CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

DEFINITIONS: See Fig. 1.2, page 4.

A. ANATOMY = the study of the structure (morphology, form) of body parts.
B. PHYSIOLOGY = the study of the function of body parts.
MAINTANENCE OF LIFE
A. e!uireme"ts of #rga"isms See
$able 1.4, page %.
1. "utrie"ts for e"ergy
2. o&yge" for 'ellular respiratio"
(. )ater for most metaboli' rea'tio"s, lubri'atio", et'.
4. heat to mai"tai" (*
o
+ body temp, e",yme a'tio"
-. pressure for breathi"g a"d filteri"g blood through .id"eys
B. /omeostasis See Fig 1.* a"d Fig 1.0, page 11.
1. 1efi"itio" = the te"de"'y of a" orga"ism to mai"tai"
st!"e intern" en#iron$ent.
2. All life pro'esses a"d metaboli' rea'tio"s )or. to mai"tai"
homeostasis.
2. 2ost homeostati' me'ha"isms are regulated by ne%ti#e fee&!c' (see
e&ample belo)).
(. All homeostati' me'ha"isms ha3e three 'ompo"e"ts i" 'ommo".
a. e'eptor 4 se"ses 'ha"ge i" e"3iro"me"t
b. +o"trol +e"ter 4 egulates set5poi"t of 3ariables
'. 6ffe'tor 4 orga" that a'ts i" respo"se to 'ha"ges
-. 6&ample = mai"te"a"'e of body temperature at
%0.7
o
F8(*
o
+.
9:( ORGANI)ATION OF THE HUMAN *ODY
A. Body +a3ities See Fig 1.%, page 1(.
/;2A< B#1=
A>:A? @#$:#<
A@@6<1:+;?A
151
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
@#$:#<
head
arms
"e'.
legs
tru".
2AA# +A9:$:6S
1#SA? +A9:$= 96<$A? +A9:$=
+A<:A? +A9:$=
$/#A+:+
+A9:$=
brai" lu"gs
mediasti"um
96$6BA? +A<A? thymus
spi"al 'ord heart
esophagus
tra'hea

B Note t+t t+e &i,+r%$ $usc"e se,rtes t+e t+orcic fro$ !&o$ino,e"#ic c#ities(
AB1#2:<#@6?9:+ +A9:$=
ABDOMINAL CAVITY
PELVIC CAVITY
stoma'h
uri"ary bladder li3er
i"ter"al reprodu'ti3e
splee"
152
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
orga"s
gallbladder
small i"testi"e
large i"testi"e
B <ote that the .id"eys, adre"al gla"ds, pa"'reas, a"d ureters are behi"d the abdomi"opel3i'
'a3ity. $his is referred to as 6$#@6:$#<6A?.
15(
9:. ORGANI)ATION OF THE HUMAN *ODY
B. T+orcic n& A!&o$ino,e"#ic Me$!rnes
1( Me$!rne = a soft, thi", pliable layer of tissue that either:
a. 'o3ers a 3ital (3is'eral orga") = -ISCERAL MEM*RANE(
b. li"es a body 'a3ity = PARIETAL MEM*RANE(

2. $here is a spa'e bet)ee" a 3is'eral a"d parietal membra"e i"to )hi'h SEROUS
f"ui& is se'reted for "u!riction.
(. $here are spe'ifi' "ames for the membra"es arou"d the heart, lu"gs, a"d
abdomi"al orga"s:
a. Serous 2embra"es of the LUNGS:
$he membra"e o" the surfce of the lu"g is 'alled #iscer" ,"eur.
$he membra"e that "ines t+e c#it. i" )hi'h the lu"gs are lo'ated
is 'alled ,riet" ,"eur.
$he spa'e bet)ee" these t)o membra"es is
'alled the ,"eur" c#it., a"d it is filled )ith serous f"ui&.
b. Serous 2embra"es of the HEART: (
$he membra"e o" the surfce of the heart is 'alled #iscer"
,ericr&iu$.
$he membra"e that "ines t+e c#it. i" )hi'h the heart is lo'ated is
'alled ,riet" ,ericr&iu$.
$he spa'e bet)ee" these t)o membra"es is 'alled the ,ericr&i"
c#it., a"d it is filled )ith serous f"ui&.
'. Serous 2embra"es of the A*DOMINAL ORGANS:
See Fi% 1(1/0 ,%e 11(
$he membra"e o" the surfce of the li3er, stoma'h, et'. is 'alled
#iscer" ,eritoneu$.
$he membra"e that "ines t+e !&o$in" c#it. is 'alled ,riet"
,eritoneu$.
$he spa'e bet)ee" these t)o membra"es is 'alled the ,eritone"
c#it., a"d it is filled )ith serous f"ui&.
-III( ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
A. 1efi"itio" = a la"guage used to des'ribe the relati3e positio" of body partsC
"eeded for co$$uniction.
B. Anto$ic" Position = sta"di"g ere't, fa'e for)ard, upper limbs at sides,
palms for)ard.
+. Re"ti#e Position
1. Superior = abo3eC :"ferior = belo)C
2. A"terior = fro"tC @osterior = ba'.C
(. 9e"tral = fro"tC 1orsal = ba'.C
4. 2edial = 'e"terC ?ateral = sideC
-. :psilateral = same sideC +o"tralateral = other side
7. @ro&imal = 'loser to tru".C 1istal = farther from tru".C
*. Superfi'ial = surfa'eC 1eep = i"ter"al.
1. *o&. Sections 2cuts0 ,"nes)
See Fig 1.2D, page 22 a"d Figures 1.21, page 22 a"d 1.22, page 2(
1. S%itt" cut: di3ides the body i"to right a"d left portio"s.
a. midsagittal (media") = e!ual right a"d left
portio"s.
2. Trns#erse Cut (or hori,o"tal): di3ides the body i"to superior a"d i"ferior
portio"s
(. Coron" Cut (or fro"tal): di3ides the body i"to a"terior a"d posterior
portio"s.
4. +ross5se'tio": 'ut at %D degrees to lo"g a&is of the obEe't
-. #bli!ue se'tio": 'ut at a" a"gle a'ross a" obEe't
7. ?o"gitudi"al se'tio": 'ut )ith the lo"g a&is of a" obEe't
9:::. ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
F. Surfce Anto$. 2Ln&$r's3:

