Human Biology Human Biology

HSCI 100 HSCI 100

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Human Biology Human Biology
The heart of the matter The heart of the matter
Organ systems of the Organ systems of the
human body human body Part 1 Part 1
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What is the cardiovascular system? What is the cardiovascular system?
Includes the heart and
blood vessels
Blood is refreshed in the
lung, kidneys, intestine
and liver and liver
Lymphatic vessels help
this system by collecting
excess fluid surrounding
tissues and return it to the
cardiovascular system
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What are the function of the What are the function of the
cardiovascular system? cardiovascular system?
1. Transport blood
2. Exchange of nutrients (e.g. glucose) and 2. Exchange of nutrients (e.g. glucose) and
wastes (e.g. CO
2
) at the capillaries
3. Regulate blood flow/pressure as needed
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What is the main pathway of What is the main pathway of
blood in the body? blood in the body?
Heart arteries arterioles capillaries
venules veins back to the heart
Oxygenated blood
(carrying O
2
) is shown
in red, deoxygenated is
shown in blue
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Arteries and arterioles: Arteries and arterioles:
Carry blood away from the heart
Withstand high pressure
Their walls have 3 layers: Their walls have 3 layers:
Thin inner epithelium (endothelium)
Thick smooth muscle layer
Thick outer connective tissue
Arterioles are small arteries
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Capillaries Capillaries
Microscopic vessels between arterioles and venules
Often just wide enough for one cell to fit
Made of one cell layer of epithelial tissue
Form beds of vessels where fluid exchange
with body cells occurs
Creates large surface area
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Capillaries and lymphatic vessels Capillaries and lymphatic vessels
work together in regulating work together in regulating
tissue homeostasis tissue homeostasis
The lymphatic
system is largely
a one way street.
It dumps fluid
back into the
bloodstream at
the subclavian
veins near the
shoulders.
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Veins and Veins and venules venules::
Venules are small veins that receive blood from the
capillaries
Venules join together into veins and carry blood toward
the heart
Venule and vein walls have 3 layers: Venule and vein walls have 3 layers:
Thin inner epithelium
Thin smooth muscle layer
Outer connective tissue not as thick as arteries/arterioles
Lower pressure, larger volume than artery system
Veins that carry blood against gravity have valves to keep blood
flowing toward the heart and prevent backflow
Weakening of these valves and enlargement of the veins, with blood
pooling up in them leads to varicose veins
Your skeletal muscles also help to push blood back to the heart
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Anatomy of the heart Anatomy of the heart
A large, muscular organ consisting of mostly
cardiac muscle tissue called the myocardium
It is surrounded by a sac called the pericardium
Consists of two sides, right and left, separated
by a septum by a septum
Consists of 4 chambers: 2 atria (upper) and 2
ventricles (lower)
2 sets of valves: atrioventricular valves (AV or
cuspid valves) and exit or semilunar valves
The valves closing in sequence give the
resulting lub and dub sound of the heartbeat
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External anatomy of the heart External anatomy of the heart
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Internal anatomy of the heart Internal anatomy of the heart
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There are 2 main There are 2 main
cardiovascular cardiovascular
pathways pathways
Pulmonary circuit: the right
side of the heart that
receives blood from the
body and sends it to the
receives blood from the
body and sends it to the
lungs
Systemic circuit: the left side
of the heart that receives
blood from lung and sends
blood to the entire body
There are coronary arteries
that supply the heart and
branch from the aorta
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How do the structure of the vessels How do the structure of the vessels
and heart match their functions? and heart match their functions?
The left ventricle is much more muscular than
the right ventricle because it must pump blood to
the entire body
The arteries are more muscular than veins to
withstand the higher pressure exerted on them
The veins have a thinner wall and a larger
volume to store blood
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How does the heartbeat occur? How does the heartbeat occur?
During systole the atria contract together
followed by the ventricles contracting together
This is followed by diastole, a rest phase, when This is followed by diastole, a rest phase, when
the chambers relax
This cardiac cycle = heartbeat. On average, it
occurs 70 times/minute (one beat / 0.85 secs.)
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What is the cardiac cycle? What is the cardiac cycle?
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A few handy short A few handy short
movies movies
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/hhw
/hhw_pumping.html /hhw_pumping.html
http://www.medmovie.com/medialibrary/index.ht
m#
http://www.medbroadcast.com/channel_section_
list.asp?channel_id=2049&relation_id=49448
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How is the heartbeat controlled? How is the heartbeat controlled?
