LECTURE-02

ENERGY CRISIS AND

SOLUTIONS
Aitazaz Ahsan 10-ME-04
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ENERGY CRISIS
Pakistan is facing a shortfall in oil and electricity fields since last five to six years. It
effects our economy and lifestyle adversely. As a Pakistani it is our responsibility to
save energy and use renewable sources like wind, water, sun and biomass.
In this presentation I have discussed what renewable energy resources are and how
we can utilize them for the betterment of Pakistani economy and in current energy
crisis.
A Sankey tool view for Pakistan Energy Resources is being shown on next slide
which explains about the energy resources distribution in our country.
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MAIN QUESTIONS DISCUSSED
WHY PAKISTAN IS FACING SUCH CRISIS ?
WHAT ARE REASONS BEHIND IT ?
WHY PAKISTAN IS NOT UTILIZING RESOURCES?
WHY PAKISTAN IS IMPORTING COAL IF IT ALREADY HAS LARGE AMOUNT OF
COAL?
WHY HALF OF POPULATION OF PAKISTAN HAS NO ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY?
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NATURAL RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN
Natural resources are materials and components (something that can be used) that can be
found within the environment. Every man-made product is composed of natural resources (at
its fundamental level)
Kinds of natural resources
Coal
Natural Gas
Petroleum
Bio Mass
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COAL AND ITS PROPERTIES
Coal is a hard rock style substance and a blend of Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen and a
different amount of Sulpur
Following are its important types
Diamond
Anthracite
Bituminous
Sub-Bituminous
Lignite
Peat
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NATURAL GAS
Natural Gas is a naturally occurring hydro carbon gas mixture consisting primarily of
methane ,ethane, nitrogen ,hydrogen, carbon dioxide.
Types of Natural Gas
LPG ->LNG ->CNG ->FLNG
USES:
Heating Building
Power generation
Providing heat and power to industry/vehicle
Manufacturing of fertilizers
Domestic use
Transportation/aviation
Used in manufacturing of fabrics, glass, steel, plastic paint and other products
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BIO GAS
Biogas has proved to be a viable technology in the physical and socio-economic
conditions. Pakistan is rich in Biogas potential, the technology provides nearly three
times more useful energy than that dung directly burnt, and also produces nutrient-
rich manure. Besides production of Biogas, the Biogas Plants can result in improving
economic and financial conditions at micro as well as macro level and abating
emission of greenhouse gases that has been polluting the environment due to its
direct exposure.
Bio Mass consumption is 80% in our rural areas while 20% in urban areas. Pakistan
is rich among bio fuel producers. But the main thing is to utilize it properly. We dont
use to covert bio mass instead we use it directly in heating and cooking applications.
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PROBLEMS DESCRIPTION:
Only 55% of the Pakistans population has access to electricity and per capita supply is about 520 kWh. At
present, the people are facing severe load shedding/blackout problems due to shortage of about 3 GW power
supply. Gas and oil have 65% share in conventional electricity generation. Indigenous reserves of oil and gas are
limited and the country heavily depends on imported oil. The oil import bill is a serious strain on the countrys
economy. Though there is huge coal potential in the country but has not been utilized due to various reasons. This
shows that Pakistan must develop renewable to manage the energy crises. There is substantial potential of
renewable in the country for managing the present energy crises as well as meeting the future energy needs.
With the advent of the year 2008, Pakistan faces a gap of 4500 MW between the demand and supply of
electricity, registering a shortfall of 40%. The key dimensions of the crisis, i.e. growing gap between demand and
supply, diminishing indigenous oil and gas reserves, rising energy cost and security concerns. . In has been found
that the total estimated hydropower potential is more than 42 GW out of which only 6.5 GW has been tapped so
far. In terms of available solar energy Pakistan is amongst the richest countries in the world, having an annual
global irradiance value of 19002200 kWh/m
2
. Despite that fact that the biomass plays an important role in the
primary energy mix by contributing to 36% of the total supplies, it has not managed to break into the commercial
energy market. Wind power, also been identified as a potential source of energy, is yet to take off.
