(Version 2012)

Topic 2:
Quadratic
Equations
by
NgKL
M.Ed.,B.Sc.Hons.,Dip.Ed.,Dip.Edu.Mgt.,Cert.NPQH
IMPORTANT NOTES
x
x
+3x
-6x
2
x
+3
-6
-18 -3x
3.
2.1 QUADRATIC EQUATION AND ITS ROOTS (PERSAMAAN KUADRATIK DAN PUNCANYA)
1. Write each of the following quadratic equation in general form.
!"u#is$%n seti%p pers%&%%n $u%dr%ti$ 'eri$ut d%#%& 'entu$ %&(.
(a)
5 ) 2 ( = + x x
(b)
) 5 2 ( 3 ) 4 ( x x x x =
(c) 13 ) 3 ( 2
2
= + x (d) 6
2
2
=
x
x
1. Write whether the value given in each of the following quadratic equations is the root of the quadratic equation.
("entu$%n s%&% %d% ni#%i )%ng di'eri$%n i%#%* punc% '%gi pers%&%%n $u%dr%ti$ 'eri$ut(.
(a) 4 ! 4 5
2
= = + x x x
(b)
3
1
! 2 " 3
2
= = + + x x x
(c)
5
2
6 1" 5
2
= = x x x (d)
6
1
1 ) " 6 ( = = x x x
2.2 SOLUTION of QUADRATIC EQUATIONS !PEN+E,ES-.-N PE/S-M--N 01-D/-".0(
#o solve a quadratic equation $eans to find the roots of the quadratic equation.
Men)e#es%i$%n su%tu pers%&%%n $u%dr%ti$ 'ererti &enc%ri punc%-punc% '%gi pers%&%%n $u%dr%ti$ itu.
1. %enerally& there are threes $ethods to deter$ine the roots of a quadratic equation
!
2
= + + c 'x %x

Sec%r% %&n)% terd%p%t tig% c%r% d%#%& &enentu$%n punc% su%tu pers%&%%n $u%dr%ti$ %x
2
+ 'x + c 3 4.5
(a) 'actorisation& !Pe&6%$tor%n(
(b) (o$)leting the square& !Pen)e&purn%%n 0u%s% Du%(
(c) *uadratic 'or$ula. !/u&us $u%dr%ti$(
(A) Solt!on "# $a%tor!&at!on (Penyelesaian secara Pemfaktoran)
E'am(le)
+olve each of the quadratics equation&
18 3x
2
x =
.
Se#es%i$%n seti%p pers%&%%n $u%dr%ti$ )%ng 'eri$ut.
x
2
7 3x 3 18
x
2
8 3x 7 18 3 4
!x + 3(!x 7 6( 3 4
#herefore& !M%$%(,
x + 3 3 4 or x 7 6 3 4
x 3 8 3, x 3 6
E'er%!&e 2.1.1
4.
1. +olve each of the following quadratic equation by factori,ation.
Se#es%i$%n seti%p pers%&%%n $u%dr%ti$ 'eri$ut deng%n &enggun%$%n $e%d%* pe&6%$tor%(.
(a) ! 6
2
= x x
(c) 9x
2
+ x 7 : 3 4
(b) ! 15 -
2
= + + x x (d) ! 4 " 2
2
= + x x
(*) Solt!on "# Com(let!ng t+e S,are Met+o- (Penyelesaian secara Penyem!"rnaan K"asa D"a)
E'am(le)
+olve the following quadratic equation by co$)leting the square.
(+elesai.an )ersa$aan .uadrati. beri.ut secara )enye$)urnaan .uasa dua).
E'er%!&e 2.1.2
(b) 2x
2
+ 3x 3 :

2
:
x
2
3
x = +
2
x
2
+
2
3
x +
2

+ =
:
3
2
2
:
3

2

+
:
3
x 3 2 +
2

:
3
3
16
; 32 +
3
16
:1

16
:1
x =

+
4
3

16
41
4
3
= x

16
41
4
3
+ = x
-5!- . ! = x <
or
16
41
4
3
= x
391 . 2 x =
<

(a) x
2
7 3x 7 9 3 4
x
2
- 3x 3 9
x
2
8 3x +
2

+ =
2
3
9
2
2
3

2

2
3
x 3 9+
2

2
3
3
:
; 24 +
3
:
2;

:
2;
x =

2
3

4
2/
2
3
= x

:
2;
2
3
x + =
1/3 . 4 = x <
or
4
2/
2
3
= x
1/3 . 1 = x <

5.
+olve the following quadratic equation by co$)leting the square $ethod.
!Se#es%i$%n pers%&%%n $u%dr%ti$ 'eri$ut deng%n $%ed%* pen)e&purn%%n $u%s% du%(.
(a) ! 4 6
2
= + + x x (b) ! 3 1!
2
= x x
(c) x x 4 5 3
2
= (d) ) 1 ( 3 2
2
+ = x x
(e) ! 1 4 2
2
= + x x (f) x 3 x 3 : ( 2 x ! 2
2
= + +
E'er%!&e 2.1..