See Fig 1.24, page 24.
1. A"terior ?a"dmar.s:
A!o#e t+e 4ist *e"o5 t+e 4ist
a. 'ra"ial= s.ull u. femoral=thigh
b. fa'ial=fa'e 3. patellar=."ee 'ap
'. 'ephali'=head ). 'rural=leg
d. 'er3i'al="e'. &. 'o&al=hip
e. a&illary=armpit y. i"gui"al=groi"
f. bra'hial=upper arm ,. pubi'=pel3i'
g. a"te'ubital=a"terior elbo) aa. tarsal=a".le
h. a"tebra'hial=forearm
i. 'arpal=)rist
E. meta'arpal=ha"d
.. digital=fi"ger
l. fro"tal=forehead
m. orbital=eye
". oti'=ear
o. bu''al='hee.
p. "asal="ose
!. oral=mouth
r. me"tal='hi"
s. mammary=breast
t. umbili'al="a3al
2. @osterior ?a"dmar.s
A!o#e t+e 4ist *e"o5 t+e 4ist
a. a'romial=shoulder e. gluteal=butto'.s
b. 'ubital=elbo) f. popliteal=ba'. of ."ee
'. lumbar=loi" g. pedal=foot
d. dorsal=ba'. h. pla"tar=sole
i. 'al'a"eal=heel
9:::. SOME MEDICAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES 4 see page 2-.
:>. THE HUMAN ORGANISM 4 see pages (D5(7.
Or%n S.ste$s
*ASIC
157
CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM NAME ORGANS IN SYSTEM FUNCTION2S3
Body 'o3eri"gs
INTEGUMENTARY S.i", hair, "ails, s)eat
gla"ds, seba'eous gla"ds
prote'tio", regulatio" of
body temperature,
sy"thesis of 9itami" 1,
et'.
Support a"d 2o3eme"t S6ELETAL Bo"es, te"do"s,
ligame"ts, 'artilages
support, prote'tio",
mo3eme"t, +a
FF
store,
hematopoiesis
MUSCULAR S.eletal 2us'les mo3eme"t, heat
produ'tio"
:"tegratio" a"d
+oordi"atio"
NER-OUS Brai", spi"al 'ord,
"er3es
'oordi"atio" of body
partsC i"formatio"
pro'essi"g
ENDOCRINE 6"do'ri"e Gla"ds that
se'rete hormo"es
mai"te"a"'e of
homeostasis
$ra"sport CARDIO-ASCULAR /eart, blood 3essels 6le'trolyte mai"te"a"'e,
tra"sport of "utrie"ts,
)astes, #2 a"d +#2
LYMPHATIC Bo"e marro), lymph
"odes, thymus, splee"
to fight i"fe'tio"
Absorptio" a"d Se'retio" RESPIRATORY oral 'a3ity, "ose, "asal
'a3ity, si"uses, phary"&,
lary"&, tra'hea,
bro"'hial tubes )ithi"
lu"gs, al3eoli
e&'ha"ge of gases (#2
a"d +#2), mai"te"a"'e
of blood p/ a"d
ele'trolytesC 3oi'e
produ'tio"
URINARY .id"eys, ureters, uri"ary
bladder, urethra
remo3al of metaboli'
)astes from blood,
mai"te"a"'e of blood
(i.e. p/, pressure, et'.),
mai"te"a"'e of
ele'trolytes
DIGESTI-E #ral 'a3ity, phary"&,
esophagus, stoma'h,
small a"d large i"testi"e,
sali3ary gla"ds, li3er,
pa"'reas, gall bladder
brea.do)" of food i"to
substa"'es that 'a" be
absorbed (for e"ergy)
eprodu'tio" REPRODUCTI-E male: testes, epididymis,
3as defere"s, prostate,
semi"al 3esi'le,
bulbourethral gla"ds,
urethra, pe"is, s'rotum
female: o3aries, fallopia"
tubes, uterus, 'er3i&,
3agi"a, labia, 'litoris
produ'tio", mai"te"a"'e
a"d tra"sport of gametesC
produ'tio" of se&
hormo"es
Female: house
de3elopi"g embryo8fetus
A!&o$ino,e"#ic Ares
15*
Nine Re%ions
RIGHT
HYPOCHONDRIAC
REGION
EPIGASTRIC
REGION
LEFT
HYPOCHONDRIAC
REGION
RIGHT LUM*AR
REGION
UM*ILICAL
REGION
LEFT LUM*AR
REGION
RIGHT ILIAC
REGION
HYPOGASTRIC
REGION
LEFT ILIAC
REGION
Four 7u&rnts:
RIGHT UPPER
H;A1A<$
LEFT UPPER
H;A1A<$
RIGHT LO4ER
H;A1A<$
LEFT LO4ER
H;A1A<$
150