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Under the circumstances it is highly desirable that alternate energy resources should be utilized with maximum Conversion
efficiency to cope with the ever increasing energy demand. Among the non-conventional energy resources, solar energy, wind
energy and Biomass has emerged as most prospective option for the future. Detailed information about the availability of solar
radiation on horizontal surface is essential for the optimum design and study of solar energy conversion system. For a country
like Pakistan, the economical and efficient application of solar energy seems inevitable because of abundant sunshine available
throughout the year. Solar radiation data are available for most part of the world, but is not available for many countries which
cannot afford the measurement equipment and techniques involved. Global solar radiation in Pakistan are measured at five
stations namely Karachi, Lahore, Multan, Quetta and Islamabad.
On average solar global insolation 57 kWh/m2/day exists in the country over more than 95% of its area with persistence
factor of over 85% [23]. The South Western province of Baluchistan and North Eastern part of Sindh offer excellent
conditions for harnessing solar energy where sun shines between 7 and 8 h daily or approximately more than 23002700 h per
annum.
Despite the favorable conditions, the use of solar energy for generating electricity or heating is still in its beginnings. Mostly
photovoltaic systems of generation capacity 100500 W/unit have been used for producing electricity in a few rural areas.
According to a survey report, more than 40,000 villages of Pakistan have no access to electricity and it is expected that within
next 50 years, it is difcult to electrify these villages with present pace of development in the energy sector. As far back as the
early 1980s, the Government of Pakistan had 18 PV systems with composite output of 440 kW installed in various parts of the
country. Due to lack of technical know-how about operation and maintenance, these systems were no longer in operation in
1990s.Under such conditions PCRET started ensuring development and sustainability of solar and other renewable energy
projects in the country. AEDB joined such efforts in 2003. But unfortunately both these governmental organizations are so
weak in nancial and technical manpower resource to imagine any breakthrough in near future. More than 20 manufacturers,
suppliers, etc. in private sector are active in solar energy business in the country.
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Wind power provides opportunity to reduce dependence on imported fossil fuel and at the same time expands the power supply
capacity to remote locations where grid expansion is not practical. Recently conducted survey of Wind Power Potential along
coastal areas of the country by Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD), indicates that a potential exists for harvesting
wind energy using currently available technologies, especially along Sindh coast. Gharo, one of the sites in Sindh where the
wind data have been recorded and studied by PMD, has been selected for Using the measured wind data the annual gross
energy production by an 18 MW wind farm consisting of thirty 600 kW turbines will be 45 million kWh.
Taking into account the wind turbine availability, net losses and wake effects in the wind farm the net annual energy production
is estimated to 31 million kWh per year corresponding to a capacity factor of 28%. Biomass/Waste to Energy has been
recognized as a clean, reliable, renewable source of energy.
Unfortunately in Pakistan this source of energy has not been utilized for power generation in the past. The growing
urbanization and changes in the pattern of life has given rise to generation of increasing quantities of wastes and its now
becoming another threat to our environment. However, in recent years, waste-to-energy technologies have been developed to
produce clean energy through the combustion of municipal solid waste in specially designed power plants equipped with the
most modern pollution control equipment to clean emissions. Biomass and waste to energy plants are used not only to generate
sufficient power but also used to clean up the environment as well by conserving non-renewable fossil fuel resources and
reducing the environmental impacts of trash disposal. Biomass and waste-to-energy facilities can also contribute to the
countrys economy by providing jobs apart from generating electricity.
Biogas has proved to be a viable technology in the physical and socio-economic conditions. Pakistan is rich in Biogas
potential, the technology provides nearly three times more useful energy than that dung directly burnt, and also produces
nutrient-rich manure. Besides production of Biogas, the Biogas Plants can result in improving economic and financial
conditions at micro as well as macro level and abating emission of greenhouse gases that has been polluting the environment
due to its direct exposure.