6.
(C) Solt!on "# Qa-rat!% $ormla (Pen#ele&a!an &e%ara rm& /a-rat!/)
#he quadratic for$ula is obtained by co$)leting the square $ethod as shown below.
! /u&us $u%dr%ti$ dipero#e*i deng%n $%ed%* pen)e&purn%%n $u%s% du% pers%&%%n $u%dr%ti$ seperti ditun=u$$%n di '%>%*(.
*uadratic for$ula
%
%c ' '
x
2
4
2

=

can be use to solve any quadratic equation
even though the equation can be solve by
either factorisation or co$)leting the square
$ethods.
(0u$us 1uadrati.
%
%c ' '
x
2
4
2

= boleh diguna.an
untu. $enyelesai.an sebarang )ersa$aan .uadrati. tan)a
$engira sa$a ada )ersa$aan itu boleh diselesai.an dengan
$engguna.an .aedah )e$fa.toran dan )enye$)urnaan
.uasa dua atau tida.).
+olve each of the following quadratic equations by using the quadratic for$ula
!Se#es%i$%n seti%p pers%&%%n $u%dr%ti$ 'eri$ut deng%n &enggun%$%n $%ed%* ru&u(
(a) 4 5 2
2
= + x x
(b) 2
4 11 x :
2
x 3 = + +
% 2
%c : ' '
x
% 2
%c : '
% 2
'
x
% :
%c : '

%
c
% :
'
% 2
'
x
% 2
'
%
c
% 2
'
x
%
'
x
%
c
x
%
'
x
4
%
c
x
%
'
x
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2

=

= +

=
=

+ =

+ +
= +
= + +
!
2
= + + c 'x %x E'am(le)
+olve the quadratic equation 43
2
4 -3 5 1 6 ! using
quadratic for$ula.
(+elesai.an )ersa$aan .uadrati.
! 1 - 4
2
= + x x
secara
ru$us .uadrati.).
+olution7 (8enyelesaian).
! 1 - 4
2
= + x x
1 & - & 4 = = = c ' %
9sing quadratic for$ula&
%
%c ' '
x
2
4
2

=

8
:8 8

8
16 6: 8

( : ! 2
( 1 (! : ! : ( 8 ! ( 8 !
x
2

=

=

=

#herefore&
-
/2- . 6 -
-
4- -
=

= x

866 . 1 x
8
;28 . 1:

8
;28 . 6 8
x
=
=
+
=

or

134 . !
-
!"2 . 1
-
/2- . 6 -
=
=

=
x

x
E'er%!&e 2.1.0
3.
".
-.

(c) 3 -
2
= + x x (d) x x " ) 1 ( 3
2
= +
2.2 $ORMIN1 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS $ROM ROOTS
PEM#ENTUKAN PERSAMAAN KUADRATIK DARIPADA PUNCA$PUNCANYA
1. :f
! ) )( ( = x x
& then
! ! = = x or x
and the roots are
%nd
.
?i$% ! ) )( ( = x x , $a.a
! ! = = x %t%u x
d%n punc%-punc%n)% i%#%*
d%n
.
2. ;n the other hand& if given
dan
as the roots of a quadratic equation& then&
Se'%#i$n)%, =i$% di'eri
d%n
i%#%* punc%-punc% pers%&%%n $u%dr%ti$, &%$%,
Met+o- 1) +te)s to for$ a quadratic equation are& !,%ng$%*-#%ng$%* &e&'entu$ pers%&%%n $u%dr%ti$ i%#%*(