Internal control:
The sinoatrial (SA) node in the right atrium initiates
the heartbeat and causes the atria to contract
SA node impulse is automatic or intrinsic
This impulse reaches the atrioventricular (AV) node,
also in the right atrium, to send a signal down the AV
bundle and Purkinje fibers into the ventricles that
also in the right atrium, to send a signal down the AV
bundle and Purkinje fibers into the ventricles that
trigger ventricle contraction after atria contraction
These impulses travel between gap junctions at
intercalated disks
External control:
heartbeat is also controlled by the central nervous
system via neurotransmitters
Increase rate and force by epinephrine (aka adrenaline)
Decrease rate by acetylcholine
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Coordinating the heartbeat Coordinating the heartbeat
Pacemaker giving
signals every
0.85 seconds
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Specialized conductive cells
Cardiac muscle coordination Cardiac muscle coordination
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What is an electrocardiogram What is an electrocardiogram
(ECG)? (ECG)?
A record of the electrical changes in the
heart muscle during a cardiac cycle
The atria produce an electrical current
when stimulated by the SA node called
the P wave
The contraction of the ventricles is the The contraction of the ventricles is the
QRS complex
The relaxation of the ventricles is called
the T wave
Looking at these electrical changes
allows doctors to detect abnormalities,
such as arrhythmias
e.g. fibrillation is uncoordinated impulses
and contraction by the atria or ventricles
treat with defibrillators
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What is blood pressure? What is blood pressure?
The pressure against a blood
vessel wall, usually measured in
an artery in the arm
The highest pressure is during
blood ejection from the heart
ventricles called the systolic ventricles called the systolic
pressure
The lowest pressure is the
diastolic pressure when the
ventricles relax
Average blood pressure is about
120/80 mmHg (systolic/diastolic)
Hypertension (high blood
pressure) is >135/90 mmHg
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Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular Disease
Affects 20-30% of populations across the
world
Leading cause of natural death in West
~33% of deaths in the US and Canada ~33% of deaths in the US and Canada
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is
the most common cause of the most common cause of
death in the western world death in the western world
Hypertension/high blood pressure
Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis
Stroke
Heart attack
Arrhythmia
Aneurysm
Reduced or restricted blood flow = ischemia
Narrowing of tube or vessel = stenosis 24
Hypertension Hypertension
High blood pressure results when blood moves
through vessels at a rate higher than normal;
higher volume equals higher pressure
135/90 mmHg is considered hypertension 135/90 mmHg is considered hypertension
Can lead to a heart attack, stroke, aneurysm or
kidney failure
A silent killer because there are few symptoms
as it progresses
The silent killer !
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Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis
hardening of the arteries hardening of the arteries
A build up of plaque in blood vessels associated with
cholesterol levels
Plaques can lead to clots: if a clot is stationary it is called a
thrombus, when it detaches and can move to distant sites it is
called an embolus
Associated with higher risk for stroke, heart attack and Associated with higher risk for stroke, heart attack and
aneurysm
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Aneurysm Aneurysm
A ballooning of a blood vessel, that can
lead to rupture
Atherosclerosis and hypertension can Atherosclerosis and hypertension can
weaken a vessel and cause ballooning
The most commonly affected vessel is the
abdominal aorta or the arteries leading to
the brain
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Stroke Stroke
Also known as a cerebrovascular accident
(CVA)
Usually occurs when a cranial artery is blocked
(thromboembolism) or bursts (aneurysm or
hemorrhage) hemorrhage)
Part of the brain dies dues to lack of oxygen
(infarction)
Symptoms may occur including numbness of
hands or face, sudden severe headache,
difficulty speaking and inability to see in one eye
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Heart attack Heart attack
Also known as a myocardial infarction (MI)
Part of the heart dies due to lack of oxygen
often as a result of blocked coronary arteries
(dead tissue resulting from lack of oxygen is (dead tissue resulting from lack of oxygen is
called an infarct)
Can begin with angina pectoris, a pain that is felt
in the chest and often radiates down the left arm
due to a blockage of a coronary artery
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How are disorders of the blood How are disorders of the blood
vessels treated? vessels treated?
Blood thinners (anti-clotting drugs or anti-coagulants)
Aspirin, heparin, warfarin (molecules that block the coagulation pathway)
Dissolving blood clots:
t-PA (tissue plasminogen activator) is a normal enzyme that dissolves
clots and has been formulated into a drug
Treating clogged arteries:
Angioplasty: a tube with a balloon is inserted into the clogged area and
the balloon is then inflated to open the vessel
Stents: wire mesh cylinder inserted into a clogged artery to hold it open
Bypass surgery: usually a vein from the
leg is taken and used to bypass a
clogged coronary artery
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Heart failure and its treatment Heart failure and its treatment
Heart failure is when the heart
no longer pumps properly
Treatments:
Pacemakers and defibrillators
Left ventricular assist device
(LVAD) (LVAD)
Natural or artificial heart
transplant
Treatment of symptoms like fluid
retention, high blood pressure,
poor function of lungs and
kidneys
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Coronary artery bypass figure
Fin Fin
"All the same," said the Scarecrow, "I shall ask for brains instead of a
heart; for a fool would not know what to do with a heart if he had one."
"I shall take the heart," returned the Tin Woodman; "for brains do not
make one happy, and happiness is the best thing in the world.
L. Frank Baum, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
Fin Fin
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