Russian Navy

1
Russian Navy
Russian Navy
-

Voyenno-orskoy Flot Rossiyskoy

Federatsii
Emblem of the Russian Navy
Active January 17th, 1992 present
(current form)
Allegiance Russia
Branch
Russian Armed Forces
Type Navy
Size 133,000 (Including Marines, in
2005)
List of current Russian Navy ships
Garrison/HQ Admiralty building, Saint Petersburg
Anniversaries Navy Day (last Sunday in July)
Submariner's Day (19 March)
Engagements As Russian Navy:
First Chechen war
Second Chechen War
Georgia-Russia War
Anti Piracy operation in Somalia
Crimean Crisis (2014)
Commanders
Admiral Viktor Chirkov
Insignia
Naval Ensign
Naval Jack
Navies of Russia
Russian Navy
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Imperial Russia
Navy (16961917)
Soviet Union
Soviet Navy (19181991)
Russian Federation
Russian Navy (1991Present[1])
The Russian Navy (Russian: - ( ), tr. Voyenno-morskoy
Flot Rossiyskoy Federatsii (VMF Rossii), lit. Military-Maritime Fleet of the Russian Federation) is the naval arm of
the Russian military. The present Russian Navy was formed in January 1992, succeeding the Navy of the
Commonwealth of Independent States, which had itself succeeded the Soviet Navy following the dissolution of the
Soviet Union in December 1991.
The regular Russian Navy was established by Peter the Great (PeterI) in October 1696. Ascribed to PeterI is the oft
quoted statement: "A ruler that has but an army has one hand, but he who has a navy has both." The symbols of the
Russian Navy, the St. Andrew's flag and ensign (seen to the right), and most of its traditions were established
personally by PeterI.
Neither Jane's Fighting Ships nor the International Institute for Strategic Studies list any standard ship prefixs for the
vessels of the Russian Navy. For official U.S. Navy photographs, they are sometimes referred to as "RFS"
"Russian Federation Ship". However, the Russian Navy does not use this convention for itself.
The Russian Navy possesses the vast majority of the former Soviet naval forces, and currently comprises the
Northern Fleet, the Russian Pacific Fleet, the Russian Black Sea Fleet, the Russian Baltic Fleet, the Russian Caspian
Flotilla, Naval Aviation, and the coastal troops (consisting of the naval infantry and the coastal missile and artillery
troops).
A recently approved rearmament program has placed the development of the navy on an equal footing with the
strategic nuclear forces for the first time in Soviet and Russian history. The program, covering the period until 2015,
is expected to see the replacement of 45 percent of the inventory of the Russian Navy.
[2]
Out of 4.9 trillion rubles
($192.16 billion) allocated for military rearmament, 25 percent will go into building new ships. "We are already
building practically as many ships as we did in Soviet times," First Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Ivanov said during
a visit to Severodvinsk in July 2007, "The problem now is not lack of money, but how to optimize production so that
the navy can get new ships three, not five, years after laying them down."
[3]
The Russian Navy suffered severely since the dissolution of the Soviet Union due to insufficient maintenance, lack
of funding and subsequent effects on the training of personnel and timely replacement of equipment. Another
setback is attributed to Russia's domestic shipbuilding industry which is reported to have been in decline as to their
capabilities of constructing contemporary hardware efficiently. Some analysts even say that because of this Russia's
naval capabilities have been facing a slow but certain "irreversible collapse".
[4][5]
Some analysts say that the recent
rise in gas/oil prices have enabled a sort of 'Renaissance of the Russian Navy' due to increased available funds,
which may allow Russia to begin 'developing the capacity to modernize.
Origins
Russian Navy
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Armed Forces of the
Russian Federation
Ministry of Defence
Services (vid)
Russian Air Force
Russian Ground Forces
Russian Navy
Independent troops (rod)
Strategic Missile Troops
Russian Aerospace Defence Forces
Russian Airborne Troops
Other troops
Naval Infantry
Naval Aviation
Missiles and Artillery Agency
Railway Troops
Ranks of the Russian Military
Air Force ranks and insignia
Army ranks and insignia
Navy ranks and insignia
History of the Russian military
Military history of Russia
History of Russian military ranks
Military ranks of the Soviet Union
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v
t
e
[6]
Flag of the Commander-in-Chief,
Russian Navy.