! ) )( ( = x x

! ) (
2
= + + x x
where&
+
is the )roduct of roots (POR) !i%#%* H%si# "%&'%* Punc% @!H"P(A

is the su$ of roots(SOR) !i%#%* H%si# D%r%' Punc% @!HDP(A

Met+o- 2) +te)s to for$ a quadratic equation are !,%ng$%*-#%ng$%* &e&'entu$ pers%&%%n $u%dr%ti$ d%rip%d% i%#%*5(
(i) <eter$ine the P%R2 !Hitung$%n H"P(,
(ii) <eter$ine the S%R& and !Hitung$%n HDP, d%n(,
(iii) 'or$ the quadratic equation by& !Bentu$$%n pers%&%%n $u%dr%ti$ )%ng di$e*end%$i i%itu(
&
'
( (S%R)& ) P%R * + ! ) (
2
= + HDP x H"P x
E'am(le)
'or$ the quadratic equation in the for$ of !
2
= + + c 'x %x which has the roots of 4 and 4/.
(=entu..an )ersa$aan .uadrati. yang $e$)unyai )unca>)unca 4 dan > / dala$ bentu. %x
2
+ 'x + c 3 4).
Met+o- 1)

(3 4 4) (3 5 /) 6 !

x
2
+ ;x 7 :x 7 36 3 4
x
2
+ 9x 7 36 3 4


Met+o- 2)

SB/ 3 : + !8;( 3 89
PB/ 6 :!8;( 3 836
#hen& the quadratic equation
4 36 x 9
2
x
4 ( 36 ! x ( 9 !
2
x
4 PB/ x ( SB/ !
2
x
= +
= +
= +

E'er%!&e 2.2.1
/.
Note7
:f given the equation as !
2
= + + c 'x %x & then the x coefficient need to be e3)ressed into the value of 1.
! Not%C ?i$% di'eri
!
2
= + + c 'x %x
, per#u diung$%p$%n d%*u#u pe$%#i x
2
sup%)% &en=%di s%tu, i%itu(
+
a
c
&
a
,
&
'
= + +
#hen& !&%$%(, su$ of roots&
%
'
SB/ = + = (H%si# t%&'%* Punc%,
%
'
H"P = + =
(
)roduct of roots&
%
c
PB/ = = !H%si# d%r%' Punc%,
%
c
HDP = =
(
E'am(le)
:f %nd

are the roots of the quadratic equation ! 5 2 3

2
= x x , for$ the quadratic equation which has
the roots
2 2
%nd
+olution7
%iven the quadratic equation& ! 5 2 3
2
= x x
#hen&
5 2 & 3 = = = c %nd ' %
#he roots of the quadratic equation are dan

#hen&
3
2
3
2
%
'
SB/ = = = + =

3
9
%
c
PB/ = = =
#he new roots are
2 2
dan

;
3:

3
2

SB/
=
+ = =
+ = + =

3
1!
/
4
3
5
2
2
2
2
) (
2 2



3
9
-
2
( !
PB/
/
25
2
)
2
)(
2
(
= =
=
=

#he new quadratic equation for$ed

4
;
29
x
;
3:
2
x
4 PB/ x ( SB/ !
2
x
= +
= +
3&
'
( -.& ) '/ * +


1. 'or$ the quadratic equation fro$ the given roots as shown in the table7
Root&
Qa-rat!% E,at!on
$a%tor!&at!on Met+o- SOR4POR Met+o-
(a)
(b)
2 and >3
22 and 5
Root $a%tor!&at!on Met+o- SOR4POR Met+o-
(c)
4
3
and 6
(d)
9
1
- %nd
3
2
(e). $ 2 and 24
2. 'ind the value of & and $ for each of the following quadratic equations with the roots given.
((ari nilai & dan nilai $ bagi setia) )ersa$aan .uadrati. dengan )uncanya diberi).
(a) ! 3
2
= + + $ &x x with roots 25 dan
3
1
. (b) ! 2
2
= + $ &x x with roots 1 dan
2
1
.

1!.
(c) x $ x ) 1 ( / 2
2
= with roots 23 and
2
&
. (d)
x : 3 x
2
= +
with roots & and $.
3. 'ind the value of p for each of the following quadratic equations.
((ari nilai p bagi setia) )ersa$aan .uadrati. beri.ut ).
(a) ;ne of the roots of the quadratic equation
3x
2
7 px + 9: 3 4 is twice of the other root.
(+atu dari)ada )unca )ersa$aan ! 54
2
3 = + px x ialah dua .ali
)unc yang satu lagi).
(b) ;ne of the roots of the quadratic equation
x
2
8 px + 12 3 4 is thrice of the other root.
!S%tu d%rip%d% punc% pers%&%%n ! 12
2
= + px x i%#%* tig%
$%#i punc )%ng s%tu #%gi(.
t%ngen
11.
(c) ;ne of the roots of the quadratic equation
x
2
8 px+ 8 3 4 is square root of the other root.
(+atu dari)ada )unca )ersa$aan x
2
8 px + 8 3 4 ialah )unca .uasa
dua )unca yang satu lagi).
(d) ;ne of the roots of the quadratic equation
x
2
8 6x 3 2px 7 2D is square of the other root.
(+atu dari)ada )unca )ersa$aan x
2
8 6x 3 2px 7 2D ialah
.uasa dua )unca yang satu lagi).
2.. CONDITION $OR T5PES O$ ROOTS O$ QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
(S5ARAT UNTU6 7ENIS PUNCA PERSAMAAN 6UADRATI6)
1. #y)es of roots of quadratic equations %x
2
+ 'x + c 3 4 de)end to the value of '
2
- :%c which derived fro$
%
%c ' '
x
2
4
2

