Chapter 4 Assessment

7. You have to keep pedaling your bicycle because of the friction between your wheel and the ground.
You pedal because you have to overcome that opposing force.
8. None (except the initial blast from cannon) because of the law of intertia:: An object in motion, tends
to stay in motion.
10. A liter of anything has the same volume as a liter of something else. A liter of lead, however, has
greater inertia than a liter of apple juice because it is much denser than apple juice and has greater
mass.
14. When an object is in equilibrium, its net force is equal to 0 because no force is greater than another.
Therefore, the object remains at rest.
15. It will be equal to 20N because if two forces are acting in the same direction, you simply add them.
16. It will be equal to 5N because if two forces are acting in opposite directions, you simply subtract
them.
27. a) Relative to the ground, the ball does not move. It is an object at rest that is not affected by a
significant amount of force, so it stays at rest (Newtons first law). The only motion that the ball would
experience would be when it falls to the ground.
b) From the perspective to the wagon, the ball moves away from it (even though its at rest!). Thus
the motion of the ball relative to the wagon is that it is moving away from the wagon.
28. When a car is crushed into a compact cube, its mass doesnt change. Mass as a measure of stuff
that something has. Even when the car is crushed, it still has all the same stuff as it did before.
The volume of the car, however, did change. Volume is a measure of how much space an object
takes up. Since the car got crushed so that it takes up less space, the volume of the car decreased.
The weight of the car did not change. Weight is the measure of gravity acting on mass. Since the
mass of the car did not change (and the earths gravity didnt change for some reason), the weight of the
car remained constant.
34. Harrys 300 N breaking point rope doesnt break from his 500 N weight because of how the rope
uses both ends to support his weight. Because he is being held up by both ends, the tension on both
ends of the rope is only 250 N, meaning hes safe to paint the building.
However, in the new situation, where the free end of the rope is tied to a flagpole, the end of the rope
thats supporting Harry has a tension of 500 N. All of his weight is trying to be supported on one
endbut since the rope breaks when the tension exceeds 300 N, it will snap and Harry will fall.
Chapter 5 Assessment
2. Net force is the resulting force when you take into account of all the forces acting upon an object.
When you add or subtract these forces, you get a net force.
4. If the mass is doubled, the acceleration would be halved. F = M A, F/M = A, F/2M = A/2
6. The acceleration produced by a net force on an object is directly proportional to the magnitude of the
net force, is in the same direction as the net force, and is inversely proportional to the mass of the
object. Force = Mass times Acceleration.
8. The cause of friction is the contact between two surfaces and their irregularities. The force is always
in the opposite direction of movement.
12. The force of gravity changes with the mass of an object. The ratio of force to mass is consistently 9.8.
As the mass increases, the weight increases at the same time.
14. The air resistance for the feather is larger because it is lighter with the same surface area. They
would fall with different forces and accelerations.
16. The air resistance and the weight of the falling object are equal when terminal speed is reached.
18. When an object is free falling, there is no opposing force. When the force of 15 N is opposed with 25
N, there is 10 N net force. When it encounters a force of 25 N, there is no net force.
Chapter 6 Assessment
1. There are two forces in the interaction, one from the hammer to the nail and one from the nail to the
hammer. Action and reaction.
2. Newtons Third Law states that all forces (actions) have equal and oppositely directed counter-forces
(reactions). In this case, the force of the hammer on the nail is countered by an equal and opposite force
on the nail of the hammer.
3. The force from the floor against your feet push you along due to the reaction. The law clearly states
there is an equal and opposite reaction.
4. The reaction is the water pushing against your body, making you swim further.
5. The reaction would be the force of the arrow pushing back on the bowstring. This is why the
bowstring releases more slowly when the bow is shooting an arrows even as it pushes the arrow, it is
being resisted by an equal force from the arrow.
6. The worlds mass is so much larger than people, that the recoil is unnoticeable. It has no effect on the
world.
7. The forces are equal because the reaction is the same as the action, but the acceleration differs. The
mass of the cannon may be 100x more than the mass of the cannonball, so the acceleration would be
100x more for the cannonball.
8. The rocket continually accelerates from the gas it exhausts even though there is no air. This still
creates the reaction that pushes the rocket up.
9. There are two forces on the apple and the orange, one from the pulling, one from the ground. The
forces are equal in strength because the two are not moving, but they are opposite on the apple.
10. The orange is also not accelerating, and the forces do cancel themselves. The orange system is stable
with the pulling force and the normal force.
11. The orange and apple system does not cancel (assuming that the two pulling forces are the only
forces). The orange exerts a pulling force on the apple, but no counter-force is exerted on the apple. So
the apple moves towards the orange. Similarly, the apple exerts a pulling force on the orange, but no
counter-force is exerted on the orange, so the orange moves toward the apple. Therefore both fruits
move toward each other.
19. Your weight is the result of Earths gravitational force on your body. The corresponding reaction
force is your body pulling Earth towards you.
This may not seem right, but its true. The forces are equal and opposite, but by Newtons second law,
the accelerations are different because Earth is much, much more massive than you.
21. The persons weight while standing still is equal and opposite to the normal force that is exerted on
the ground. Because the forces are equal and opposite, they form an action-reaction pair.
22. If you walk on a log while it is floating in the river, the log will move backwards. This is because
walking involves pushing off against what you stepped on. The force of your step pushed the log
backwards in the water.
24. When falling off the edge of a cliff, Earth pulls down on your body, which causes your body to
accelerate. At the same time, however, your body pulls Earth towards you. You dont notice Earth
moving towards you because the acceleration from your force on Earth is very small, due to how much
more massive Earth is compared to you.