EEE C364/INSTR C364

Analog Electronics
First order Filter
Lecture 20
15-03-2012
( )
( )
( )
( ) | | ( ) | |
. j2 1 at pair pole conjugate A
origin at the zero
/ 10 2
10 2 1 10 2 1
10 2
/ 1 / 1
3
0
3 3
3
2 2
0

=
+
=
+ +
=
+ +
= =
A
V V H
j s j s
s
s H
LC s L R s
s
L
R
RCs LCs
RCs
V
V
s H
i
H(s) and Stability
A circuit is said to be stable if it produces a bounded output in
response to any bounded input.
How to assess a circuit whether it is stable or not?
Inject some energy without any applied source and study its
natural response.
1. H(s) has a real pole at s= o
k
j0 = o
k
then H(s) contains the
term A
k
/(s- o
k
) and we get
A real pole pole contributes an exponential component and
this component :
decays if o
k
<0
remains constant of o
k
= 0
and diverges if o
k
>0
) (
1
t u e A
s
A
L
t
k
k
k
k
o
o
=
)
`

2. H(s) has a complex pole pair at s= o

k
j e
k
then H(s) contains
the term A
k
/[s- (o
k
j e
k
)] as well as its conjugate.
This component represents:
a damped sinusoid if o
k
<0
a constant-amplitude or sustained , sinusoid if o
k
= 0
and growing sinusoid if o
k
>0
( ) ( )
( )
k k
t
k
k k
k
k k
k
A t t u e A
j s
A
j s
A
L
k
Z + =
)
`

+
+

e
e o e o
o
cos ) ( 2
*
1
Thus for a circuit to stable all poles must lie in the left half of the
plane where o <0.
If a circuit contains dependent sources such as opamps, its poles
may spill into the right half-plane and thus leads to instability.
Its output will grow until the saturation limits of the opamp are
reached
First-Order Active Filters
The simplest active filters are obtained from the basic opamp by
using a capacitor as one of its external components.
Since
The Differentiator:
0 lim
lim
1 1
0
=
=
= =

C
C
C
Z
Z
C j sC
Z
e
e
e
( )
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Z
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
= =
=
= =
0
10
0 0
0
0
log 20 H
dB in expressed
90 j H
as form normalised in the ) H(j express we
RC
1
frequency scaling the defining and j s Putting
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e e
dB
i i
C
j
RCs s H
RCsV V
Z
R
V

( )
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ Z = =
= =
=
= =
0
10
0 0
0
0
log 20 H
dB in expressed
90
/
1
/
1
j H
as form normalised in the ) H(j express we
RC
1
frequency scaling the defining and j s Putting
1
1
e
e
e e e e
e
e
e e
dB
i i
C
j
RCs
s H
V
RCs
V
R
Z
V

Integrators
Non-inverting Integrator or Deboo intergrator
( )
sRC
s H
sRC
V
V
R
R
V
C s
I
C s
Vp
i
p
1
1
R
V
2
1
2
1
R
V
I curreny charging The
0
i
i
=
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
= =
=
The magnitude response is
same as inverting integrator
with the phase +90
Low-Pass filter with gain
( )
C R
R
R
H
C sR R
R
R
Z
s H
R
C sR
sC R Z
2
0
1
2
0
2 1
2
1
2
2
2
2 2
1
1
1
1
/ 1
1 1 1
=
=
+
= =
+
= + =
e
|H|dB
|H
0
|
e
0
e
1
High-Pass filter with gain
( )
C R
R
R
H
C sR
sC R
R
R
Z
R
s H
sC
C sR
sC
R Z
1
0
1
2
0
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1 1
1
1
1 1
=
=
+
= =
+
= + =
e
|H|dB
|H
0
|
e
0
e
1
|H|dB
|H
0
|
e
L
e
H
Band-Pass filter with gain