=
2. (?enis )unca )ersa$aan .uadrati. !
2
= + + c 'x %x bergantung .e)ada nilai %c ' 4
2
yang wu@ud dari)ada ru$us .uadrati.&
%
%c ' '
x
2
4
2

= ).
#he foolowing table shows the ty)es of roots of quadratic equations.
(?adual di bawah $enun@u..an sifat )unca )ersa$aan .uadrati.).
! 4
2
> %c ' ! 4
2
= %c ' ! 4
2
< %c '
T8o -!fferent root&
(Da (n%a "er"e9a)
T8o e,al root&
(Da (n%a &ama)
No root
(T!a-a (n%a n#ata)

+traight line intersects the curve at
two different )oints.
(%aris lurus $enyilang garis leng.ung )ada dua
titi. yang berlainan).
+traight line $eet the curve at
)oint.
(%aris lurus $enyentuh leng.ung )ada satu titi.
saha@a).
+traight line does not intersect& touch
or $eet the curve.
(%aris lurus tida. $enyilang atau $enyentuh
leng.ung).
! 4
2
%c '
E'er%!&e 2...1
t%ngent #ine
12.
#wo distinctive roots !Du% punc% n)%t%(
E'am(le)
<eter$ine the ty)e of roots of each of the following quadratic equations without solving the equation.
(#entu.an @enis )unca bagi setia) )ersa$aan .uadrati. yang beri.ut tan)a $enyelesai.an )ersa$aan itu).
(a) ! 4 " 2
2
= + x x (b) ! 5 3
2
= + + x x
(a) %iven ! 4 " 2
2
= + x x
#hen&
4 & " & 2 = = = c ' %
#hen& ) 4 )( 2 ( 4 ) " ( 4
2 2
= %c '

1"
32 4/
=
=
+ince ! 4
2
> %c ' &
#he equation has two different roots.
(8ersa$aan itu $e$)unyai dua )unya nyata yang
berbe,a).
(b) %iven ! 5 3
2
= + + x x
#hen&
5 & 3 & 1 = = = c ' %
#hen& ) 5 )( 1 ( 4 ) 3 ( 4
2 2
= %c '

11
2! /
=
=
+ince ! 4
2
< %c ' &
#he equation does not have any root.
(8ersa$aan itu tida. $e$)unyai )unya nyata).
E'am(le of A((l!%at!o)
'ind the )ossible values of & if a straight line ) 3 &x 7 1 is the tangent to a curve ) 3 x
2
7 Dx + D&.
((ari.an nilai>nilai yang $ung.in bagi & @i.a garis lurus 1 =&x ) ialah tangen .e)ada leng.ung . " "
2
& x x ) + = )
+olution7
%iven&
1 =&x )
AAAAA..(1)
. " "
2
& x x ) + = AAA(2)
+ubtitute (2) dala$ (1)
#hen& 1 " "
2
= + &x & x x
! 1 " ) " (
! 1 " "
2
2
= + + +
= + +
& x & x
& &x x x
Bnd then&
1 " & " & 1 + = = = & c & ' %
+ince the straight line is a tangent which $eet the curve only at a )oint& therefore the condition of the
solution is '
2
7 :%c 3 4.
(;leh .erana tangen garis lurus hanya $enyentuh leng.ung )ada satu titi.& $a.a )enyelesaian
! 4
2
= %c '
).
! 4
2
= %c '
! ) / )( 5 (
! 45 14
! 4 2- 14 4/
! ) 1 " )( 1 ( 4 ) " (
3
2
2
=
= +
= + +
= +
& &
& &
& & &
& &
& 3 9 or & 3 ;

1. +tate the condition of the roots for each of the following quadratic equations
(#entu.an .eadaan )unca bagi setia) )ersa$aan .uadrati. beri.ut).
Qa-rat!% E,at!on
:ale of %c ' 4
2

Con-!t!on of t+e Root&

) 3 &x - 1
)