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Pakistan can also benefit from the experience and knowledge of its neighbor India, which has 1694 MW of small hydro
installed. Lastly, it is very important to note that many people in rural Pakistan do not have electricity and small hydro is very
well suited to many of these areas because it does not have to be connected to the grid. Another option is to build grids that
only cover one village or town, which is a very popular option in China, India and Vietnam because small hydro can easily be
connected to this type of grid, state Taylor, Upadhyay and Laguna.
Thus, small hydro is by far the best option available for Pakistan due o the presence of many rivers, the environmental and
societal benefits as well as the drawbacks of wave and tidal power. It is now up to the government to put in place policies that
would allow people to purchase these systems cheaply. If Pakistan is able to independently produce power, this would greatly
increase the Number of jobs and the benefit to society.
One of main problem associated with Pakistanis is the behavior habits of wasting of energy. Adaptation of new tech. will work
best if we will change our habits.
Residential sector is the main consumer of electricity in Pakistan which is about (45-47%)
Bio source of energy is bio mass and we use it directly for heating and cooling purposes. 80% of bio mass is used in villages
remaining 20% in urban areas.
2
nd
Biggest source of energy in Pakistan is natural gas which is used to produce electricity as well as used in industrial and
residential areas.
Coal is also in use in many industrial applications. Our crude oil production is 60 Barrels per day and consumption 151 barrels
so we are main importer of oil.
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One of the main problem discussed in class lecture is about the proper distribution
of load on energy resources. If we use to divide load into 20,20,60 ratio we can
easily remove energy crisis.
But we people are putting the full load on main energy resources like coal power
plant, Hydel power plant. If we use to apply proper management and distribute
load as shown in figure below then we can remain safe for next 20 to 25 years.
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CENTRALIZATION
Centralization is one of major problems in our country. Resources are
produced in other parts of countries and consumed in other main populated
areas. As Sindh is producing coal (Tharcoal) while it is consuming in Punjab.
So we have to do decentralization to decrease per unit cost at province
and district level because we have to provide transport cost as well as there
are diff kind of dangers associated with transport e.g. terrorists
Pakistani society is a biggest threat for non-muslims so they are not ready to
install their projects in Pakistan. Its also contributing towards importing energy
fromother countries.
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ENERGY AND ITS IMPACT
Energy has a direct impact on the standard of living of people and industrial side of
the country and both of these are a good measure of economic development of a
country. If people of a country are having a high standard of living and their
industrial side is progressing well (means the exports are greater than the imports)
than it is a clear sign that the country is making full use of its resources its growth
rate is high.
Following are the main sources of energy in Pakistan (for generating electricity):
Conventional energy sources are typically fully developed
Nonrenewable resources includes ;
1) Thermal energy 2) Hydel energy 3)Nuclear energy
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NON CONVENTIONAL SOURCES
Nonconventional sources may be functional but are still undergoing development and use
renewable resources.
1) Wind energy
2) Solar energy
3) Bio gas (energy animal &plant wastes)
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CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY ARE THOSE SOURCES
WHICH ARE GENERALLY USED IN THE COUNTRY FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HEAT ,
ELECTRICITY , AND POWER . PAKISTAN HAS THE FOLLOWING CONVENTIONAL
SOURCES OF ENERGY THAT ARE AS FOLLOWS
THERMAL ENERGY
Thermal energy sources in Pakistan
1. Coal
Pakistan has huge reserves of coal which can be used to overcome the problem of
energy crises in the country . The government of Pakistan is making hectic efforts to
introduce the coal usage in the industrial sector. The machinery for these units is totally
exempted from import duties and taxes. A coal based power plant of 150MW has been
set up in the interior Sindh.
2. Oil
Oil is one of the most important sources of energy through out the world and its
importance is increasing day by day. many wars are being fought just tov get the
reserves of the oil. The government of Pakistan is making sincere efforts to find out new oil
fields in the country .the policy is to attain self sufficiency in oil because oil as a
source of energy is expensive if it is imported from other countries and it greatly increases
the import bills of the country, at present the generation capacity of electricity through
oil is 12340MW.
