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Systematic Design Process

Conceptual Design Components and
Ethics
Systematic Design Process
Systematic Design Process
Systematic design process:
Requirements
Specifications
Conceptual Design
Embodiment Design
Detailed Design
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Conceptual Design
So far we have developed methods to
understand and define customers' needs
!e used ob"ective trees to e#pand on the
needs and determine the various levels of
goals
!e used functional trees to address the
different functions that need to be
carried out in a hierarchical manner$ to
satisfy the needs
Conceptual Design
%hen we drew up the specification chart
based on what we needed to achieve and
what we needed to do to achieve the
ob"ectives
%he specifications that must be satisfied
were classified as &must'$ and those that
will simply enhance the product quality as
&desired'
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Conceptual Design
Specifications describe what needs to be
achieved in a measurable quantity rather
than describing a qualitative desire
e#pressed at the ob"ective stage
%he ne#t step is to come up with more than
one artifact that will satisfy the needs of the
customer$ ta(ing into consideration the
desires and wishes of the specifications
Conceptual Design
)ow you have readied a stage where
concepts need to be generated based on
what you have accomplished in the
previous steps in the design process
%hese concepts represent multiple
solutions to the problem
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Conceptual Design
A. Conceptual Design Definition.
B. Creativity.
C. Types.
D. Difficulty with Conceptual Design.
E. Function Means Tree.
F. Morphological Chart.
G. Concepts Elicitation
H. Ethics at the Conceptual tage.
Conceptual Design
A. Conceptual Design
Definition
Conceptual Design *noun+ is the definition of ,means-
groups *subsets+ of functions from the overall list of
functions which the product has to perform as given in
the product concept or specification
Conceptual Design *verb+ is the process of defining the
sub groups of requirements and the means to provide
them
.t is achieved in two steps:
/ 0rouping the functions for each sub1means
/ Establishing the sub1means which would integrate with other
sub1means in harmony
Conceptual design involves creativity
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B. Creativity
.n many design boo(s there is a strong connection between
design and creativity Some research concludes that design
is a creative process by nature
)ed 2errmann$ author of %he creative 3rain$ defines
creativity as follows: &Creativity in its fullest sense involves
both generating an idea and manifesting .t 4 ma(ing
something happen as a result %o strengthen creative
ability$ you need to apply the idea in some form that enables
both the e#perience itself and your own reaction and others-
to reinforce your performance 5s you and others applaud
your creative endeavors$ you are li(ely to become more
creative,-
B. Creativity
.n previous definitions we see that creativity is associated
with generating ideas
Research has found that groups perform better on creative
problem1solving tas(s .t has been said that two heads are
better than one$ which may be also applied to creativity
3rainstorming is the best1(nown and most widely used
technique for idea generation in groups *how many 3S types we have+
2owever$ for brainstorming sessions to outperform
individuals in generating ideas$ participants must
6 have some social relationships
7 have used some of the idea generated
8 have some technical e#perience pertinent to the problem
9 have wor(ed some tas(s interdependently
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B. Creativity
%o increase your level of creativity
6 :now your thin(ing style
7 ;se visual imagery
8 Reframing
9 2umor
< .nformation gathering
B. Creativity
6 :now your thin(ing style:
5lthough all of us are using all four
quadrants$ some individuals may have more
use of certain quadrants of the brain %he
following is a listing of these quadrants
and their characteristics:
a+ ;pper left: analytical$ logical$ quantitative$ and
fact based
b+ =ower left: organi>ed$ planned detailed$ and
sequential
c+ ;pper right: holistic$ intuitive$ synthesi>ing$ and
integrating
d+ =ower right: emotional$ social and
communicative
1. Know your
thinking
style.
2. Use visual
imagery .
3. Reframing.
4. Humor.
5. Information
gathering.
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B. Creativity
.n team wor($ you may encounter different
thin(ing styles
5 good team is one that represents a full
brain
?ou can train yourself to have all quadrants
function at the same power or increase
activities toward utili>ing more of a specific
quadrant by@
a+ .dentifying the wea(ness@ and
b+ 5ttac(ing problems that require the
utili>ation of a wea( quadrant
1. Know your
thinking
style.
2. Use visual
imagery .
3. Reframing.
4. Humor.
5. Information
gathering.
