Developing the Periodic table

In 1863, John Newland an English chemist arranged the 16 elements known at that time
in order of increasing atomic masses. When he placed the elements in two rows, he
observed that the elements in each column had similar and physical properties.

Li Be B C N O F
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl

Since the chemical and physical properties repeated with the eighth element, Newland
called this pattern the law of octaves.

Dobereiner arranged the elements into groups of three called the triads.The elements in a
triad had similar properties. He arranged fluorine, chlorine and bromine in one group.
Strontium,barium and radium were arranged into one group.

Mendeleev's periodic table

Mendeleev arranged the 63 elements known at that time according to increasing atomic
mass in such a way that elements with similar properties fit into columns to form family
or groups.

The arrangement left many gaps between elements and Mendeleev predicted that these
spaces would be filled as new elements were discovered.

He was able to predict the properties of these undiscovered elements which he called eka
aluminum, eka boron and eka silicon. These elements were discovered later ( scandium,
gallium and germanium) and the properties were very close to Mendeleev predictions.

Properties of elements were a function of their atomic masses. This

was called the periodic law.
Because properties of elements repeated in an orderly way, it was
called periodic.
Uniqueness of Mendeleev's table
He was able to predict the properties of the undiscovered elements.

The arrangement of the elements into groups showed that the properties of the elements
repeated in an orderly way. Such a repeating pattern is called periodic.

Modern Periodic Law

Henry Mosley made an exception to Mendeleev's periodic law.
 Modern Periodic Law says that the properties of the elements are
a periodic function of their atomic number.
Modern Periodic table:
Reflects electron configurations of atoms
Transition Elements
electrons are added to the d sublevel
Lanthanoids & Actinoids
 lanthanoids: electrons are added to 4f sublevel
actinoids: electrons are filling the 5f sublevel

Periods: The 7 horizontal rows of the periodic table. The number of each period
corresponds with the number of the number of the outermost energy level.

Groups: Vertical Columns of the periodic table. Elements within a group have similar
properties. Elements within a group have the same outer electron configuration.

Metals:

All metals are solids at room temperature except mercury, which is a liquid.
All metals are good conductors of electricity.
Metals are malleable(can be hammered or rolled into sheets), ductile (can be drawn
into wires).
Metals are found on the left side of the star- step line.

Metals have a shiny surface(lustrous)

Non metals:

Non metals are poor conductors of electricity

Allnonmetals are solids, liquids and gases.
Nonmetals are brittle and non-lustrous
They are located in the upper right corner of the periodic table.

Mettaloids:
 have properties of metals and nonmetals
elements considered to be metalloids:
boron silicon germanium arsenic
antimony tellurium polonium and astatine.

Periodic trends: a trend is a predictable change in a particular

direction.

Atomic radius: The atomic radius of an atom is half the distance

between the nuclei of two like atoms.
Periodic trend: Atomic radius increases from top to bottom through a
group.

Reasoning: As you travel downward through a group, an atom

becomes larger due to the addition of an energy level. These energy
levels with electrons shield (protect) the outer electrons from the
nuclear pull.The outermost electrons are protected and away from the
nucleus , so less nuclear pull.

Periodic trend: Atomic radius decreases from left to right through a

period.

Reasoning: As you travel from left to right through a period the

number of protons inside the nucleus increases, thus increasing the
total positive charge of the nucleus. Moving across a period the
electrons are in the same energy level, no additional energy levels
come between the outermost electrons and the nucleus, so less
shielding (less protection). The stronger positive charge causes the
electrons to be pulled closer to the nucleus therefore reducing the
atoms size.

Atomic radius of an Ion:

An ion is an electrically charged atom due to the loss or gain of

electrons. Metals usually lose their valence electrons, and nonmetals
usually gain these electrons on their last energy levels.

1. Therefore, if metals lose electrons, they must form ------------------------

ions.

2. Since nonmetals gain negative electrons, they must form

------------------ ions.

3. Draw a picture of the sodium atom and next to it draw a picture of a

sodium ion. Include the number of protons and neutrons in the
nucleus, all of the energy levels, and all of the electrons on the energy
levels.

Sodium atom Sodium ion

4. Draw a picture of the fluorine atom and next to it draw a picture of a
fluorine ion. Include the number of protons and neutrons in the
nucleus, all of the energy levels, and all of the electrons on the energy
levels.

Fluorine atom Fluorine ion

5. What happens to the atomic radius of a metal as it forms an ion?
Explain.

6. What happens to the atomic radius of a nonmetal as it forms an

ion? Explain.

Ionization Energy: is the energy required to remove one outer

electron from an atom.

Periodic trend: Ionization energy decreases from top to bottom

through a group.

