AS Level

TOPIC 3 ANSWERS & MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 1
MOLAR SOLUTIONS
a) Molar concentration

Molar solution

b) (i)

One which contains 1 mol of solute (1)

in 1 dm3 of solution (1)

Mr (HCl) = 36.5 Concentration = 146/36.5 = 4.00 mol dm-3 (1)

(ii) Mr (KI) = 166

c) (i)

The number of moles of solute (1)

dissolved in 1 dm3 of solution (1)

Concentration = 300/166 = 1.81 mol dm-3 (1)

-3

Concentration = 1.48 4 = 5.92 g dm (1)

(ii) Mr (H2C2O4 .2H2O) = 126 (1)

-3
Concentration = 5.92/126 = 0.0470 mol dm (1)
d) 1 M Na2CO3 contains 106 g dm-3 (1)
0.05 M Na2CO3 contains 106 0.05 = 5.30 g dm-3 (1)
in 250 cm3 there is 5.30/4 = 1.325 g Na2CO3 (1)
e) Number of moles in solution = molarity volume (in dm3)
= 0.0982 0.5 = 0.0491 (1)
Mr (NaOH) = 40 (1)
Mass = 0.0491 40 = 1.96 g (1)

AS Level

TOPIC 3 ANSWERS & MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 2
PREPARATION OF A STANDARD SOLUTION
a) (i)

A substance which can be weighed out directly to give a solution of known concentration (1)

(ii) Must be readily available in a very pure state (1)

Must be stable / must not deteriorate on standing (1)
Must be non-hygroscopic / must not absorb water vapour (1)
Should have a high Mr so that a substantial amount is weighed out / so that weighing errors are negligible (1)
(Accept any 3)
b) (i)

For accuracy (1)

(ii) To prevent the sodium carbonate from soiling / damaging the balance pan if it was spilt (1)
(iii) To allow for particles of sodium carbonate which adhered to the weighing bottle / which were not transferred (1)
(iv) Tap water contains dissolved substances which could affect the titration (1)
(v) To avoid errors due to some sodium carbonate solution remaining in the beaker (1)
(vi) To avoid overfilling the flask (1)
(vii) When the bottom of the liquid meniscus coincided with the graduation mark (1)
(viii)To get a uniform / homogeneous solution (1)
Or to avoid a concentration gradient in the flask (1)
(ix) To give the air bubble a chance to move up and down / to ensure that the solution became properly mixed (1)
(x) Discarded the solution / started again (1)

AS Level

TOPIC 3 ANSWERS & MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 3
SIMPLE VOLUMETRIC CALCULATIONS
a) H2SO4(aq) + 2KOH(aq) K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(1) (1)
n (H2SO4) = n (KOH) / 2 = 20.0(10-3)0.5 / 2 = 5 10-3 mol H2SO4 (1)
Volume required = 5(10-3) / 0.2 = 25 x 10-3 dm3 = 25.0 cm3 (1)
b) NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O (1) (1)
n (NaOH) = n (HCl) = 19.8(10-3) 0.15 = 2.97 10-3 mol NaOH (1)
c (NaOH) = 2.97(10-3 ) / 25.0(10-3) = 0.1188 mol dm-3 = 0.119 mol dm-3 (1)
c) CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) CH3COO- Na+(aq) + H2O(l) (1)
n (NaOH) = n (CH3COOH) = 0.148/60 = 2.47 10-3 mol (1)
Volume required = 2.47(10-3)/0.0990 = 0.0249 dm3 = 24.9 cm3 (1)
d) Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O (1)
n (Na2CO3) = n (HCl)/2 = 19.6(10-3) 0.103/2 = 1.01 10-3 mol (1)
m (Na2CO3) = 1.01(10-3) 106 = 0.107 g (1)

AS Level

TOPIC 3 ANSWERS & MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 4
CALCULATIONS REQUIRING MOLAR CONCENTRATION OF PRIMARY STANDARD
a) n (Na2CO3) = 1.547/106 = 0.0146 mol (1)
c (Na2CO3) = 0.0146(103)/250 = 0.0584 mol dm-3 (1)
Na2CO3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) (1)
n (H2SO4) = n (Na2CO3) = 25.0(10-3) 0.0584 = 1.46 10-3 mol (1)
c (H2SO4) = 1.46(10-3)/24.6(10-3) = 0.0593 mol dm-3 (1)
b) (i)

Solid sodium hydroxide is deliquescent / absorbs water vapour from the air (1)
Hence solutions will be more dilute than calculated (1)