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3.Natural gas:
Natural gas is also a precious gift of Allah to our country. huge deposits of natural
gas has been discovered in many parts of Baluchistan and Sindh natural gas is a
cheap sources of energy in comparison to oil and it can also play a great role in the
industrial sector because it is used as a raw material in many industries like fertilizers
cement and plastics etc.
Hydel energy in Pakistan:
Pakistan hydel energy is usually generated through waterfalls (dams).there are many
dams in the country which play a great role in the generation of electricity for
household, business and industrial sector. since independence huge amounts have
been allocated for the development of hydel energy as it is a main source of
electricity generation in the country as a result of this the generation of electric
power through hydel energy has been increased from 68MW in 1947 to
6555MWin 2009.
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4. Nuclear energy
The importance of nuclear energy as a source of electricity generation is increasing very
rapidly throughout the world as many developed as well as developing countries are making
use of nuclear energy to generate electricity. the main fuel which is required to run the
nuclear reactor is called uranium. With the grace of all mighty uranium is found in excess in
Pakistan. at present there are two nuclear electric power generation plants in Pakistan
namely Karachi nuclear power plant and chasma nuclear power plant.
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ENERGY SECTOR IN PAKISTAN
AT PRESENT ENERGY IS GENERATED BY ONLY THREE MODES
1. Thermal 65%
2. Hydel 33%
3. Nuclear 2%
Two companies that produces electricity in Pakistan
1. WAPDA
2. KESC
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SUPPLY & DEMAND
The total power production capacity in country is 19,500MW
Country is falling short of 4500MW
The demand of electricity is growing at the annual rate of 9%,while supply of electricity is increasing
at comparatively slower rate of 7%
According to a survey
1. Household sector 44.2%
2. Industries 31.1%
3. Agriculture 14.3%
4. Government sector 7.4%
5. Commercial 5.5%
6. Street lights 0.7%
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SUPPLY THROUGH POWER PLANTS
Thermal power stations
1. WAPDA operates-11 stations
2. KESC operates -4 stations
3. IPPS operates-14 stations independently
Hydel power Generation
1. Tarbela Dam1750 MW
2. Mangla Dam-900MW
Nuclear power generation
Two nuclear reactors of 425MW power to generate electricity
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TEN YEARS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION
CONSUMPTION BY SOURCE
2006-07
OIL 29%
LPG 2%
ELECT 16%
GAS 41%
COAL 12%
CONSUMPTION BY
SOURCE 1996-97
OIL 49%
LPG 2%
COAL 6%
GAS 29%
ELEC 15%
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CAUSES OF ENERGY CRISIS IN PAKISTAN
ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL STABILITY
FLUCTUATION OF OIL PRICES IN INTERNATIONAL MARKET
FAULTY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
AGEING OF EQUIPMENT
UNPRODUCTIVE EFFORTS
SILTING PROCESS
MISMANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES
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Lack Of Energy Conservation:
Currently, the elite class is consuming maximum energy even with prior knowledge and understanding. A
recent estimate shows that 15 to 20 percent of energy is either theft or wasted through poor distribution
systems.
High Cost Of Fuel:
The high cost of fuel i.e. the price of crude has increased from $40 to $140 a barrel. This obscene rise
in cost means that the thermal source of production is resulting in exorbitant prices.
Lack Of Political Will And Leadership:
Leaders have poor management qualities and lack of accountability.
Politicians are just busy in making money. They dont feel the sorrow of people.
They are not using new and advance means to solve energy crisis.
Officials are just doing politics on such serious issue (like kala Bagh Dam)
They are not regulating prices like of CNG and Petroleum. Its outcome is that now a days we have the large
cues in front of CNG pumps.
Pakistan is lacking behind the needs of natural gas at about 27 million ton of energy in current year and this
ratio will rise in upcoming years.
