CHAPTER ONE

1.0.0 INTRODUCTION
One of the greatest problems facing Nigeria today is the issue of acquisition
of land for projects because of the complexities in the resettlement of the affected
communities that have to be displaced and the issue of compensation for the
landed properties.
Resettlement as the name connotes is the process whereby people displaced
from their indigenous area are located to resettle again in a new location with the
least inconvenience and minimal disruption of their way of life.
Basically, resettlement of people in most cases arises as a result of one or
combination of the following reasons
!" #overnment planned action for the social and economic development of the
country. $his is done in order to ma%e room for physical development.
&" 't could be as a result of natural disaster such as earthqua%e, fire disaster and
over(flooding.
)" $hrough deliberate action of the people themselves so as to move to a more
defensible environment in terms of war or to a favourable place in search of fertile
land, water for domestic consumption, pasture for animal gra*ing or avoid disease
infested *one.
+ith the occurrence of any of the foregoing, a large number of people are
often displaced from their natural place of abode and are therefore prevented from
practicing what has always been their established wor%s for the existence and
livelihood. 't is obvious that factors that are called for resettlement programme are
often of great importance when trying to define the extent and content of solution.
$his is because the process involved in resettlement exercise are many. 't is
therefore not merely the restoration for the capacity of the economic well being of
the displaced persons or the restoration of disrupted or destroyed materials and
services, but also other factors that will be needed to assure the people that they
have a future. +ith this, one can conclude that resettlement is not only the
!
provision of sites and services but most importantly assuring the people being
displaced for the social economic well being. $he issue of compulsory acquisition
of land for project development has always resulted in explosive chaos in this
country where properties worth millions of Naira have been destroyed. $his is due
to the ha*ardous ways the issue have been handled. One of the major problems
identified in the ,buja resettlement scheme is inability of #overnment to release
funds for the resettlement exercise.
1.0.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
#ar%i is one of the districts in the -ederal .apital $erritory. 't has the
largest number of settlements in the -ederal .apital territory in ,buja and can be
marginally described as one of the largest district among all the districts in the
-.$. 't shares boundary with ,so%oro, .entral Business /istrict 0.B/". 't is
located at the 1outh +est corner of the city having the central district to the North
and ,so%oro /istrict to the 2ast. $he district is sub(divided into units called
3,reas4. #ar%i uses distinctive naming convension of 3,rea4 to refer to parts of
#ar%i. $hese are designated as area ! (!!. #ar%i '' is used to differentiate the area
from #ar%i !!. #ar%i is presently the principal business district of ,buja.
Buildings of interest are in this area, some of them includes the .entral 5ost
Office, ,buja 'nternational .onference .entre along the busy 6erbert 7acaulay
+ay Nicon 8uxury 6otel 0formally %nown as ,buja 1ofitel 6otel and 8e
7eritian", ,gura 6otel and Old -ederal 1ecretariat .omplex buildings, and
0-./,", which overseas and runs the administrations of the -ederal .apital
$erritory has it offices in #ar%i.
1.0.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
$here is the generation notion that the settlement of the displaced
communities of #ar%i village of ,buja which could be traced to the conception of
the sitting of the -ederal .apital $erritory should have been completed for quite a
long time now. 6owever, what is practically on the ground today in terms of
achieving the set objectives call for doubts and misgiving among the affected
&
communities. $here have been some problems militating against the scheme. $he
statement of research problem have been identified thus
( +hat is the nature of problems militating against the smooth resettlement
exercise9
( 's the affected communities involved in the planning and implementation of
the scheme9
( 6as government demonstrated enough seriousness on the resettlement
scheme of the ,buja communities.
1.0.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
$he aim of this study is to examine the effect of resettlement scheme on
indigenous inhabitants in #ar%i village, ,buja.
$he objectives of this research study include the followings
( $he need for resettlement scheme
( $o examine past and present resettlement scheme
( $o examine the procedure adopted in carrying out the resettlement
( $o determine the effects of the exercise on indigenes
( $o ma%e possible recommendations to improve resettlement schemes.
1.0.4 SCOPE OF STUDY
'n line with the aim of study, this study is limited to #ar%i village.
1.0.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
$he study of resettlement scheme of #ar%i village will help in identifying
problems and ways of solving the identified problems for future resettlement
scheme in the -ederal .apital $erritory.
Resettlement in the -ederal .apital $erritory is part of a frame wor% of land
implementation require to achieve the dream of -ederal .apital .ity 5lan. 1o it is
of great importance to %now that resettlement in the -ederal .apital $erritory will
continue to go on in as much as new areas in the master plan is to be developed. 't
is concluded that resettlement is not only the provision of sites and services but
)
most importantly assuring the displaced people of their socio(cultural and
economic well being.
't is also important to %now that before embar%ing on resettlement of
inhabitant of a place, the -ederal or 1tate government should consider the socio(
economic life of people, by providing adequate housing unit, roads, water supply,
schools, clinics, mar%et and electricity etc. $his will enable them to continue their
normal activities.
1.06 LIMITATIONS OF STUDY
1ome of the problems encountered during the research wor% were
!" $he time ta%en to have some vital information on the resettlement exercise on
the original inhabitants of #ar%i village which led to the spending of time and
money.
&" $he tedious time ta%en to get some of the materials for the continuation of this
research wor% and others.
1.0 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA
,buja is the capital city of Nigeria, it is located in the central of Nigeria
within the -ederal .apital $erritory 0-.$". ,buja is a planned city and was built
mainly in the !:;<s. 't officially became Nigeria=s .apital on !&th /ecember
!::!, replacing 8agos. ,t the &<<> census, the city of ,buja had a population of
??>, &:;. 'n light of the ethnic and religious divisions of Nigeria, plans has been
devised since Nigeria=s independence to have its capital in a location deemed
neutral to all parties. $he location was eventually designated in the centre of the
country in the early !:?<s as it is signified neutrality and national unity. ,nother
impetus for ,buja came because of 8agos population boom that made that city
overcrowded and conditions squalid. $he logic use was similar to how the Bra*il
planned its capital. Bra*ilia construction economic and political instability, the
initial stages of the city were not complete until the late !:;<s.