The origins of the Russian navy may be traced to the period between the 4th
and the 6th century. The first Slavic flotillas consisted of small sailing ships
and rowboats, which had been seaworthy and able to navigate in riverbeds.
During the 9th through 12th centuries, there were flotillas in the Kievan Rus'
consisting of hundreds of vessels with one, two, or three masts. The citizens
of Novgorod are known to have conducted military campaigns in the Baltic
Sea (e.g., the siege of Sigtuna in 1187) - although contemporary Scandinavian
sources state that the fleet was from Karelia or Estonia. Lad'ya ( in
Russian, or sea boat) was a typical boat used by the army of Novgorod
(length 30 meters with a width of five to six meters, and two or three masts,
with the armament of battering rams and catapults, complement: 50 to 60
men). There were also smaller sailboats and rowboats, such as ushkuys
() for sailing in rivers, lakes and skerries, kochis (), and nosads (), used for cargo transportation.
During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Cossacks conducted military campaigns against the Crimean Khanate and
Ottoman Empire, using sailboats and rowboats. The Don Cossacks called them strugs (). These boats were
capable of transporting up to 80 men. The Cossack flotillas numbered 80 to 100 boats. The centralized Russian state
had been fighting for its own access to the Baltic Sea, Black Sea and Sea of Azov since the 17th Century. By the end
of that century, the Russians had accumulated some valuable experience in using riverboats together with land
forces.
Under Tsar Mikhail Feodorovich, the construction of the first three-masted ship to be built entirely within Russia
was finished in 1636. She was built in Balakhna by Danish shipbuilders from Holstein with a European design. She
was christened the Frederick. In 1667-69, the Russians tried to build naval ships in a village of Dedinovo on the
shores of the Oka River for the purpose of defending the trade routes along the Volga River, which led to the
Caspian Sea. In 1668, they built a 26-gun ship, the Oryol (, or "eagle"), a yacht, a boat with a mast and
bowsprit, and a few rowboats.
During much of the seventeenth century Russian merchants and Cossacks, using koch boats, sailed across the White
Sea, exploring the rivers Lena, Kolyma and Indigirka, and founding settlements in the region of the upper Amur.
Unquestionably the most celebrated Russian explorer was Semyon Dezhnev, who, in 1648, sailed the entire length of
present-day Russia along the Arctic coast. Rounding the Chukotsk Peninsula, Dezhnev passed through the Bering
Sea and sailed into the Pacific Ocean.
Imperial Russian Navy
Main article: Imperial Russian Navy
The regular Russian Navy was created at the initiative of Peter the Great. During the Second Azov campaign of 1696
against Ottoman Empire, the Russians employed for the first time 2 warships, 4 fireships, 23 galleys and 1300 strugs,
built on the Voronezh River. After the Azov fortress was taken, at PeterI's request the Boyar Duma understood the
vital importance of a navy for successful warfare and passed a decree on commencing the construction of a regular
navy on 20 October 1696.
[7][8]
This date is considered the official birthday of the regular Russian Navy. Early on in
his reign, Peter made a tour to western Europe, England, and Holland. In Holland, he became acquainted with the
work of the mathematicians Hans Gouda, Dirk Raven, and Hans Isbrandtsen Hoogzaat, which sparked his
enthusiasm for the value of mathematics. A major result of this tour was the hiring of large numbers of foreign
specialists of various expertise, including mathematicians. Among those hired was Henry (or Harry) Farquharson,
Russian Navy
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called in Russia Andrei Danilovich (Daniloff) Farkhvarson or Farvarson (16751739), who had taught mathematics
and astronomy at the University of Aberdeen and was recommended by Halley and Jacob Daniel Bruce
(16701735), while John Colson was hired to teach Bruce mathematics. Farquaharsons task in Russia was to create
and administer a School of Mathematics and Navigation. It was under Farquharsons guidance that he and Tsar Peter
wrote the mathematics curriculum for the new school. He was accompanied by Stephen Gwyn (16841720) and
Richard Grice (1682?1709), who were graduates of the Englands Royal Mathematical School.Wikipedia:Citation
needed In 1700 at Voronezh the first major ships launched for the fledgling Russian Navy - for use with the Azov
Fleet were the 58-gun Goto Predestinatsiya (God's Providence), the 80-gun Staryy Orel (Old Eagle), and the
70-gun Staryy Dub (Old Oak).