Reasoning: As one travels downward through a group, the atomic

radius of each successive atom becomes larger. Electrons are farther
away from the nucleus, making it easier to remove them, thus less
energy is needed.

Periodic trend: Ionization energy increases from left to right in a

period.

Reasoning: As one travels from left to right through a period, the

atomic radius of each successive atom becomes smaller. Electrons are
closer to the nucleus, making it more difficult to remove them, thus
more energy is needed.

Electronegativity: The tendency of an atom to attract electrons

when they are chemically combined with another element.
Periodic trend: Electronegativity decreases down the group. and
increases across the period.

Reasoning: Electronegativity decreases down the group because the

atomic radius of each successive atom becomes larger. Electrons are
farther away from the nucleus and nuclear pull is less.

Periodic Trend: Electronegativity increases across the period.

Reasoning: Electronegativity increases from left to right across a

period because the atomic radius of each successive atom becomes
smaller because energy level stays the same. Electrons are closer to
the nucleus, more nuclear pull.

Octet rule:
Atoms tend to lose, gain or share electrons in order to acquire a full set
of 8 valence electrons.

When a sodium atom loses its valence electron to form a sodium ion,
its electron configuration changes

Group 1
Sodium atom : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 Sodium ion: 1s2 2s2
2p6
Protons 11 Protons 11
electrons 11 electrons10

Since a sodium ion has 11 protons and 10 electrons, the charge on a

sodium ion is +1.

Sodium ion has the same electron configuration as Neon.(1s2

2s2 2p6

All group 1 elements form +1 ions because they lose 1 valence

electron.
Group 2
Magnesium atom :1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 magnesium ion: 1s2 2s2
2p 6

protons 12 protons 12
electrons 12 electrons10

Magnesium ion has has the same electron configuration

as neon.(1s2 2s2 2p6 )
All group 2 elements form +2 ions because they lose 2
valence electrons.

Group 3A or 13
Aluminum atom: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 Aluminum ion: 1s2
2s 2p
2 6

protons 13 protons 13
electrons 13 electrons 10

All group 3 elements form +3 ions because they lose 3

valence electrons.
Aluminum ion has has the same electron configuration as
neon.(1s2 2s2 2p6 )

Group 6A or 16
When a oxygen atom gains two electrons to form a oxygen ion, its
electron configuration changes

Oxygen atom : 1s2 2s2 2p4 Oxygen ion: 1s2 2s2 2p6
protons 8 protons 8
electrons 8 electrons 10

Oxygen ion has the same electron configuration as neon.

All group 6 elements gain 2 electrons and form -2 ions.

Group 7A or 17

When a chlorine atom gains an electron to form a chlorine ion, its

electron configuration changes

Chlorine atom : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 Chlorine ion: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
3p 6

Protons 17 protons 17
Electrons 17 electrons 18

Chlorine ion has the same electron configuration as argon.(1s2

2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 )
Since a chlorine ion has 17 protons and 18 electrons, the charge on a
chlorine ion is -1.
All group 7A or 17 elements form -1 ions because they gain an
electron
All group 1 elements form +1 ions because they lose 1 valence
electron.
All group 2 elements form +2 ions because they lose 2
valence electrons.
All group 3A or 13 elements form +3 ions because they lose 3
valence electrons.
All group 6A or 16 elements gain 2 electrons and form -2
ions.
All group 7A or 17 elements form -1 ions because they gain an
electron.
All transition elements have multiple charges.

Allotrope are forms of an element that have different structure and

properties.

Carbon has three allotrope diamond , graphite and coal.

Oxygen has 2 allotrope O2 and O3

Answer the following questions in complete sentences:

Page 174 and 175.

# 31, 33, 44, 45 , 54, 56,59, 63, 65 a, 66, 69 and 75 and 76.

1.Write the electron configuration of a sodium

atom------------------------------------

2.Write the electron configuration of a sodium ion

----------------------------------

3. How many electrons, protons and neutrons in a sodium atom ------

-------- ------

4. How many electrons, protons and neutrons in a sodium ion. --------

-------- -------

5. Write the electron configuration of a chlorine atom

---------------------------------------

6. Write the electron configuration of a chlorine ion

--------------------------------

7. How many electrons, protons and neutrons in a chlorine atom ------

-------- ------
8. How many electrons, protons and neutrons in a chlorine ion. --------
-------- -------

9. Write the electron configuration of a fluorine

atom---------------------------------

10. Write the electron configuration of a fluorine ion

----------------------------------------

11. A sodium ion has the same electron configuration as ----------------

12. A chlorine ion has the same electron configuration as ----------------

13. A lithium ion has the same electron configuration as ----------

Atomic radius

1. Define atomic radius:

2. What is the trend as you move down a group?Explain

3. What is the trend as you move across a period?Explain

4. On the representation periodic table below, draw arrows to

represent an increasing atomic radius.

