FIG. 309. Map of the Ungaran fault system and the northern anticlinorium of Tjandi.

(From VAN BEMMELEN, 1943, fig. 23)

FIG. 310 on PLATE 33. Schematical sections illustrating the structural evolution of the Ungaran Complex. (N.B.
The thickness of the neogene column, underlying the Ungaran Volcano, is presumably greater than drawn in these
sections).

Section III: After the more or less quiet phase of evolution illustrated in the sections [ and II, the
geanticline of Java in the South was pushed up, while the floor of the geosyncline in the North Seraju Zone strongly
subsided. These differential vertical movements caused strong gravitational reactions. The geanticlinal structure in
the South broke down and portions of its North flank slid toward the geosynclinal depression in the North. The
eocene sediments and basaltic intrusions served as lubricants for these gliding movements. Locally, magma broke
through to the surface forming basalt sheets and breccias of the second Breccia Horizon in the Lukulo area. The
position of the Lukulo area with its gabbro-diorite intrusions differs from that of Djiwo in East Java, in so far that the
former was apparently situated on the North flank of the geanticline of Java, whereas the latter occupied a more
central position on its crest.
In the North Seraju geosyncline the sediments slided toward its deepest, central axis, not only along the
South flank from S to N, but also along the North flank from N to S
3
).

3
It is possible that the overthrust masses of Sigugur and Kalibongbong are the frontal parts of the Worowari
overthrust sheet. However, in the field no reasons for such a conception were found.

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FIG. 311. Schematic representation of the processes of sedimentation, volcanism and tectogenesis in the
Karangkobar region during the Neogene and Quaternary. (From VAN BEMMELEN, 1937 b)

FIG. 312 on PLATE 35. Seven schematical sections illustrating the structural evolution of Central Java during the
Neogene and Quaternary.

Section I : Aquitanian and Old Miocene.
Section II : Lower part of Middle Miocene.
Section III : Intra-middle miocene orogenesis.
Section IV : Upper part of Middle Miocene.
Section V : Upper Miocene and Lower + Middle Pliocene.
Section VI : Upper Pliocene and older Pleistocene.
Section VII : Younger Pleistocene and Holocene.

Key to legend:
1. Young pleistocene volcanoes.
2a. Plio-pleistocene synorogenic deposits (Ligung Series, Plio-Pleistocene).
2b. Breccias of the Korakan Volcano (Upper Pliocene).
3a. Marine facies of the Bodas Series (Mio-PIiocene).
3b. Volcanic facies of the Bodas Series (Mio-PIiocene).
3c. Polymict conglomerates in the Bodas Series (Mio-PIiocene).
4. Karangbolong limestones, and basal limestone horizon of the Bodas Series (Middle Upper Miocene).
5. Third Marl-tuff Horizon of Lukulo (Upper part of Middle Miocene).
6. Basic fronts of migmatization and synorogenic basalt intrusions and extrusions of the second Breccia Horizon
in Lukulo (intra Middle Miocene).
7a. Upper Penjatan Beds = Second Marl-tuff Horizon in Lukulo.
7b. Middle Penjatan Beds = first Breccia Horizon in Lukulo.
7c. Lower Penjatan Beds = first Marl-tuff Horizon in Lukulo.
8. Sigugur Beds and Merawu Beds (Aquitanian and Lower Miocene).
9. Pre-neogene complex (Eocene + Pre-Tertiary).
10. Older miocene magma and migma.
11. Young neogene and quaternary magma and migma.

These sliding movements in the North Seraju geosyncline were perhaps promoted by the fact that its sub-
siding basement complex was already mobilized by the intrusion of the basalt magma of the Penjatan volcanism in
the preceding stage.
Section IV: Then, the geanticline of South Java sank down again. This might be the result of the subcrustal
spreading of its asthenolithic root. But it is also possible that some southward gliding of elevated crustal blocks
toward the South Java trough occurred. This is indicated by the tilted position of the Old-andesites under the

Therefore, it is tentatively accepted that the movements converged towards the deepest central axis, such in
analogy with the situation in East Java, where thrusting and folding of the Rembang Zone occurred from N to S,
while it was directed from S to N in the Kendeng Zone, both movements converging toward the Randublatung Zone.