Eugene Lanceray. Fleet of Peter the Great (1709).
During the Great Northern War of 1700-1721, the
Russians built the Baltic Fleet and the city of St.
Petersburg. In 1703-1723, the main base of the
Baltic Fleet was located in St. Petersburg and then
in Kronshtadt. Other bases were later established
in Vyborg, Helsingfors, Revel (now Tallinn) and
bo. At first, Vladimirskiy Prikaz was in charge
of shipbuilding. Later on, these functions were
transferred to the Russian Admiralty.
Basic principles of the Russian Navy, its
educational and training methods, as well as
methods for conducting military action were all
summarized in the Naval Regulations [
] (1720). Peter the Great, Feodor Apraksin,
Alexey Senyavin, Naum Senyavin, Mikhail Golitsyn are generally credited for the development of the Russian art of
naval warfare. Main principles of naval warfare were further developed by Grigoriy Spiridov, Feodor Ushakov, and
Dmitriy Senyavin.
The Russo-Turkish Wars of Catherine the Great resulted in the establishment of the Black Sea Fleet, with its bases in
Sevastopol and Kherson. It was at that time that Russian warships started to venture into the Mediterranean on a
regular basis. In 1770, Grigoriy Spiridovs squadron gained supremacy in the Aegean Sea by destroying the Turkish
fleet in the Battle of Chesma. After having advanced to the Danube, the Russians formed the Danube Military
Flotilla for the purpose of guarding the Danube estuary from the Turks and they came in 1771 as guests to
Dubrovnik in the Republic of Ragusa.
[9]
The Beluga caviar from the Danube was famous and the merchants from the
Republic of Ragusa dominated the import-export business in Serbia with the Habsburg Monarchy.
[10]
The Russian
Navy captured in 1780 two British cargo vessels, their cargo were hemp and iron.
[11]
The Republic of Ragusa
became one of the chief carriers of the Mediterranean in 1783 with the help of the USA, when Britain acknowledges
the United States independence, although the Americans agreed to allow Dubrovnik's ships free passage in their
ports.
During the Mediterranean expedition of 1799, Fyodor Ushakov single-handedly carved out the Greek Republic of
Seven Islands, proceeding to clear from the French Corfu and all the Ionian islands. His squadron then blocked the
French bases in Italy, notably Genoa and Ancona, and successfully assaulted Naples and Rome. Ushakov,
proclaimed a patron saint of the Russian Navy in the 21st century, was succeeded in command by Dmitriy Senyavin
who reasserted Russian control of the southern Adriatic, disrupted Dubrovnik's sea trade, and destroyed the Ottoman
Fleet in the Battle of Athos (1807). Between 1803 and 1855, Russian sailors undertook over 40 circumnavigations
and distant voyages, which played an important role in exploration of the Far East and culminated in Fabian Gottlieb
von Bellingshausen's discovery of Antarctica.
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The Russian Admiralty in St. Petersburg is famed
for a gilded steeple topped by a golden
weather-vane in the shape of a sailing ship.
Notwithstanding these triumphs, Russias slow technical and economic
development in the first half of the 19th century caused her to fall
behind other world powers in the field of steamboat construction. It
was in 1826 that the Russians built their first armed steamboat Izhora.
At the outbreak of the Crimean War in 1853, steamships were few and
sailing ships heavily predominated. The Battle of Sinope, won by
Pavel Nakhimov, is remembered in history as the last significant naval
battle involving sailing ships. During the Siege of Sevastopol in
1854-1855, Russian sailors set an example of using all means possible
for defending their base from land and sea. Although the Russians
introduced modern naval mining in the Baltic and repelled the Siege of
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy in the Pacific, Sevastopol was finally
surrendered on honourable terms but only after the Russians sank their
ships to prevent outside use of the harbor. In accordance with the
Treaty of Paris, Russia lost its right to have a military fleet in the Black
Sea.