,buja=s geography is defined by ,so Roc%, a @<< meter monolith left by
water erosion. $he president complex, National ,ssembly, 1upreme court and
@
much of them extend to the 1outh of the roc%. ,so means Aictorious in the
language of the 0now displaced" ,so%oro 30$he people of victory"4
Other site includes the Nigerian National 7osque and the Nigerian
National .hristian .entre. $he city is served by the Nnamdi ,*i%iwe 'nternational
,irport, while Buma Roc% lies nearby. ,buja is %nown for being the best purpose
built city in ,frica as well as being one of the wealthiest and most expensive,
however, the population of the semi(developed edges of the city are living in
shanty towns such as Caru, originally planned to house the capital civil servant
and lower income families still, has no running water, sanitation or electricity.
$he master plan for ,buja and the -ederal .apital $erritory 0-.$" was
developed by 'nternational 5lanning ,ssociation 0'5,", a consortium of three
,merican firms 5lanning Research .orporation, +allace, 7cttary, Roberts and
$odd, and ,rchi systems, and division of the 6ughes organi*ation. $he master
plan for ,buja defined the general structure and measure designed elements of the
city that are visible in the city=s current form more detculed designed of the central
areas of the capital, particularly its monumental core, was accomplished by Cen*o
$ange, a renowned Dapane*e ,rchitect, with his team of city planner at
Cemotange and Ertec company. 7ost countries relocated their embassies to
,buja, and many maintain their former embassies as consulates in 8agos, still the
commercial capital of Nigeria. ,buja is the headquarters of the O52.. ,buja and
the -.$ have experienced huge population growth, it has been reported that some
areas around ,buja have been growing at &<F to )<F per year. 1quatter
settlements and towns have been spread rapidly in and outside the city limits ten of
thousands of people have been evicted since former -.$ 7inister Nasiru ,hmad
2l( Rufai started a demolition campaign in &<<).
G
CHAPTER T!O
2.0.1 NEED FOR RESETTLEMENT SCHEME
Resettlement of people in most cases arises as a result of one or
combination of the following reasons
!" 5lanned government action for the social economic development of the
country. $his is done in order to ma%e room for physical development.
&" ,s a result of natural disaster such as earthqua%e, fire disaster and flood
)" $hrough deliberate action of people themselves so as to move to a more
defensible environment in terms of war or to a favourable place in search of
fertile land, water for domestic consumption, pasture for animal gra*ing or
avoiding diseases infested *one.
BIRNIN KEBBI" $he Cebbi #overnment has earmar%ed about N@ billion for the
resettlement and compensation of !)?, <&) victims of the &<!< flooding, which
also %illed five persons and destroyed seedings worth N )) million.
#overnment 1aidu /a%ingari disclosed this in Birnin Cebbi when ,lhaji
Chalid Husuf, the managing /irector of the 1o%oto river Rima Basin
/evelopment ,uthority, led the new management team on a courtesy visit.
/a%ingari said that G<F of the earmar%ed amount had been released as
compensation to the flood victims while the flood relief committee had yet to
conclude it report. $he governor said that people residing along flood plains had
been relocated to higher ground to avoid future flood. 6e said that the measure
was in response to the weather forecast by the Nigeria 7eteorological ,gency
0N'72$". 5redicting possible flooding this year. 6e called on the authority to
spare head the implementation of town planning policies by state affected by flood
water from the #orongo dam.
Responding, Husuf said that the ,uthority had advice respective states to
resettle people living along flood plain. 6e also said that the -ederal #overnment
was wor%ing towards the rehabilitation of the #orogo dam, which had been
predicted might cause flooding this year.
>
+ith the occurrence of any of the foregoing, a large number of people are
often displaced from their natural place to abode and are therefore presented from
practice what has always been their established wor%s for their existence and
livelihood. 't is obvious that factors that call for resettlement programme are often
of great importance when trying to define the extent and content of the solution.
$his is because the processes involved in resettlement exercise are many. 't is
therefore not merely the restoration of the capacity of the economic well being of
the displaced persons or the restoration of disrubted or destroyed material and
services, but also other factors that will be needed to assure the people that they
have a future. +ith this, one can conclude that resettlement is not only the
provision of sites and services but most importantly assuring the people being
displaced of their social(economic wellbeing.
2.0.2 PAST RESETTLEMENT SCHEME
/ifferent types of resettlement schemes have ta%en place in different parts
of the country, either due to one acquisition or the other. $he following are some
of the few resettlement scheme that had ta%en place in some part of Nigeria.
2..0.2.1 THE KAINJI DAM RESETTLEMENT IN NIGER
Cainji /am is a dam across the Niger river in +estern Nigeria.
.onstruction of the wor% began in !:>@ and was completed in !:>;. $he total cost
was estimated at I&<: million. +ith one(quarter of this amount used to resettle
people displaced by the construction of other dam and its reservoir, Cainji 8a%e.
$he dam is the longest dam in the world. Cainji /am extends for about !<%m
including its saddle dam, which closes off a tributary valley. 7ost of the structure
is made from earth, but the center section, housing the hydroelectric turbines, was
built from concrete. $his section is >Gm 0&!G ft" high.