B. Creativity
7 ;se visual imagery:
Einstein asserted that imagination is
more important than (nowledge for
(nowledge is finite whereas imagination
is infinite
3ernard Shaw said & you see things and
say whyA 3ut . dream things that never
where and say why notAB
Cost visual thin(ers clarify and develop
their thin(ing with s(etches
Drawing not only helps to bring vague
inner images into focus@ it also provides a
records of the advancing thought stream
1. Know your
thinking
style.
2. Use visual
imagery.
3. Reframing.
4. Humor.
5. Information
gathering.
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B. Creativity
8 Reframing:
Einstein asserted that problems cannot be solved
by thin(ing within the framewor( in which the
problems were created Reframing involves
ta(ing problems out of their frame and seeing
them in a different conte#t .t allows
consideration of potentially valuable ideas
outside current frames
%he most common habits that limit the ability to
change mental frames are as follows:
a Dursuit of perfection
b Eear of failure
c Delusion of already (nowing the answer
d %erminal seriousness
1. Know your
thinking
style.
2. Use visual
imagery.
3. Reframing.
4. Humor.
5. Information
gathering.
B. Creativity
9 2umor:
.t was said that &Cen of humor are always in
some degree men of genius
1. Know your
thinking
style.
2. Use visual
imagery.
3. Reframing.
4. Humor.
5. Information
gathering.
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B. Creativity
< .nformation gathering:
0athering information will enhance
creativity@ it will allow you to view ideas
generated by others creative minds *written
brainstorming+ Source of information could
be@
a+ Datent
b+ Reference boo(s and "ournal of trade
c+ E#perts
d+ Canufacturer-s catalog or representatives
1. Know your
thinking
style.
2. Use visual
imagery.
3. Reframing.
4. Humor.
5. Information
gathering.
Two
Types
of
Concep
tual
Designs
for
same
product
Conventional
Coffee Mug
Throw-away
Plastic Cup
Provide stability when placed on the table
Provide storage for hot coffee
Minimum heat loss
Provide limited stability
Provide storage for hot coffee
Provide for easy holding & tipping
Protect hand from burning
Provide for easy holding & tipping
Protect hand from burning
Provide easily washable surfaces
Provide aesthetically pleasing appearance
Provide limited aesthetics
Barrel
Throw-away
Barrel
Handle
Reusable
Handle
Surface
Surface
C. Types of conceptual
designs
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D. Difficulty with Conceptual Design
%he means proposed may not be self1sufficient to
provide the functions which are to be performed
%hey may need e#tra functions *secondary
functions+ to perform its original intended
functions
%he secondary functions may need secondary
means
Rotating Drum of a !ashing Cachine
Drincipal function is to agitate the clothes at
specified speeds for specified times
%wo secondary functions necessary are
/ 5 measuring function to sequence and control
activities
/ 5 power regulating function to give the current
required to get the speed
D. Difficulty with Conceptual Design
Example !ashing "achine Drum
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5nother e#ample
where our principle
functions need more
sub1functions to
preform the needs
completely
drum motor
splash shield
leg
Concrete
Mix spills
out of drum
Tilt Mixer
& Frame
by pushing
on Handles
tipping
plate
pivot
blades
wheel
STAND
MIXER UNIT
frame
D. Difficulty with Conceptual Design
Example Concrete "ixing "achine
Provide and Assist Mixing
Provide Rotating Facility
Provide Star t and Stop Switches
Provide Flexible Operation
Provide Mixing Volume
Provide Cut Off
Provide for Easy Cleaning
Provide Mixing Agent ( Blades)
Rotate the Bowl
Provide Strength to the Bowl
Provide Support Permitting Rotation
Provide Maintenance-Free Operation
Provide Non-Sticking Exterior
Provide Power Assistance for Mixing
Provide Tilting facility to the Bowl
Provide Non-Sticking Interior
Provide Controls
Provide Easy Loading and Unloading ( Open Mouth)
Provide Emergency Stop
D. Difficulty with Conceptual Design
Example !ashing "achine Drum
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Eunction Ceans %ree when
completed is an effective way of
showing the conceptual design
.t is a useful method to develop
conceptual designs
.t essentially has two
components ,Eunctions- and
,Ceans-
ENLARGE &
PROJECT IMAGE
SLIDE PROJECTOR
PRINCIPLE
OHP
PRINCIPLE
EDISCOPE
PRINCIPLE
DIFUSE
LIGHT
DIRECT
LIGHT
TURN
ON/OFF
FOCUS
LIGHT
DISPERSE
HEAT
PROVIDE
E-POWER
CARRY
IMAGE
PROVIDE
E-POWER
CHANGE
DIRECTION
SUPPORT
LAMP
REDUCE
NOISE
PROVIDE
LIGHT
TURN
ON / OFF
TRANSPAR-
ENT FOIL
MAINS
ELECTRIC
LAMP
FRENSEL
LENS
CURVED
MIRROR
LENS
SYSTEM
FAN
MIRROR
SOCKET
MECHANICALLY
COUPLED
SWITCH
E. #unction "eans Tree
E. #unction "eans Tree
.t helps to go beyond the terminology and to (now
what you-re really trying to do
%hin( of the &functionsB as what you must do
%hin( of the &meansB as how you might do it
%he Eunction1Ceans %ree is a tool for listing the
primary functions of a design and various means of
achieving those functions
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E. #unction "eans Tree
3efore you start too far down the path of &brainstormingB
various design alternatives4
Determine the primary functions that are required
Show these on the top level of the tree
=ist various means by which each function may be
implemented
Show these on the ne#t level of the tree
Determine secondary functions that would result from
implementing each of the means
Show these on the ne#t level of the tree
%he tree continues to alternate between means and
functions until you reach a reasonable termination point
E. #unction$"eans Tree
Example %ighter
.0).%E
=E5E?