As a consequence, the Russian sailing fleet lost its significance and
was rapidly replaced by steamboats, including the first steel armored
gunship Opyt and one of the first seafaring ironclads Pyotr Velikiy. On 16 January 1877 Admiral Stepan Makarov
became the first to launch torpedoes from a boat in combat. He also proposed the idea and oversaw the construction
of the world's first ocean-going icebreaker "Yermak", commanding it in two Arctic expeditions in 1899 and 1901. At
about the same time, Aleksey Krylov elaborated the modern floodability theory.
The Russian Navy was considered the third strongest in the world on the eve of the Russo-Japanese War, which
turned to be a catastrophe for the Russian military in general and the Russian Navy in particular. Although neither
party lacked courage, the Russians were defeated by the Japanese in the Battle of Port Arthur, which was the first
time in warfare that mines were used for offensive purposes. The warships of the Baltic Fleet sent to the Far East
were lost in the Battle of Tsushima.
Soon after the war Russia devoted a significant portion of its military spending to an ambitious shipbuilding program
aimed at replacing lost warships with modern dreadnoughts. During World War I, the fleets played a limited role in
the Eastern Front, due to heavy defensive and offensive mining on both sides. Characteristically, the Black Sea Fleet
succeeded in mining the Bosporus, thus preventing the Ottoman Fleet from entering the Black Sea. After the
revolution forced Russia to quit the war, the Baltic Fleet was evacuated from Helsinki and Tallinn to Kronshtadt
during the Ice Cruise of the Baltic Fleet and many of the ships of the Black Sea Fleet found their last refuge in
Bizerte.
Soviet Navy
Main article: Soviet Navy
For the most part, Russian sailors welcomed the Russian Revolution of 1917, in which they participated. Earlier, in
1905, sailors of the Imperial Russian battleship Potemkin in the Black Sea Navy revolted. In 1906 rebellious soldiers
gained control of some Helsinki coastal fortifications during events known as the Viapori Rebellion, which was
subsequently put down, following bombardments from ships of the Baltic Fleet which remained loyal to the Tsarist
government. The first ship of the Soviet Navy could be considered to be the rebellious Imperial Russian cruiser
Avrora, whose blank shot from its forecastle gun signaled the October Revolution according to Soviet narratives. In
March 1921, the sailors of Kronshtadt rebelled against the Bolsheviks, demanding freedom of speech and closing of
concentration camps, but this belated revolt was ruthlessly suppressed by Leon Trotsky.
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After the Revolution, the Navy's restoration was slow, and only with the beginning of industrialisation in 1930 was a
large shipbuilding program developed, but not accomplished before the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the
Soviet Union's portion of World War II. As a result, the Soviet Navy during World War II consisted of some old
World War I-era ships, some modern pre-war built cruisers and destroyers, and a number of torpedo boats.
Unfortunately, much of the Soviet fleet on the Baltic Sea was blocked in Leningrad and Kronshtadt by Finnish and
German minefields during 19411944 and maimed by mines and air attacks, nevertheless numerous sorties by attack
boats and submarines actions were conducted. On the Black Sea with the loss of the main naval base - Sevastopol,
and effective actions of axis aviation as well as minefields the effectiveness of large surface ships was limited. The
Northern Fleet, composed mostly of destroyers (World War I Novik-class and more modern design 7 and 7U
vessels), played a major role in anti-aircraft and anti-submarine defence of allied convoys heading to Murmansk.
During the Cold War, the Soviets gave their navy a number of missions, in addition to its role as one of the legs of
the nuclear triad, the navy was supposed to destroy American SSBNs and carrier groups, interdict NATO lines of
communications, and assist the ground forces in continental theatre offensives.
[12]
They were quick to equip their
surface fleet with missiles of various sorts. In fact, it became a hallmark of Soviet design to place large anti-ship
missiles onto relatively small and fast missile boats. The Soviet Navy also possessed several very large guided
missile cruisers with great firepower, such as those of the Kirov class and the Slava class cruisers. In the 1980s the
Soviet Navy acquired its first true aircraft carrier, Tbilisi (subsequently renamed Admiral Kuznetsov).