Cainji /am resettlement in Nigeria, more literature is auculable than any
other resettlement in 7ricia. $he wor%s of Denness 0!:?)", Roder 0!:?)", 0!::!",
Oyedipe 0!:?)", 0!:;)", 0!:;>", among others, focused on this region, saqua
0!:?:" observed that Cainji resettlement was one of the most successful
?
resettlement in the developing world. $his success was brought about with high
adjustment levels as a result of both primary and secondary innovations in New
Bussa town. ,part from generation of electricity, it has positive effect on the
landscape, rural farming and fishery development as well as limnological and
hydrological development of the area 07ill $ettey !:;&, !:;>". Richling 0!:;G"
on the other hand indicates that the resettled populace are often poor, uneducated
and naturally marginal. 1econd planners justify their recommendations by
declaring such charges to be good for people. $hey reason for example that new
housing or other amenities are the new site compensate social arrangement of
element of the traditional culture. $he aim of this article is to examine the Debba
scheme on agricultural change in the study area. 't is also to measure some aspect
of dislocation coming from isolated planning for the resettlement populace.
2.0.2.1 RESETTLEMENT IN JEBBA
-orceful acquisition of community land often results in isolating individual
communities in relation of specific planning about their resettlement. $he lin%s
between resettlement factors and rural change accruing from the process has been
recogni*ed, yet has been unadequately addressed, however, our old habit of
ignoring deprivation and innovations resulting from the former wor%s.
'ncreasingly, we realised there are social, cultural, economic, physical and
political aspect of the ways resettlement affects people lives 0O%wepo &<<:". $he
construction of Debba /am on the Niger necessitated the in undation of about :G<
of farmland involving @& settlements that were later resettled into &! planned
settlements in location, not very far from the former sites. $his has affected us as
an opportunity to examine the relative effect of the scheme on the economy of
rural settlement that are mostly farmers and fishermen within the perimeter of the
new Debba la%e. Aarious studies have indicated some consequences of
resettlement, which either positive or negative depending on the purpose, process
and strategies of such an exercise, while some of the changes are consequent to the
innovation input into resettlement, others are incidental for example, ,dalemo
;
0!:?)" and O%wepo 0&<<>" outlined the moral and practical justification of
resettlement on the basis of how people adjusted to innovation of housing
infrastructure and new agricultural land.
Debba 8a%e basin covers an extensive land area stretching from the Cainji
/am in Niger 1tate of Nigeria to Debba town in the middle Belt region. $he basin
falls between longitude :
<
G<! 2 and :
<
>! 2, latitude :
<
G<! North and !<
<
GG!
within the 1avannah Belt. $he creation of Debba la%e behind the /am at Debba led
to the inundation of about :G< hectres of farmland of about six thousand residents
as well as submergence of @& village located within the range of !<< J !<&m
contour lines.
2.0.2.3 BAKOLORI RESETTLEMENT SCHEME IN SOKOTO
$he Ba%olori /am is in 1o%oto 1tate in the Northwest of Nigeria completed
in !:?; and its reservoir filled by !:;!. 't is a major reservoir on the 1o%oto river,
a tributary of the Rima river, which in turn feeds the Nigeria river.
+ater from the dam supplies the Ba%olori irrigation project. Reservoir
covering ;<<< hectares extending !:%m upstream. $he dam construction project
displaced many peasant farmers without providing alternative land or financial
compensation. 7any people died in protest over their loss of livelihood. $he
project has become %nown as a classic example of development culture.
$he 1o%oto river runs through the semi(arid 1udan 1avannah *one of
Northern Nigeria. ,nnual rainfall is unpredictable, ranging from G<<mm to
!,)<<mm per year. /uring the Dune( 1eptember period. Before construction of the
dam, about G<,<<< farmers in the 1o%oto river flood plain practiced intensive
recession farming, growing rice and sorghum in the wet season and vegetable
crops such as onions, garlic and tomatoes in the dry season. 7any farmers use d
the shadout practice of lifting water from the river to pour into irrigation channels
or ponds. +omen in 5udah do not usually wor% the field but do have ownership
right and assist in processing. +omen who are not under seclusion are active in
farming records of ownership.
:
2.0.3 PRESENT RESETTLEMENT SCHEME
$he -ederal .apital $erritory 0-.$" administration disclosed that wor% on
the ,po resettlement site is achieved :G percent completion. 7inister of the
-./,, 1enator Ba% 7uhammed in a statement issued by his chief press secretary
said this was the highest recorded by the administration since the commencement
of resettlement programme. ,ccording to the 7inister revealed that the
administration undertoo% the construction of ;?? resettlement houses at the ,po
resettlement site and has up till now completed, ;GG, living only && as outstanding.
6e reiterated that the progress of wor% in the asphalting of the internal roads at the
site has reached advanced stage of completion with the hope that the contractor
will finish the job and handover before the end of this month.
$he -.$ administration the 7inister noted has made giant stride in
ma%ing the houses habitable as prepaid electric meters are being installed in the
houses that have been ta%en over by the natives. +or% on the additional ten water
boreholes at the ,po resettlement site still going on. $he -./, 7inister has
explained that indigenous villages including #ar%i, #bagy, #ar%i, 6ausawa, ,po
and ,%panjenya are expected to be resettled in the ,po resettlement site. ,lso, the
share #aluwyi and +asa resettlement sites which are parts of the resettlement
projects are >G percent and GG percent complete respectively. 't is expected that
the administration will give the required !G percent mobili*ation fee to the
contractor handling the profession of access road from 5ape to 1here #aluwyi has
awarded by the -ederal 2xecutive .ouncil 0-21".
2.0.4 PROCEDURE FOR RESETTLEMENT SCHEME
5rocedure adopted for resettlement scheme are as follows
!" O#$%&'()*&+ P%),$-.%$/" 'n order to ensure that best practices in involuntary
resettlement are adopted for the 8E$5 '' projects, 8,7,$, will adopt
procedures, which are consistent with the world ban% operational policies 0O.5"
@.!& throughout the implementation of the sub projects. $his implies that among
others, baseline surveys and a social impact assessment will be carried out based
!<
on which a resettlement action plan 0R,5" will be prepared and sent for approval
by the +orld Ban%.