3 x
2
7 Dx + D&

(a) ! 5 2
2
= x x
Qa-rat!% E,at!on :ale of %c ' 4
2

Con-!t!on of t+e Root&

(b) ! / 6
2
= + x x
(c) 6 3
2
= x x
(d) 3 - 3
2
+ = x x
(e)
3 ) 4 1 ( = x x
2. #he following quadratic equations have two equal roots& deter$ine the )ossible value of p.
! Pers%&%%n $u%dr%ti$ 'eri$ut &e&pun)%i du% punc% )%ng s%&%, c%ri ni#%i )%ng &ung$in '%gi p.(
(a) ! 2
2
= + + p x px (b) ! 2 -
2
= + x px
3. <eter$ine the range of p values if the following quadratic equations that have two distinctive different roots.
(C%ri 0"lat ni#%i p =i$% pers%&%%n $u%dr%ti$ 'eri$ut &e&pun)%i du% punc% )%ng 'er'eE%(.
(a) ! 1 4
2
= + + p x x (b) ! 2 2
2
= + p x x
13.
4. 'ind the range of $ values if the following quadratic equations do not have any distinctive root.
((ari @ulat nilai $ @i.a )ersa$aan .uadrati. beri.ut tiada )unca).
(a) ! 3
2
= + $ x x (b) ! 3 4 2
2
= + + $ x x
5. C3)ress a relationshi) between p and F if the following quadratic equations have two equal roots.
(#erbit.an suatu )er.aitan antara p dengan F @i.a )ersa$aan .uadrati. beri.ut $e$)unyai dua )unca yang sa$a).
(a) ! 4 /
2
= + p Fx px (b) ! / 5
2
= + + p Fx px
6. C3)ress * in ter$s of $ if the quadratic equation
! 5 5
2
= + + $ *x $x have two distinctive different
roots.
". C3)ress p in ter$s of F if the quadratic
equations 4 F p x 6 x
2
= + + do not have any root.

14.
1. +olve the quadratic equation
2x!x 7 :( 3 !1 7x(!x+2(.
%ive your answer correct to four significant figures.
D3 $ar.sE
SPM2443GP%per 1
2. #he quadratic equation x!x + 1( 3 px 7 : has two
distinct roots. 'ind the range of values of p.
D3 $ar.sE
SPM2443GP%per 1
3. 'or$ the quadratic equation which has the roots
23 and F & in the for$ %x
2
+ 'x + c 3 4, where a&
b and c are constant.
D2 $ar.sE
SPM244:GP%per 1
4. #he straight line ) 3 9x 7 1 does not intersect the
curve ) 3 2x
2
+ x + p.
'ind the range of values of p.
D3 $ar.sE
SPM2449GP%per 1
Pa&t 5ear SPM Qe&t!on&
15.
16.
1".

5. +olve the quadratic equation x!2x 7 9( 3 2x 7 1.
%ive your answer correct to three deci$al )laces.
D3 $ar.sE
SPM2449GP%per 1

6. B quadratic equation 3
2
5 )3 5 4 6 23 has two equal
roots. 'ind the )ossible values of p.
D3 $ar.sE
SPM2446GP%per 1
". (a) +olve the following quadratic equation
33
2
5 53 4 2 6 !.
(b) #he quadratic equation *x
2
+ $x + 3 3 4, where
* and $ are constants& has two equal roots.
C3)ress * in ter$s of $. D4 $ar.sE
SPM244DGP%per 1
-. :t is given that 4 1 is one of the roots of the
quadratic equation x
2
7 :x 7 p 3 4.
'ind the value of p.
D3 $ar.sE
SPM2448GP%per 1
/. #he quadratic equation x
2
+ x 3 2px 7 p
2
, where p is
a constant& has two different roots. 'ind the range
of values of p. D3 $ar.sE
SPM244;GP%per 1
1!. #he quadratic equation !1 7 p(
2
7 6x + 14 3 4,
>here p is a constant& has two different roots.
'ind the range of values of p.
D3 $ar.sE
+8M2414GP%per 1
11. #he quadratic equation x
2
7 9x + 6 3 4 has roots
* and $, where * H $.
(a) 'ind the value of * and of $. D2 $ar.sE
(b) 9sing the values of * and $ fro$ 11(a)& for$
the quadratic equation which has roots * + 2
and 3$ 7 2. D2 $ar.sE
SPM244;GP%per 2
12. #he quadratic equation &x
2
+ !1 + 2&(x + & 7 13 4
has two equal roots. 'ind the value of &.
@3&%r$sA
SPM2411GP%per 1