[13]
In some respects, including speed and reactor technology later Soviet submarines were, and remain, some of the
world's best. Their primary shortcomings were insufficient noise damping (American boats were quieter) and sonar
technology. The Soviets possessed numerous purpose-built guided missile submarines, such as the Oscar-class
submarine, as well as many ballistic missile submarines, such as the Delta class submarines, and attack submarines,
such as the Victor and Akula-class submarines. The Soviet Navy's Typhoon class ballistic missile boats are the
world's largest submarines. The Soviet attack submarine force was, like the rest of the navy, geared towards the
interception of NATO convoys, but also targeted American aircraft carrier battle groups.
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Modern Russian Navy
Russian Navy work
uniform
The 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union led to a severe decline in the Russian Navy.
Defense expenditures were severely reduced. Many ships were scrapped or laid up as
accommodation ships at naval bases, and the building program was essentially stopped.
Sergey Gorshkov's buildup during the Soviet period had emphasised ships over support
facilities, but Gorshkov had also retained ships in service beyond their effective
lifetimes, so a reduction had been inevitable in any event.
[14]
The situation was
exacerbated by the impractical range of vessel types which the Soviet military-industrial
complex, with the support of the leadership, had forced on the navy - taking
modifications into account, the Soviet Navy in the mid-1980s had nearly 250 different
classes of ship.
[15]
The Kiev class aircraft carrying cruisers and many other ships were
prematurely retired, and the incomplete second Admiral Kuznetsov class aircraft carrier
Varyag was eventually sold to the People's Republic of China by Ukraine. Funds were
only allocated for the completion of ships ordered prior to the collapse of the USSR, as
well as for refits and repairs on fleet ships taken out of service since. However, the
construction times for these ships tended to stretch out extensively: in 2003 it was
reported that the Akula-class submarine SSN Nerpa had been under construction for
fifteen years.
[16]
Storage of decommissioned nuclear submarines in ports near Murmansk
became a significant issue, with the Bellona Foundation reporting details of lowered
readiness. Naval support bases outside Russia, such as Cam Ranh Bay in Vietnam, were
gradually closed, with the exception of the modest technical support base in Tartus, Syria
to support ships deployed to the Mediterranean. Naval Aviation declined as well from its
height as Soviet Naval Aviation, dropping from an estimated 60,000 personnel with
some 1,100 combat aircraft in 1992 to 35,000 personnel with around 270 combat aircraft
in 2006.
[17]
In 2002, out of 584 naval aviation crews only 156 were combat ready, and 77 ready for night flying.
Average annual flying time was 21.7 hours, compared to 24 hours in 1999.
[18]
However since 2002 these figures
may have improved.Wikipedia:Citation needed
Training and readiness also suffered severely. In 1995, only two missile submarines at a time were being maintained
on station, from the Northern and Pacific Fleets.
[19]
The decline culminated in the loss of the Oscar II class Kursk
submarine during the Northern Fleet summer exercise that was intended to back up the publication of a new naval
doctrine.
[20]
The exercise was to have culminated with the deployment of the Admiral Kuznetsov task group to the
Mediterranean.Wikipedia:Citation needed
As of 2006, The Russian Navy had 50 nuclear submarines with only 26 operational compared to 170 in 1991. The
Navy planned to reduce the number to 20 submarines, including ten strategic missile submarines and ten
multi-purpose (attack) submarines, according to unofficial reports.
[21]
As of February 2008, The Russian Navy had 44 nuclear submarines with 24 operational; 19 diesel-electric
submarines - 16 operational; and 56 first and second rank surface combatants - 37 operational.
[22]
Despite this
improvement, the November 2008 accident on board the Akula-class submarine attack boat Nerpa during sea trials
before lease to India represents a concern for the future.
[23]
In 2009, Admiral Popov (Ret.), former commander of the Russian Northern Fleet, said that the Russian Navy would
greatly decline in combat capabilities by 2015 if the current rate of new ship construction remained unchanged, due
to the retirement of ocean going ships.
[24]
In 2012, President Vladimir Putin announced a plan to build 51 modern ships and 24 submarines by 2020. Of the 24
submarines, 16 will be nuclear-powered. On 10 January 2013, the Russian Navy finally accepted its first new Borei
class SSBN (Yury Dolgorukiy) for service.
