EEE C364/INSTR C364

Analog Electronics
ADC
Lecture 37
28-04-2012
Characteristics of DAC
N
REF
V
LSB
2
=
Full scale (FS) = V
REF
LSB =
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N
REF
V
2
1
1
REF
V FS = =
N
lim (FSR) range scale Full
Quantization Noise:
The quantization noise is equal to the analog output of the infinite bit DAC minus the
analog output of the finite-bit DAC
Dynamic Range (DR):
The dynamic range of DAC is the ratio of the FSR to the smallest
difference that can be resolved (i.e. an LSB).
dB N 6.02 DR(dB)
decibels of terms I
2
2 /
=
= = =
N
N
FSR
FSR
LSB
FSR
DR
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR):
The ratio of full scale value to the rms value of the quantization noise.
The rms value of the quantization noise can be found by taking the root mean
square of the quantization noise.
For the quantization noise designated by the solid line, this results in
( )
( )
receiver. the of SNR actual the is where
02 . 6
76 . 1
ENOB
as defined is (ENOB) bits of number effective The
dB 1.76 dB N 02 . 6 ) (
decibles, of In terms
2
6 2
12 2 /
2 / FSR/2
2 /2 V or 2 / FSR/2 is V of value rms possible largest The
12 2 /
V
SNR
as expressed be can DAC of ratio noise to singal The
12 2 12
5 . 0
T
1
noise on quantizati of rms
max
max
REF out(rms)
out(rms)
2
0
2
actual
actual
N
N
N
N
T
SNR
SNR
dB SNR
FSR
SNR
FSR
FSR LSB
dt
T
t
LSB

=
+ =
= =
=
= =
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Static conversion errors:
Offset errors
Gain errors
Integral nonlinearity
Differential nonlinearity
Monotonicity
Offset error: is a constant difference between the actual finite resolution
characteristic and the ideal finite characteristic measured at any vertical jump
Gain error: is a constant difference between the actual finite resolution
characteristic and the infinite characteristic measured at the rightmost vertical
jump. Gain error is proportional to the magnitude of DAC output voltage.
Integral Nonlinearity (INL) is the maximum difference between the actual finite
resolution characteristic and the ideal finite resolution characteristic measured
vertically. It can be expressed as maximum positive INL and maximum negative INL
Differential Nonlinearity (DNL) is the separation between adjacent levels
measured at each vertical jump. If Vcx is the actual voltage change on a bit-to-bit
basis and Vs is the ideal change, then the differential nonlinearity can be
expressed as
LSBs
V
V
V
V
V V
V V DNL
s
cx
s
s
s cx
s cx
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= = 1
Monotonicity of a DAC means that as the digital input to the converter increases
over its full scale range, the analog output never exhibits a decrease between one
conversion step and the next.