(ii) n (H2C2O4 .2H2O) = 14.6/126 = 0.116 mol (1)

c (H2C2O4 .2H2O) = 0.116(103)/250 = 0.464 mol dm-3 (1)
H2C2O4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2C2O4(aq) + 2H2O(l) (1)
n (NaOH) = n (H2C2O4 .2H2O) 2 = 25.0(10-3) (0.464) 2 = 0.0232 mol (1)
c (NaOH) = 0.0232/24.1(10-3) = 0.963 mol dm-3 (1)
(iii) H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) (1)
n (H2SO4) = n (NaOH)/2 = 20.7(10-3) 0.963/2 = 9.97 10-3 mol (1)
c (H2SO4) = 9.97(10-3)/2.00(10-3) = 4.98 mol dm-3 (1)
4.98 98 = 488 g dm-3 (1)

AS Level

TOPIC 3 ANSWERS & MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 5
DILUTION QUESTIONS
a) A very large volume of titrant would otherwise be required / the burette would have to be refilled during the titration (1)
b) HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) (1)
n (HCl) = n (NaOH) = 23.6(10-3) 0.099 = 2.34 10-3 mol (1)
c (diluted HCl) = 2.34(10-3)/25.0(10-3) = 0.0936 mol dm-3 (1)
c (concentrated HCl) = 0.0936(103)/10.0 = 9.36 mol dm-3 (1)
c) (i)

CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) CH3COO- Na+(aq) + H2O (l) (1)

n (CH3COOH) = n (NaOH) = 25.5(10-3) 0.102 = 2.60 10-3 mol (1)
c (diluted CH3COOH) = 2.60(10-3)/25.0(10-3) = 0.104 mol dm-3 (1)
c (original CH3COOH) = 0.104(200)/25.0 = 0.832 mol dm-3 (1)
0.832(350)/103 = 0.291 mol per 350 cm3 (1)
0.291(60) = 17.5 g per 350 cm3 (1)

(ii) From (i), c = 0.832 mol dm-3

0.832(1.14) = 0.948 mol per 1.14 dm3 (1)
0.948(60) = 56.9 g per 1.14 dm3 (1)
(iii) n (NaOH) = n (CH3COOH) = 0.832(25.0)/103 = 0.0208 mol (1)
Volume required = 0.0208/0.102 = 0.204 dm3 = 204 cm3 (1)

AS Level

TOPIC 3 ANSWERS & MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 6
WATER OF CRYSTALLISATION
a) (i)

H2C2O4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2C2O4(aq) + 2H2O(l) (1)

n (H2C2O4) = n (NaOH)/2 = 21.1(10-3) (0.100)/2 = 1.055 10-3 mol in 25 cm3 (1)
n (anhydrous H2C2O4) in 1 dm3 = 1.055(10-3) (103)/25 = 0.0422 mol (1)

(ii) Mr (H2C2O4) = 90
m (anhydrous H2C2O4) in 1 dm3 = 0.0422(90) = 3.80 g (1)
(iii) m (hydrated H2C2O4) in 1 dm3 = 1.33(4) = 5.32 g (1)
m (H2O) in 1 dm3 = 5.32 - 3.80 = 1.52 g (1)
(iv) n (H2O) in 1 dm3 = 1.52/18 = 0.0844 mol (1)
(v) n (H2C2O4) : n (H2O) = 0.0422 : 0.0844 = 1 : 2 (1)
Or no. of moles of water of crystallisation = 2 (1)
b) H2SO4(aq) + K2CO3(aq) K2SO4(aq) + H2O(1) + CO2(g) (1)
n (K2CO3) = n (H2SO4)
= 30.0(10-3) (0.0125)
= 3.75 10-4 mol in 25 cm3 (1)

in l dm3 there are 3.75(10-4)(40) = 0.015 mol K2CO3 (1)

Mr (K2CO3) = 138
in 1 dm3 there are 0.015(138) = 2.07 g K2CO3 (1)
Hence, mass of water of crystallisation = 2.475 - 2.07
= 0.405 g (1)

0.405/18 = 0.0225 mol H2O with 0.015 mol K2CO3

x = 0.0225/0.015 = 1.5 (1)

AS Level

TOPIC 3 ANSWERS & MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 7
PERCENTAGE PURITY
a) (i)

Absorption of carbon dioxide from the air (1)

(ii) Ca(OH)2(s) + CO2(g) CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) (1)

b) (i)

CaCO3 would have reacted with HCl(aq) (1)

Hence too much HCl(aq) would have been used in the titration (1)

(ii) Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l) (1)

n (Ca(OH)2) = n (HCl)/2 = 20.8(10-3) 0.210/2 = 2.18 10-3 mol (1)
Mr (Ca(OH)2) = 74
m (Ca(OH)2) = 2.18(10-3) 74 = 0.162 g (1)
Purity = 0.162(100)/0.204 = 79.4% (1)
c) Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) (1)
Note NaCl does not react with hydrochloric acid.
n (Na2CO3) = n (HCl)/2 = 18.6(10-3)0.105/2 = 9.77 10-4 mol in 25 cm3 (1)
9.77 10-3 mol Na2CO3 in 250 cm3 (1)
Mr (Na2CO3) = 106
m (Na2CO3) = 9.77(10-3)106 = 1.04 g (1)
m (NaCl) = 5.07 - 1.04 = 4.03 g (1)
Purity = 4.03(100)/5.07 = 79.5% (1)