'n accordance with the +orld Ban% policy 0.ap @.!& paragraph &", stated
below, projects design will be reviewed to avoid or minimi*e involuntary
resettlement where feasible. 5roject affected persons will be consulted and enabled
to participate in the planning, implementation and monitoring of the resettlement.
$he +orld Ban% operational policies of @.!& states in paragrapj &.
a" 'nvoluntary resettlement should be avoided where feasible or minimi*ed,
exploring all viable alternative project designs
b" +here it is not feasible to avoid resettlement, resettlement activities should
be conceived and executed as sustainable development programmes,
providing sufficient investment resources to enable the persons displaced
by the project to share in project benefits. /isplaced persons should be
meaningfully consulted and should have opportunities to participate in
planning and implementing resettlement programs.
c" /isplaced persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their
livelihoods and standards of living or at least to restore them in real terms,
to pre(displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of
project implementation, which ever is higher.
20 L$1&+ F%&2$3)%4/" $he legal framewor% for acquisition and resettlement in
Nigeria is the 8and Ese ,ct 08E," of !:?;, reviewed under cap &<&, !::<. $he
relevant +orld Ban% operational policy .ap @.!&, which addresses land
acquisition and resettlement was adopted in &<<!. $he differences between the
8and Ese ,ct and the ban%s of @.!& mostly concern rehabilitation measures,
which are neither prescribed nor mandated in the ,ct. 6owever, where there are
conflicts between the national law 08and use ,ct" and the +orld Ban% policy 0op
@.!&", the +orld Ban% op @.!& will prevail for all sub projects under the 8E$5 ''.
30 O%1&*(5&'()*&+ P%),$-.%$/ 6)% -$+(7$%8 )6 E*'('+$2$*'/" $his section of the
R5- defines the eligibility criteria required to effectively implemented the
!!
resettlement. $he criteria will be specified in each R5- defines the eligibility
criteria required to effectively implemented the resettlement. $he criteria will be
specified in each R,5 and cover any person who suffers loss of a damage to an
asset or loss of access to productive resources, as a result of carrying out of any of
the projects under the 8E$5 ''. 2ligibility criteria will be informed by the three
criteria given in clause !G of the +orld Ban%=s operational policy @.!&.
( $hose who have formal legal rights to land 0including customary and traditional
rights recogni*ed under the laws of the country"
( $hose who do not have formal legal rights to land at the time the census begins
but have a claim to such land or assets J provided that such claims are recogni*ed
under the laws of the country or become recogni*ed through a process identified in
the resettlement plan.
40 V&+.&'()* P%),$-.%$/" $his section highlights the valuation of all assets that
will be affected as a result of the implementation of the programmes under the
8E$5 A. Aaluation of assets affected by the 8E$5 '' projects will be conducted
by the /epartment of ,cquisition and .ompensation, -ederal .apital
/evelopment ,uthority ,buja -.$.
50 I*7('&'()* ') T9%$&'" 'deally, acquisition bodies normally issue 0ga*etted
notice of intended acquisitions specifying clearly demarcated areas that are up for
acquisition informing interested parties to come up with any commentsKobjectives
they may have. +ithin this period, the necessaryKneeded estate consultants are
engage after due process for the job.
50 I*'$%&,'(7$ /$,'()* 3('9 '9$ ,)22.*('($/" $his very important initial step in
the acquisition procedure is geared towards sensiti*ing the affected communities
on the envisaged project within their domain, solicit their support on to entertain
any questions they may have on their opinion on the project. 't is at this stage that
the estate consultance on both side of the divided are introduced. ,s a large
agenda of this meeting dates of enumeration are fixed and agreed on by all parties
concerned.
!&
0 'nspection and 2numeration on the due datas, climants and instructed to stand
by their farm plots or other interests that they may have claim for compensation.
$he community representatives in the team identifies each claimed and help in
settling any disputes or boundaries between each interest. 1ometimes, a video
coverage of the area may be underta%en for future use, and each claimants submits
a passport photograph to be scanned into the payment certificates.
:0 I*/.%&*,$ )6 ,$%'(6(,&'$/ )6 E*.2$%&'()*" .ompensation of enumeraton and a
later date to be announced, the consultant to the acquiring body prepares
certificates of enumeration bearing details of each claimed holding in triplicate or
duplicate for distribution to eligible beneficiaries. /uring this period, any minor
field problem li%e omissions disputes etc are also settled amicably.
;0 C)2#.'&'()*/ )6 C+&(2/" On completion of computations, a comprehensive
schedule of claimant and their assessed claims are complied and incorporate in a
report on findings, observations and recommendations of amount payable as
computation is submitted to the acquiring body for consideration approval and
release of funds for paying farmers in the area, living at subsistence levels, where
more concerned with avoiding ris% than maximi*ing profit. $he area is subject to
periodic droughts and the desire for a stable water supply was one of the motives
for constructing the dam.
2.0.5 RESETTLEMENT POLICIES IN FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY
$he first major policy statement in respect of the establishment of the
-ederal .apital $erritory 0-.$", the -ederal .apital /evelopment ,uthority
0-./," and above the first major policy statement on resettlement issues within
the -.$ subsequently, the -.$ ,ct was enacted in !:?>. $he ,ct vests the entire
;,<<< square %ilometres of the -.$ land area. 'n the -ederal #overnment of
Nigeria 3$he Ownership of the lands comprised in the -ederal .apital $erritory
shall li%e wise vest absolutely in the government of the federation4 0-.$ ,ct
!:?>". $he government wanted a principle of 3equal citi*enship4 within the
territory where no one can 3claim any special privilege of 3indigeneity4 as was the
!)
case with 8agos. 't wanted all the existing population to be moved out of the
territory, that was why it authori*ed not only a census of economic assets of all the
inhabitants of the territory but also undertoo% to pay compensation for all their
owners outside of the territory 07abogunje ,yile%a et al, &<<!". $he extremely
high cost of doing, this led to a change of policy.
