities. Throughout the world universities have developed their economics rapidly by
cooperating with the agricultural and industrial development organizations. While in Pakistan
positive results are not shown by the development indicators.
Education system of Pakistan has many issues concerned with its quality such as quality of staff,
students, poor research facilities, laboratory and library. Hence the quality is very low in the fields of
administration, academic, research and equipment. In my opinion not only the quantity but also the
quality higher education is important for success and growth of the country.
The development and training of faculty and staff need to be ensured.
The question of quality in higher education is related to the quality of teachers, students and the
infrastructure provided. This study highlighted some of the key factors which are the level of
competence of teachers, curricula and the standards of student intake that directly relate to quality
enhancement. This study revealed that Pakistani universities have many weaknesses. The analysis of
higher education institutions indicated that there is no uniform implementation of the HEC criteria
for universities. Quality assessment needs to be ensured in these universities. The universities are
steadily moving towards improvement but there is a need of implementing quality control standards.
Some universities have a strong faculty but the physical infrastructure is less developed. On the other
handsome universities not only are violating admission standards but also have a shortage of
appropriate faculty. Therefore the responsibility lies on the shoulders of the Higher Education
Commission to maintain uniform quality standards in the universities.
RECOMMENDATIONS
After the analysis of this research study following recommendations are made.
1. A uniform admissions policy may be implemented in the universities.
2. Highly qualified faculty may be ensured in the universities.
3. A plan may be devised for non PhD faculty members of the universities so that they could be
registered in PhD programs.
4. Foreign training of all the faculty members may be planned. .
5. Multi-media use in the universities may be encouraged.
21
6. A uniform and lucrative salary package for faculty members may be introduced to attract
highly qualified teachers in the universities.
7. All the research facilities should be provided.
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