AS Level

TOPIC 3 ANSWERS & MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 8
TEST QUESTION I
a) Let the acid be represented by HA; then, since it is monobasic,
n (HA) = n (NaOH) (1)
= 25.0(10-3)0.1 = 2.5 10-3 mol in 25.0 cm3 (1)

there were 10(2.5 10-3 ) = 2.5 10-2 mol HA in 250 cm3 (1)
Mr (HA) = 1.15 / (2.5 10-2 ) = 46.0 46.0 g mol-1 (1)
b) MgCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) Mg(NO3)2 (aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) (1)
Mr (MgCO3) = 84
n (MgCO3) = 1.00/84 = 0.0119 mol (1)
n (HNO3) = 2n (MgCO3) = 2(0.0119) = 0.0238 mol (1)
Volume required = 0.0238/0.40 = 0.0595 dm3 = 59.5 cm3 (1)
c) (i)

CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) (1)

n (CaCO3) = n (HCl)/2 = 10(103)/2 = 5000 mol (1)
Mr (CaCO3) = 100
m (CaCO3) = 5000 (100) = 500,000 g = 500 kg (1)

(ii) Reason 1

Reason 2

CaCO3 is naturally occurring (1)

and hence cheap (1)
Any excess NaOH would pollute the environment (1)
but CaCO3 being insoluble would not do so (1)

AS Level

TOPIC 3 ANSWERS & MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 9
TEST QUESTION II
a) (i)

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) (1)

(ii) n (NaOH) = 0.5(19.2/1000) = 9.6 x 10-3 mol (1)

n (HCl) = n (NaOH) = 9.6 x 10-3 mol (1)
c (HCl) = 9.6 x 10-3 / (25.0/1000) = 0.384 M (1)
b) (i)

Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) (2)

Award (1) for correct reactants and products and (1) for correct balancing.

(ii) n (HCl) = 0.384(19.1/1000) = 7.334 x 10-3 mol (1)

n (Na2CO3) = n (HCl) / 2 = 7.334 x 10-3 / 2 = 3.667 x 10-3 mol (1)
c (Na2CO3) = 3.667 x 10-3 / (25/1000) = 0.147 M (1)
(iii) Moles Na2CO3 in 25 cm3 = 3.667 x 10-3
moles Na2CO3 in 1 dm3 = (3.667 x 10-3 / 25) x 1000 = 0.1467 (1)
Mass Na2CO3 in 1 dm3 = 0.1467 x 106 = 15.6 g (1)
percentage Na2CO3 = (15.6/20.0) x 100 = 78% (1)
c) 500 g Econosoda contains 500(78/100) = 390 g Na2CO3 (1)
500 g Deluxwash contains 500(98/100) = 490 g Na2CO3 (1)
Econosoda costs 175/390 = 0.45p per gram Na2CO3 ()
Deluxwash costs 245/490 = 0.50p per gram Na2CO3 ()
Econosoda is the better value for money (1)

AS Level

TOPIC 3 ANSWERS & MARK SCHEMES

QUESTIONSHEET 10
TEST QUESTION III
a) HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) (1)
b) (i)

m (NaHCO3) = 5.00(85/100) = 4.25 g (1)

n (NaHCO3) = 4.25/84 = 0.0506 mol (1)
c = 0.0506 / (250/1000) = 0.2024 mol dm-3 (1)

(ii) n (NaHCO3) = 0.2024(25/1000) = 5.06 x 10-3 mol (1)

n (HCl) = n (NaHCO3) = 5.06 x 10-3 mol (1)
V (HCl) = 5.06 x 10-3 / 0.15 = 0.0337 dm3 = 33.7 cm3 (1)
c) n (H2SO4) = 2(10/1000) = 0.02 mol (1)
2 mol NaHCO3 1 mol H2SO4 (1)
n (NaHCO3) = 0.02 x 2 = 0.04 mol (1)
m (NaHCO3) = 0.04 x 84 = 3.36 g (1)
one 5.0 g tablet is sufficient (1)
d) 1 In a suspension particles have a larger surface area than in a tablet (1)
reaction with acid occurs more rapidly (1)
2 1 mol of Mg(OH)2 produces 2 mol of OH-(aq) (1)
Mg(OH)2 is twice as effective as NaHCO3 (1)
3 Mg(OH)2, unlike NaHCO3, does not produce CO2 (1)
which can cause flatulence (1)
Maximum 4 marks