$he initial policy change on resettlement as a result of health and other cost
consideration might loo% good and plausible reasons on the fact of it. 't however
set the trend and contributed greatly to the development of unplanned squatter
settlement within the -.$. 't gave people the impetus and made them believed
that government was not very serious with the issue of resettlement. $he initial
government policy of housing development through the -./, made people to
expect too much for government, even though it wanted to set the pace and
encourage people to move into an area that was hitherto lease developed in the
country and lac%ing in the most basics of all social amenities. 5eople were at first
reluctant, they lac% confidence to provide housing at the initial stage.
$he law governing land administration in Nigeria does not ascribe any
value to bare land. 't only recogni*ed compensation for unexhausted improvement
on and. Over the years this compensation rate for crops economic trees and houses
have been on the low side, people therefore find it more expedient to sell their
customary holdings at a much higher rate to individuals and other private concerns
that to wait for government acquisition and compensation which at any rate is far
below the expectation of the customary title holders. ,t the initial stage of the city
development, quite a number of the local inhabitant do not seam to reali*e that the
entire -.$ land mass is vested in the government of the federation though the hold
customary titles, they are not suppose to alienate 0after !:?> the year, the -.$
,cts gain legal force" without the consent of the authority this provision of the law
was observed mostly in breach thereby leading to the flour shing of a vibrant
illegal land mar%et.
!@
$he first major policy statement made by government in !:?>, was for
complete relocation of the entire inhabitants outside the new -ederal .apital
territory, this was aimed at freeing the territory from any primordial claims and to
enable government ta%e direct control, plan and develop the new city without any
encumbrance. .areful enumeration later revealed that the figure was not 3few4
about !G<,<<< J )<<,<<< people uprooting such a huge population was thought to
be unwise and could have delayed to ta%e off the project. 't was then decided to
allow the inhabitants to remain but could be resettled within the territory, should
their place of abode be affected by city development project.
$his major shift in policy direction can be said to be root cause of problem
of squatters and land administration within the -.$.
$he -ederal 2xecutive .ouncil 0-2." approved a revised policy for the
resettlement and compensation of indigenous people displaced from the municipal
area of the !:?: rates currently in use and would involve the original indigenes
getting compensation for crops economic trees unit cost of labour.
2.0.6 INDIGENOUS INHABITANT OF ABUJA
'ndigenes of ,buja, under the area of the Original 'nhabitants /evelopment
,ssociation of ,buja 0O'/,,", have alerted the government and Nigerians on the
discrimination that they have been suffering.
'n a statement in ,buja, 0O'/,,", a socio(cultural association registered
last year by the .orporate ,ffairs .omission 0.,.", lamented that various
citi*ens, including the president, the vice president and state capitals to elect their
governors and state legislators while they had no where to go a there was no
governorship election in the -ederal .apital $erritory. 3'nitially, the ,buja master
plan provided for relocation and resettlement of the indigenous population outside
of the -.$, but this was not to be as corruption in the process alongside other
factors made in practically impossible to relocate the original inhabitants.
3$o address this occurrence, the -./, drew up several integration plans
that rather provided for assimilation of the indigenous population.
!G
EFFECTS OF RESETTLEMENTS SCHEME ON INDIGENES
$here have been running battles between the -ederal .apital $erritory
0-.$", administration and indigenes of #ar%i village who have vowed to fight the
administration with their last drop of blood, over the resettlement programme.
$rouble for the administration, it would appear is compounded by the day with
alledge plot by some of the villages who have already been resettled to get double
resettlement. 'n an apparent attempt to outwit the administration, some of the
indigenes, who have been handed %eys to their houses at the ,po resettlement
sites, instead of relocating to the area, have allegedly sold or lease their houses at
the site and are now said to be moving to areas in the territory that are yet to be
resettled.
$he villagers are so grievance because the -.$ administration wanted to
relocate them to an uncompleted ,po resettlement camp, and are that, the
relocation policy of the administration falls short of their expectation.
'nvestigation revealed that some of the *ones of the resettlement camp are not
connected to electricity, while water and other social amenities are lac%ing in the
camp. $his investigation also revealed one of the reasons while beneficiaries had
refused to move to the area, coupled with the fact that some of them complained
that, the one bedroom flat allocation given to them at the camp was by far not
commensurate with their original houses which they are expected after receiving
the allocation. $hey accused the official of administration that are implementing
the relocation plan.
'n a statement issued recently in ,buja, Nyaholo said they abhorred the
total deviation from the resettlement objectives and the greed policy. ,n
enumeration exercise conducted by the -ederal .apital /evelopment ,uthority
0-./," in &<<G, according to Nyaholo, found that ),<G> houses would be
affected by the relocation. $hey claimed that while a total of &,!;G plots out of the
),<G> were allocated to the indigenes, they did not %now the beneficiaries of the
!>
remaining ;>; plots. ,nother issued that they are also aggrieved about is that
complaints by G@: persons about their houses were not addressed.
#overnment promise of decent resettlement to compensate them for the
loss of their ancestral home, which was forcefully ta%en away from them for
Nigeria=s -ederal .apital $erritory ,buja. $or%ura is one of the natives who
previously inhabited #ar%i village before the 7alam Nasir 2l(Rufai administration
in 0&<<G" decided to relocate them to #ar%i new town at ,po. But today, $or%ura,
who is married to two wives and seven children, is not a happy man. $he two
room apartment given to him at the Bone 2 ,po resettlement area is a far behind
from the eight bedroom he was occupying at #ar%i village before the relocation.
,gain, $or%ura who is farmer has no access farmland at the new settlement. Not
only that, access road, a hospital, water, electricity supply and a police post
promised them by the -ederal .apital /evelopment ,uthority, -./, in the new
settlement are yet to be provided. 5art of the resettlement plan was to provide
families with enough farmland and safeguard the future of the children. $hey are
also to be provided with some financial benefits to aid in the resettlement process.
,ll these have not been provided.