Chapter 5. Geological Evolution Java

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Karangbolong limestones. Such a southward slumping of the geanticline might explain the absence of the Southern
Mountains in Central Java, where the South flank of the Java geanticline disappeared below the Indian Ocean
4
).
After this intra-middle-miocene revolution the sea transgressed again from the South. The third Marl-tuff
Horizon of the Lukulo Region was deposited, succeeded by the Karangbolong limestones.
The latter overlapped in their latest stages even the southern margin of the North Seraju Zone, where they
form the Basal Marl-limestone Horizon of the Bodas Series.
Section V: In the Upper Miocene the South Seraju belt was pushed up. This geanticlinal uplift was located on
the North flank of the intra-middle-miocene uplift. Afterwards, in the later Pliocene, the North Seraju Zone has been
elevated (see section VI). These three successive impulses of uplift represent a northward shifting system of crustal
waves, immigrating into Sunda Land.
The late miocene uplift of the South Seraju Range shows an asymmetrical section. On its gently sloping
South flank the third Breccia Horizon with its conglomeratic basal layers could be deposited (not distinguished in the
section). Its North flank was probably a steep flexure or longitudinal fault, along which the North Seraju Zone sank
farther down.
The dacitic dikes of the Lukulo area were probably intruded along tension fissures on the top of this South
Seraju geanticline.
The subsidence of the North Seraju Zone in the Mio-PIiocene is a volumetrical compensation of the rise of the
South Seraju Range, and was strongest along the North foot of the latter. Here the more than 3000 m thick Bodas
Beds were deposited, containing coarse, polymict conglomerates largely derived from the South Seraju Range.
The growth of submarine mio-pliocene volcanoes in the North Seraju Zone (volcanic facies of the Bodas
Series) indicates that the magma in the underground of this zone remained active, and that magmatic processes in
depth were accumulating forces for a later uplift of the geosynclinal basin.
Section VI: In the late Pliocene the North Seraju Range started to rise from this geosyncline, and its erosion
products were deposited around the borders (Ligung Series). But, besides erosion, also gravitational
spreading of the plastic neogene deposits tended to reduce the differences in height and the resulting field of
stress-gradients. For instance, the Pekatjangan overthrust of Merawu flysch moved as a glacier towards the Seraju
trough at the South foot. The direction of this overthrust is opposite to that of the intra-miocene Worowari sheet
(section III), due to the reversed inclination of the oro-graphical relief.
Section VII: The magma, which pushed up the North Seraju Range, finally broke through the overlying
crust and the sedimentary cover, so that in the Young Pleistocene (Notopuro Period) very intensive volcanic activity
produced a great number of volcanoes on the top of this range. The load of these volcanic masses promoted the
progress of gravitational spreading; the cones were block-faulted and slipped down to the North- and the South
foot.
Triangulation measurements in 1931 and repeated in 1936 proved that even nowadays volcanoes on the
South flank, as the Pawinihan and the Telagatele, are still gliding at the rate of 24-40 cm per year toward the
Seraju Valley.
Summary: The above given synthesis of geological observations in Central Java leads to the following
conclusion. This section of Java passed during the Neogene and Quaternary through the successive stages of
development of a system of crustal waves, which immigrated northward from the South Java geanticline into the
central Sunda Land.
First the southern geanticline of Java with Old-andesitic volcanoes was arched up in the intra-Middle
Miocene; then the South Seraju Range originated, in the Mio-Pliocene; finally, the North Seraju Range came into
existence, in the Plio-Pleistocene. This immigrating system of crustal waves was, however, only an accessory
process to the main orogcnic evolution, represented by the orogenic system which has been emigrating since the
Paleozoic from the central Sunda Land toward the Indian Ocean. The intra-miocene geanticlinal uplift of South Java
was bordered to the North by the backdeep in which the above mentioned immigrating system developed; but to
the South it formed the great trough in the Indian Ocean, South of Java. Deep seated magmatic activity was
stimulated by this downwarp, so that an asthenolithic mountain root could accumulate underneath during the Upper
Neogene and Quaternary. In the late Quaternary this root started to rise isostatically, forming the submarine
median ridge of the South Java trough, which at present is characterized by negative isostatic anomalies (MEINESZ'
belt).




4
This subsidence below sealevel of the Southern Mts of Central Java might be partly much younger.

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