C5%ER.5=S
Electrically
2eated
!ire
5pply heat
to leafy
materials
0enerate
electric
current
!all1outlet1
based system
3attery1based
system
Control
electrical
current
Convert chemical
energy to
electrical current
Store
electricity
Convert
electricity
to heat
Ciniature
heat pump
Resistiv
e wire
Drotect
users from
post1usage
burns
Eocused
Sunlight
=aser Elame
Store fuel
Control
flame
.gnite fuel
Spar(
Electrical
resistance
Drotect
electric
current from
flame
0enerate
electric current
Supply fuel
for flame
3utane 0asoline
Function
Ceans
Primary function
Possible means of achieving
the primary function
Secondary functions
Secondary means
Tertiary functions
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#. "orphological Analysis
5ims to generate the complete range of alternative
design solutions for a product and hence to widen the
search for potential new solutions
=ist the features or functions that are essential to the
product
Eor each feature or function list the means by which it
might be achieved
Draw up a chart containing all the sub1solutions
.dentify feasible combinations of sub1solutions
.t is a useful method to develop conceptual designs
.t essentially has two components ,Eunctions- and ,Ceans-
#. "orphological Analysis
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Fnce the various functions at various levels are (nown$ we
find the principles at wor( for each of the functions and
sub1functions %he wor(ing principle must be based on the
physical effect needed to achieve the given function based
on the flow of materials$ energy$ and information within
each function Each function may be achieved in a number
of ways
.n some cases$ there are as many as eight possible ways to
achieve the same function %he general idea is to identify
as many means possible to achieve the same functional
requirement
%he following Eigure shows a Corphological Chart e#tracted
from a classification scheme once for a for(lift truc( and
other for mechanical vegetable collection system
#. "orphological Analysis
#. "orphological Analysis
$ Example #or&lift Truc&
Steering
Turning
wheels
Rails
Air
thrust
Param-
eters
Possible Solutions
Moving
Air
thrust
Power
to wheels
Hauling
along a
cable
Linear
induction
motor
Trans-
mission
Hydraulic
Gears &
shafts
Belts or
chains
Flexible
cable
Stopping
Reverse
power
Brakes
Blocks
under
wheels
Drag a
weight on
the floor
Support Wheels
Air
cushion
Tracks Slides Spheres
Power Electric
Bottled
gas
Petrol Diesel Steam
Lifting Screw
Hydraulic
ram
Rack &
pinion
Chain or
rope hoist
Operator
Seated
at front
Seated
at rear
Standing Walking
Remote
control
Means
FUNCTION
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A Working
Structures
for a
Mechanical
Vegetable
Collection
System
#. "orphological Analysis
$ Example mechanical vegeta'le collection system
(. Concepts) Elicitation
5lternative concepts can easily generated from the
Corphological Chart as shown@
Alt., 3
Alt., 2
Alt., 1
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*. Ethics at the Conceptual
Stage
.n your groups discuss how ethical issues or
moral theories could be relevant at the
conceptual stage
Ca(e a list of your findings and try to thin( of
some e#amples
!e shall discuss it after you complete your group
discussion
*!
Develop a morphological chart for device
you are intending to design$ and define the
three most acceptable conceptual
alternatives for your design