+hen the resettlement programme started in !:?;, the sum of N& billion
was estimated for the execution of the project. 'n !::& the #abo Nas%o
administration adopted the integration policy, which was intended to integrate the
original inhabitants within the -ederal .apital city, -.$ #ar%i village was used as
a pilot scheme, this however, failed leading to the creation of #ar%i New $own as
a settlement since the programme started, only indigenes of +use, 7aitama and
Cubwa have been successfully relocated from their original homes.
$he following are still some of the effects militating against resettlement
scheme in Nigeria.
!" 8ac% of the fulfilment of the resettlement scheme committee report by the
authority in charged of the exercise.
!?
&" 8ac% of seriousness by the acquiring authority in the area of some of the
promise facilities and recommendation made in the report
)" 5olitical influenceKinterference some selfish politician of an affected area
sometimes plays politics with the issue of identity of the indigene through
segregation and elimination of some people on the resettlement scheme list.
8ac% of sta%eholders forum on the issue of resettlement
schemeKconsultativeKinteraction session with the communities by either the
national boundary commission or the acquiring authority.
!;
CHAPTER THREE
3.00 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.01 TYPE AND METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
't is apparent that the compilation of data and subsequent interpretation of
information of a project of this nature requires the need for employing a technique
of collecting relevant data. 'n pursuance of this, the following process of collecting
data was adhered to
3.02 PRIMARY SOURCES OF DATA
$his source of data collection is adopted through questionnaire
administration. $he questionnaire was designed precisely to obtain a broad
spectrum of information needed for the achievement of the main aim and
objectives of this research wor%.
$he first part dealt with personal characteristics of the affected indigenes i.e
age, sex, marital status, and their level of education.
$he second part dealt with enumeration and payment of compensation of
indigenes on their crops and economic trees and other improvement on land.
3.03 POPULATION
$he sample population use in the research is the actual inhabitant of #ar%i
village and not the squarters.
3.04 SECONDARY SOURCES OF DATA
1econdary source of data is obtained from the /epartment of resettlement
and compensation 0-./," past project wor% that is relevant to resettlement is site
through journals.
3.05 SAMPLE TECHNI<UES
$otal sample si*e of @< respondents is selected from a sample frame of )<
heads of households by a sample random sampling techniques.
3.06 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA
$he study area which is %nown as #ar%i village is located between ,so%oro
and central ,rea. ,ll access roads to the area are tarred and motorable since ,buja
!:
has now become the administrative capital of Nigeria. 7ost of the #ar%i village
are indigenes.
&<
CHAPTER FOUR
4.00 DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF RESULT
$his represents a synthesis of raw data obtained from the survey. $he
importance of data analysis is to bring out some of the features in the study area so
as to arrive at the general views of the indigenes. $his will help in solving the
problem identified in the area and also help in shaping resettlement policies in
,buja as a whole.
'n conducting the research, a technique is adopted which form the
basis of analysis and subsequent presentation of data. $he detail of which are
given below.
41 DATA PRESENTATION
Luestionnaire distributed to the respondents as earlier mentioned have the
same content. 7ore especially, the questions relating to respondent option with
regard to their satisfaction in respect of the resettlement scheme.
4.02 PERSONAL CHARACTERISTIC OF THE RESPONDENTS
$he personal characteristics includes age, sex, marital status and education.
T&=+$ 4.2.1
R$/#)*-$*'/ A1$ D(/'%(=.'()*
,ge Number of occurrence 5ercentage
Below &< years & G
&< J ): years &) G?.G
@< J @: years !< &G
>< and above G !&.G
$otal @< !<<
1ource -ield wor% &<!!.
$he table above shows the age distribution of the respondents. $he
indigenes being generally rural people with traditional characters. $he age group
between &< J ): has the highest percentage. $hey were mostly interviewed and the
research was carried out.
T&=+$ 4.2.2
M&%('&+ S'&'./ )6 '9$ R$/#)*-$*'/
&!
7arital 1tatus Number of occurrence 5ercentage
7arried &< G<
1ingle !) )&.G
/ivorced G !&.G
+idowed & G
$otal @< !<<
1ource -ield wor%, &<!!.
,ccording to the table above, G<F of the respondents are married. +hich
indicate that majority are married. )&.GF are single, !&.GF are divorced and GF
were widowed.
T&=+$ 4.3.2
E-.,&'()*&+ B&,41%).*- )6 '9$ R$/#)*-$*'/
2ducation Number of occurrence 5ercentage
5rimary school ? !?.G
1econdary school !< &G
$ertiary education !; @G
Not educated G !&.G
$otal @< !<<
1ource -ield wor%, &<!!.
$he table above shows that the level of education of respondents with @GF
has tertiary education while &GF attended secondary school, !?.GF attended
primary school and !&.GF are not educated.
T&=+$ 4.3.3
R$/#)*-$*'/ P$%,$#'()* )6 '9$ R$/$''+$2$*' S,9$2$
5erception Number of occurrence 5ercentage
/esire to remain in city center ): :?.G
/esire to move to new site ! &.G
$otal @< !<<
1ource -ield wor%, &<!!.
&&
$he table above shows that the perception of the respondent on the
resettlement scheme :?.GF prefer to remain in the city center, while &.GF is ready
to move to the new site.
T&=+$ 4.3.4
P%),$-.%$ &-)#'$- 6)% R$/$''+$2$*' S,9$2$
Notice Number of occurrence 5ercentage
Notification through village heads &@ ><
.ommunication through mass media : &&.G
Notification through government agencies ? !?.G
>< and above G !&.G
$otal @< !<<
1ource -ield wor%, &<!!.
$he table above revealed that, ><F notice was made %nown to the
respondents by the village heads. +hile &&.GF is through mass media and !?.GF
was made %nown to the respondents through the government agencies.