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RECOMMENDATIONS
A GOOD PLANNING IS NEEDED TO OVERCOME THIS INCREASING CRISIS:
1. SHORT TERM PLAN
2. MEDIUM TERM PLAN
3. LONG TERM PLAN
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SHORT TERM PLAN:
INCREASE IPPs(Independent power producers).
REACTIVATE CLOSED POWER STATIONS.
RENEW POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.
IMPORT ELECTRICITY TILL CRISIS.
MID-TERM PLAN:
UTILIZATION RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES.
INSTALLATION OF SOLAR,WIND, BIOGAS AND WIND PROJECTS IN ELLIGIBLE AREAS.
LONG TERM PLAN:
DEVELOPING AND INSTALLING COAL BASED POWERHOUSES
INITIATE ENERGY AGREEMENTS WITH FRIENDLY COUNTRIES
EXPLORATION OF MORE OIL,GAS AND COAL FIELDS
UPGRADATION IN TRAINING COURSES FOR ENGINEERS
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Current Situation in Power Sector:
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EFFECTS OF THIS SITUATION IN PAKISTAN
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CONCLUSION:
Energy is basic necessity for life. With the increasing demands and decreasing sources it is our responsibility to use
energy wisely. We should adopt some measures to save energy. Here are some suggestions for the conservation of
energy.
Passive energy design is recommended by the experts in which, buildings doors, walls and windows of a building are
made such that they can absorb maximum of energy in winters and reject maximum of heat energy in summers. In this
way, maximum utilization of stored energy inside the buildings could be saved.
A nation does not become energy inefficient overnight; it is a slow process that is influenced by a multitude of social,
political, financial and economic considerations. While a large number of barriers have to be overcome in the drive
towards energy efficiency, it is quite possible to make meaningful gains in a relatively short time. Provided that there is
complete alliance between all stakeholders (which in this case includes everyone), it is estimated that by 2015 there
could be energy savings of almost 20% in Pakistans overall energy consumption.
This paper proposes that the Chamber, in collaboration with its members and business partners, develops an
Energy Efficiency and Energy Conservation Programmed that focuses on providing the people of Pakistan with real
life, simple and tangible ways to save energy.
Naturally, the government would need to play a leading role in setting up accurate pricing policies, devise and enforce
minimum energy performance standards, incentivize investment in energy efficiency measures and increase overall
public education and awareness on the importance of energy efficiency and conservation. The National Energy
Conservation Centre (Emerson) would develop partnerships with all power generation and transmission utilities,
regulatory authorities and private power producers to ensure a coherent and consistent message is delivered. The
Chamber would play an important role in helping fund and being a technology partner to Enercon by encouraging its
members to run media campaigns supportive of and aligned with this initiative. In the longer term, the Chamber
would assist the Government of Pakistan in developing a policy infrastructure that would allow Emerson to build a
publicprivate partnership with all stakeholders (including the general public) to make energy efficiency and energy
conservation a part of every Pakistani's conscience and consciousness.
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Preserve resources:
Many resources like as flow of water in rivers, streams, canals could be utilized in an
organized way and more energy could be got by using small hydro generation equipment's.
Their local utilization could also save transmission, manpower and maintenance cost. Tidal
and wind could also an important source for generation of energy. The places where these
resources are in abundant form could be utilized and more appropriate way. Solid and liquid
waste could also be other sources that could be use it such a beneficial method that provide
energy and prove helpful for conservation of resources.
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REFRENCES
1. Husain, T., Pakistans Energy Sector Issues: Energy Efficiency and Energy Environmental Links The Lahore
Journal of Economics, 2010). 15( September 2010): p. 33-59.
Energy Crisis of Pakistan Slide share.
2. Uqaili, M.A. and H. Khanji, Energy, environment and sustainable development. 2012, New York ; Wien:
Springer. xv, 349 p.
3. M, A., Sustainable energy options for Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009. 13(4):
p. 903-909.
4. M. Akhlaque Ahmed, F.A. and a.M.W. Akhta, Estimation of Global and Diffuse Solar Radiation. Journal of
Basic and Applied Sciences, 2009. 5(2): p. 73-77.