5. When an atom loses an electron, what is its charge? What do you

think happens to the size of the atom?
6. When an atom gains an electron, what is its charge? What do you
think happens to the size of the atom?

7. Arrange the following atoms in order of increasing atomic radius:

potassium, rubidium, iodine, fluorine and lithium.

8. Arrange the following atoms in order of increasing atomic radius:

Al, Cl, P and Si

9. Arrange the following atoms in order of increasing atomic radius:

Ca, Sr , Be and Mg

Ionization energy

10. Define ionization energy

11. What is the trend as you move down a group? Explain

12. What is the trend as you move across a period?Explain

13. On the representation periodic table below, draw arrows to

represent an increasing ionization energy.
 14. Arrange the following atoms in order of increasing atomic
ionization energy:
Al, Cl, P and Si

15. Arrange the following atoms in order of increasing atomic radius:

Ca, Sr , Be and Mg

Electronegativity

16. Define electronegativity.

17. What is the trend as you move down a group? Explain

18. What is the trend as you move across a period?Explain

19. On the representation periodic table below, draw arrows to

represent an increasing electronegativity.

20. Determine the group, period and block of the following elements:
[Ne] 3s2 , [He] 2s1 , [Ne] 3s1 , 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1

21. Elements 58-71 are called ---------------------

22. Elements 90-103 are called ---------------------

23. Write the number of valence electrons and the charge of group 1
-----
and -----

24. Write the number of valence electrons and the charge of group 2
-----
and -----

25. Write the number of valence electrons and the charge of group 3A
or
13 ----- and -----

26. Write the number of valence electrons and the charge of group 5A
or
15----- and -----

27.Write the number of valence electrons and the charge of group 6A

or
16----- and -----

28. Write the number of valence electrons and the charge of group 7A
or
17----- and -----

29. Write the number of valence electrons for group 8A or 18 ------

30. Write the name of group 1 elements ------------------

31. Write the name of group 2 elements ------------------

32. Write the name of group 7A or 17 elements ------------------

33. Write the name of group 8A or 18 elements ------------------

34. The names of elements that Mendeleeve predicted -------- ------ ----

35. All the elements in a group have similar properties because they
have
the same number of -------------------------------

36. The main group elements are -----------------------------

30. The only metal that is a liquid at room temperature is --------------

37. Lanthanides and actinides together are called ----------------------------

38. The amount of energy necessary to remove electrons from an
atom is
known as ------

39. A mettaloid is an element that can behave as either a ------------------

or a ------------

40. Name the family or group with:

a) 1 valence electron ----------------------- e) 5 valence electrons-------

b) 2 valence electrons---------------------- f) 6 valence

electrons--------

c) 3 valence electrons--------------------- g) 7 valence

electrons-------

d) 4 valence electrons--------------------- h) 8 valence electrons------

41. A horizontal row on the periodic table is called -------------------------

42. Vertical columns on the periodic table are called ---------------------

43. Write four properties of metals.(refer to your notes)

44. Write four properties of non metals.(refer to your notes)

45. Name the metalloids.

46. The electrons in the outermost energy level are called

-------------------

47. What was the original basis for placement of elements on the
periodic
chart? ----------

48. The current basis for placement of elements on the periodic chart
is
------------------

49. Name the scientist who arranged the elements according to

increasing atomic numbers----------------------
50. Name the scientist who arrange the elements in groups of three or
triads -----------

51.What is the group and period number for the element with an electron
configuration [He] 2s1? ---------------------
52. An element with the electron configuration [Ne] 3s2, is: ----------------------

53. Look at the following diagrams of periodic trends and name the trend that depicts
the correct trend?

a. b.

c. d.

54. The allotrope of oxygen are ------------- and --------------

55. The allotrope of carbon are ------------------ ----------------------- --------------------

Match the following:

------ 1. Fluorine and carbon a. healthy bones and teeth

----- 2. sodium b. cleaning agent

----- 3. lithium c. computer chips and solar cells

----- 4. Alkali metals d. light displays

----- 5. Ca e. deep sea divers

----- 6. strontium and barium f. vapor lamps

----- 7. Boron in the form of borax g. most reactive elements

----- 8. fluorine h. non stick coating for cook ware

-----9 . Si i. graphite, coal and diamond

-----10. C j. toothpaste to protect tooth

enamel

-----11. He and oxygen k. batteries

-----12. Neon l. fire works

------13. Cl m. swimming pools