T&=+$ 4.3.5
R$/#)*-$*'/ P$%,$#'()* )* S),()>,.+'.%&+ E66$,'/ )6 R$/$''+$2$*'
2ffects Number of occurrence 5ercentage
6ouse : &&.G
8ifestyles !> @<
$radition !G )?.G
$otal @< !<<
1ource -ield wor%, &<!!.
$he above table shows socio(cultural effects on the respondents. @<F of the
respondents said their lifestyle was affected, while )?.GF of the respondents
&)
comments that, the resettlement has affected there tradition, while &&.GF said
houses are designed for them without consideration of their cultural need.
T&=+$ 4.3.6
R$/#)*-$*'/ P$%,$#'()* )* S),() $,)*)2(, $66$,'/ )6 R$/$''+$2$*'
2ffect Number of occurrence 5ercentage
,griculture !@ )G
1chool !) )&.G
7ar%et !) )&.G
$otal @< !<<
1ource -ield wor%, &<!!.
$he table reveals the importance of agriculture in the economic life of the
people, and how it has affected them. )GF of the respondents said that, land for
agricultural practice is affected, and )&.GF of respondents said that the effect is
more on their children education and )&.GF of respondent also affected by access
to ready mar%et for the product from their farm.
T&=+$ 4.3.
R$/#)*-$*'/ )#(*()* )6 ,&/9 ,)2#$*/&'()*
1atisfaction O O
5artially satisfied & G
Not satisfied ); :G
$otal @< !<<
1ource -ield wor%, &<!!.
$he table reveals that :GF of the respondents were not satisfied with the
compensation paid to them. +hile GF was partially satisfied with the
compensation but none of them was even satisfied at all.
4.03 DATA ANALYSIS
6aving obtained the data for the different answers received from
respondents, it is necessary to analy*e the data through tabulation and draw some
inferences on which conclusion will rest. Now, the cross tabulation starts from the
&@
respondents personal characteristic 0i.e age, sex, marital status, and educational
qualification".
T&=+$ I" M&%('&+ S'&'./?A1$
,ge / 7 1 + $otal
, O ! ! < &
B < !& !& < &@
. < > ! < ?
/ @ ! < & G
$otal @ &< !@ & @<
1ource -ield wor%, &<!!.
, M Below &< years / M /ivorced
B M &< J ): years 7 M 7arried
. M @< J @: years 1 M 1ingle
/ M >< and above + M +idowed
#oing by the above tabulation across age and marital status, one could
analy*e that there are ! person who are single 0not married" and is below the age
of &<, and there are &@ people of different age, between &< J ): years. +hile some
are single, while there are total of ? persons who were between the ages of @<(@:
years while some are married 0majority", some are divorced.
T&=+$ II
E-.,&'()*&+ B&,41%).*-
Lualification
, B . / $otal
5rimary school ! @ & ! ;
1econdary school ! G & ! :
$ertiary education ! !& ) & !;
Not educated ! ! ! & G
$otal @ && ; > @<
1ource -ield wor%, &<!!.
#oing by the above, tabulation of educational qualification and age, we
could analyse that majority have tertiary education and are below the age of &<()K
: years while : persons who have secondary school and their age fall between &<
&G
J &: years mainly. +hile there are G persons who are not educated at all and they
fall between the age of &< J &: years mainly. +hile there are ; persons have
secondary school and their age fall between the age of &< J >< years and above.
4.0.4 T&=+$ 4.3.3
R$/#)*-$*'/ P$%,$#'()* )* '9$ R$/$''+$2$*' S,9$2$
$able @.).) shows that most of the respondents wish to stay in their formal
settlement if given a chance since the government failed to reinstate them from
their formal position after acquisition of their land.
4.05 PROCEDURE ADOPTED FOR NOTIFICATION OF THE
RESETTLEMENT SCHEME
$he previous table revealed that, notice was made %nown to the
respondents through the village heads and some agreed that they were given notice
through mass media while some said, it was through the government agencies.
4.06 CASH COMPENSATION
7ost of the claimants lay their complain that, compensation given to them
by the government was not adequate enough to reinstate them bac% to former
positions.
4.0. GENERAL SATISFACTION OF THE INDIGENES
#enerally, for any compensation exercise to meet the satisfaction of the
affected people, government must provide relevant heads of compensation and
methods of assessing the real value of improvement. $o this end, the inhabitants of
#ar%i village complaints on many issues that they have been undergone after the
resettlement scheme some of these issues are that
!" $he site which was given to them was not large enough to accommodate
the si*e of their population.
&>
&" $hat the amount of money given to them was not enough to reinstate them
to their normal way of life.
)" $hat their privacy was not guaranteed since the houses given to them were
two bedrooms flats each family or household considering the large number
of children of some of them had.
,s a result, the people were dissatisfied with the resettlement exercise since the
government did not consider their socio(economic aspect of life.
&?
CHAPTER FIVE
5.00 FINDINGS@ RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
5.01 FINDINGS
'n the previous chapter, the project wor% identified some problems of
resettlement policies in the country as well as that of #ar%i village. ,fter
conducting an in(depth analysis, the following findings are made
!" $he study reveals that the procedures adopted for notification was not
properly done. ,s a result, most of the indigenes were not properly notified
about the resettlement scheme.
&" $he study also reveals that most of the indigenes preferred to stay in their
original settlements instead of the new sites.
)" ,nother significant finding was that, their socio(cultural aspect such as
tradition and their houses were not put into consideration during the
resettlement scheme.
@" 't is also observed that, the resettlement scheme does not consider adequate
socio(economic life aspect of the indigenes such as schools for their
children, farm land for agriculture, as well as access to mar%et for
mar%eting of their production from their farm.
G" -inally, the indigenes were paid inadequate compensation entitlement in
lieu of resettlement.
&;
5.02 RECOMMENDATIONS
$he following recommendations are made for better implementation of future
resettlement scheme within the -...$.