5. Sheikh, M.A., Energy and renewable energy scenario of Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews 2019. 14: p. 354363.
6. Project, Wind Energy Project, in Project 2008, Pakistan Meteriological Department: Ministry of Science &
Technology.
7. Garlov, A.M., Tidal Energy, 2001, Northeastern University, Boston: Massachusseetts. p. 2956.
8. ; Available from: http://www.aedb.org/BioMass.htm.
9.Intergrated Energy Plan 2009-2012.
10. RET Lecture-02 (But According to Sir Tanzeel I have done it in my own words.) Thanks
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LECTURE 3 RET
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Sustainable developmentis an organizing principle for human life on a finite planet. It posits a
desirable future state for human societies in which living conditions and resource-use meet human
needs without undermining the sustainability of natural systems and the environment, so that future
generations may also have their needs met. (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)
"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts:
the concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority
should be given; and
the idea of limitationsimposed by the state of technology and social organization on the
environment's ability to meet present and future needs.
(From the Brundtland Report)
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TWO MORE DEFINITIONS OF
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Normative definition
Development that meets the needs and aspirations of the current generation
without compromising the ability to meet those of future generations.
Our definition
Development which enables individuals and communities in underdeveloped
regions of the world to raise living standards through profitable products,
consistent with minimizing adverse environmental effects
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Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs"
Brundtland Commission
Our common future 1987
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All definitions of sustainable development require that we see the world as a systema system that
connects space; and a system that connects time and when you think of the world as a system over
time, you start to realize that the decisions our grandparents made about how to farm the land
continue to affect agricultural practice today; and the economic policies we endorse today will have
an impact on urban poverty when our children are adults.
We also understand that quality of life is a system, too. It's good to be physically healthy, but what if
you are poor and don't have access to education? It's good to have a secure income, but what if the
air in your part of the world is unclean? And it's good to have freedom of religious expression, but
what if you can't feed your family?
The concept of sustainable development is rooted in this sort of systems thinking. It helps us
understand ourselves and our world. The problems we face are complex and seriousand we can't
address them in the same way we created them. But we can address them.
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The principles of sustainable development involve safeguarding and using existing resources
in a sustainable way to enhance the long-term management of, and investment in, human,
social and environmental resources, which is more important than ever due to the evidence
of dwindling natural resources and the impacts of unsustainable development. For district
councils, incorporating sustainable development into their decision making processes and
policies is an important step towards achieving sustainability within their district.
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GDP PER CAPITA FOR PAKISTAN
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AGENDA 21
A comprehensive blueprint of action to be taken globally, nationally and locally by organizations of
the UN, governments, and major groups in every area in which humans influence the environment.
The task is to balance economic development with social and environmental objectives
It comprises four sections.
Section I : Social and Economic Dimensions
Including combating poverty, changing consumption patterns, population and demographic dynamics,
promoting health, promoting sustainable settlement patterns and integrating environment and
development into decision-making.
Section I I : Conservation and Management of Resources for Development
including atmospheric protection, combating deforestation, protecting fragile environments,
conservation of biological diversity (biodiversity), and control of pollution.
Section I I I : Strengthening the Role of Major Groups
Including the roles of children and youth, women, NGOs, local authorities, business and workers.
Section I V: Means of I mplementation
Including science, technology transfer, education, international institutions and mechanisms and
financial mechanisms.
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OUR GOALS
Improve technology and economic efficiency of the system.
Increase energy security by (a)Decentralization (b)Diversification
Reduce environmental Impact means try to decrease green house effect.
Expand access and affordability.
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FUTURE OBJECTIVES FOR RET
To identify different path ways to lower the emission of carbon.
To identify drivers and barriers.
Focus on technology limits and social acceptance.
All of these factors require dynamic model and consistent frame work including static and
dynamic models.
So for doing sustainable development we have to change our social structure.
Thanks
Regards 10-ME-04
2/1/2014 Aitazaz Ahsan 10-ME-04 Lecture-2 RET
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