!" $here should be proper notification to the inhabitants before the resettlement
scheme exercise will commence. 'f possible, government should set up a
committee to investigate the activities that are mostly done in such areas and
people to be resettle in order to ascertain the rate for economic trees and valuation
method for assessment.
&" -air and adequate compensation should be paid to the people that suffer loss
due to exercise of power of compulsory acquisition, so that they may not be worse
off after being compensated. $hat is, the people should be reinstated bac% to their
formal positions.
)" Before embar%ing on resettlement of inhabitants of a place, the government
should consider the socio(economic life of the people by providing adequate
housing units, roads, water, clinics, schools, mar%ets, electricity etc as this will
enable them to continue their normal activities.
@" #overnment should employ the services of 2state 1urveyors and Aaluers and
charges such as agencies with responsibility of planning and execution of the
resettlement scheme of such areas in order to ensure a smooth resettlement and
compensation policy.
&:
5.03 CONCLUSION
Resettlement in the -ederal .apital $erritory is part of a framewor% of plan
implementation required to achieve the dream of the -ederal .apital .ity plan. 1o
it is of great importance to %now that resettlement in the -ederal .apital $erritory
will continue to go on in as much as new areas in the master plan is to be
developed.
$he subsequent design of the ,buja 7aster 5lan and its implementation
must be %ept in focus. $he only way to successfully achieve this is through the
resettlement of original inhabitants and squatters from the -ederal .apital city to
designated settlement within the -ederal .apital $erritory 0-...$".
+hat is required now is for the -ederal #overnment to adequately provide
funds for the resettlement scheme of #ar%i village inhabitants. +ith this, one can
conclude that, resettlement is not only the provision of sites and services but
importantly assuring the displaced people of their socio(cultural and economic
wellbeing.
)<
REFERENCES
,yile%a, O. N Calgo, 7.1.E. 0eds", 0&<<!" The Review of Abuja Master Plan:
5roceeding of an 'nternational +or%shop for $he Review of ,buja 7aster
5lan held in ,buja, &: November to /ecember !:::. 7inistry of the
.apital $erritory, ,buja, Nigeria.
,foladi D.-. et al. 0edf", 0&<<<" 'ssues in 8and ,dministration and /evelopment
in Northern Nigeria.
Brill, !::? 5. ?>. Displacement and the Policies Violence in Nigeria '1BN
:<<@!<;?>:.
/oxidas ,ssociates 0Nig" 8td 0!:;)" Regional Development Plan for !T,
-./,.
Dibril, '.E. 5olicy .hanges on Resettlement and ,dministration in ,buja,
Nigerians -...$.
7ohammed Cuta Hahaya 0&<<&" 3Development and !hallenges of "a#olori
$rrigation Project in %o#oto %tate& Nigeria' Nordie Dournal of ,frican
1tudies '' 0)".
New Bussa 0!:;>" The Township and Resettlement (ousing) $hird +orld
5lanning Review !; 0!" )G J @:.
Oyedipo 0!:;)" ,djustment to Resettlement* a case study of the resettled people
in Cainji 8a%e Basin Eniversity of 'badan 5ress.
Olawepo, R.,. 0&<<:" Participator+ Approach to Rural %ettlement Planning:
Debba 1cheme experience in Nigeria. .2O studies forum 0!;&"O :> J !<G.
www.wi%ipedia.com. $he -ree 2ncyclopaedia of Navigation search.
Educhi #.O. 0!:;?" 5ublic 8ands ,cquisition and .ompensation 5ractice in
Nigeria.
)!
FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC@ P.M.B 103@ IDAH.
SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES@ DEPARTMENT OF
ESTATE MANAGEMENT
<UESTIONNAIRE FOR EFFECT OF RESETTLEMENT SCHEME ON
INDIGENOUS INHABITANTS OF GARKI VILLAGE FROM FEDERAL
CAPITAL CITY BY RESEARCH STUDENTS OF ESTATE
MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT.
$he purpose of this research is to %now the problems of the displaced
indigenous of #ar%i village whether they were satisfied with the resettlement
scheme or not. $han% you for your cooperation.
Note 5lease tic% P Q or fill blan% space where appropriate.
<UESTIONNAIRE PART I
!" ,ge P Q
&" 1ex P Q
)" marital status 0a" 7arried P Q b" 1ingle P Q
0c" /ivorced P Q d" +indowed P Q
@" +hat is the level of your education9 a" 5rimary P Q
b" 1econdary P Q c" $ertiary education 0d" Not educated P Q
G" ,re you an indigene or squatter in #ar%i village9 Hes P Q No P Q
PART 2
Respondents perception on the resettlement scheme
>" +as there any adequate notification before the resettlement exercise9
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
?" 'f notified, how was id done9 RRRRRRRRRRRRR...............
;" 6ow was the condition for compensation and assessment of crops and
economic tree, buildings, improvement and installation done9 RRRRR...
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR...
:" +hat was the valuation method or policy use for assessing your crops and
economic trees as well as other improvement on land9 RRRRRRRR.
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR..
PART III
!<" 6ow long have you been notified about the resettlement exercise9
a" $wo months P Q b" $hree months P Q
c" 1ix months P Q
!!" +as there any compensation entitlement given to you as an effect person9
Hes P Q No P Q
!&" +here you satisfied with the compensation9 RRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR..
!)" 6ow did the resettlement scheme affect you9 RRRRRRRRRR.
)&
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
!@" 'f you had a choice, would you have preferred remain in your formal
settlement9 RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR..
PART IV
!G" /id the government provide infrastructure facilities to you9
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
!>" +hat is your comment as regards future resettlement exercise in the -.$9
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
!?" +hat is your advice to the government concerning resettlement exercise9
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR..
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
!;" 6ow did the resettlement exercise affect your social culture well being9
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
!:" +hich of the government department was charged with the responsibilities of
carrying out this resettlement exercise9 RRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.
&<" 6as government demonstrated enough seriousness on the resettlement scheme
of the ,buja community9 RRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
))