[25]
A second Borei (Aleksandr Nevskiy) was undergoing sea trials and
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entered service in 21 December 2013.
[26]
A third Borei class boat (Vladimir Monomakh) was launched and began
trials in early 2013, and is expected to be commissioned in 2014.
[27]
Flagship of the navy,
"Admiral Kuznetsov".
Kirov-class
battlecruiser.
Akula-class submarine Vepr. Sovremenniy class
destroyer
Bezuprechnyy.
Steregushchy-class corvette.
Leadership
ADM Viktor Viktorovich Chirkov
1991-1992 FADM Chernavin, Vladimir Nikolayevich
1992-Nov 1997 FADM Gromov, Felix Nikolayevich
Nov 1997-Sep 2005 FADM Kuroyedov, Vladimir Ivanovich
Sep 2005-Sep 2007 FADM Masorin, Vladimir Vasilyevich
Sep 2007-May 2012 ADM Vysotskiy, Vladimir Sergeyevich
May 2012 present ADM Chirkov, Viktor Viktorovich
Structure
Since 2012 the headquarters of the Russian Navy (Russian Navy Main
Staff) is once again located in the Admiralty in Saint Petersburg.
Russian naval manpower is a mixture of conscripts serving one-year
terms and volunteers (Officers and Ratings). In 2006 the IISS assessed
there were 142,000 personnel in the Russian Navy. As of 2008 the
conscription term was reduced to one year and a major downsizing and
reorganization were underway. In 2008, plans were announced to move
the headquarters to the Admiralty building in St. Petersburg, the
historic location of the headquarters of the Imperial Russian Navy. The
Navy staff finally relocated there on November 2012.
[28]
Russian Navy
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Naval Infantry
Main article: Naval Infantry (Russia)
Russian Naval Infantrymen during the Vostok
Strategic Exercise in Vladivostok, 2010.
The Russian Naval Infantry are the amphibious force of the Russian
Navy and can trace their origins back to 1705, when Peter I issued a
decree for an infantry regiment "of naval equipage". Since its
formation it has seen action in the Napoleonic Wars, the Crimean War,
the Russo-Japanese War, the First and Second World Wars, and the
Chechen and Georgian conflicts. Under the leadership of Admiral
Gorshkov during the Cold War, the Soviet Navy expanded the reach of
the Naval Infantry and deployed it worldwide on numerous occasions,
but since the dissolution of the Soviet Union its role has been greatly
reduced.
The Naval Infantry and Coastal Troops are led by the Deputy Commander for Naval Infantry/Commandant of the
Naval Infantry of the Russian Navy, Major General (NI) Aleksandr Kolpatsenko. Their motto: "Where We Are,
There is Victory!"
Naval Aviation
Main article: Russian Naval Aviation
A Sukhoi Su-33 from the 279th Shipborne
Fighter Aviation Regiment, on Admiral
Kuznetsov's flight deck.
The first naval aviation units in Russia were formed in 19121914 as a
part of the Soviet Baltic Fleet and the Soviet Black Sea Fleet. Since its
formation, it has participated in the Russian Civil War, World War II
and in many other conflicts throughout Europe, the Middle East and
Asia. During the Cold War the naval aviation pursued a policy of
deploying large numbers of bombers in maritime strike roles to counter
the U.S. Navys extensive fleet of aircraft carriers, by 1989 it operated
over 1,000 fixed-wing aircraft with the majority being bombers such as
the Tu-22M "Backfire" and the Tu-16 "Badger".
[29]
Since the fall of
the Soviet Union however, it has been significantly reduced in size.
As of 2007, the Russian Naval Aviation consists of the following
components:
[30]
Naval missile-carrying aviation;
Shore-based ASW aviation;
Attack (Shturmovik) Aviation;
Shore-based fighter aviation;
Reconnaissance aviation;
Shipborne aviation (fighters and ASW aircraft);
Auxiliary air units.
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Equipment
Ships and Submarines
Main article: List of active Russian Navy ships
Military Districts and Fleets
The Russian Navy consists of four fleets and one flotilla subordinated to 3 of 4 of the newly formed Joint
Operational Strategic Commands.
Western Military District - Western Joint Strategic Command
Northern Fleet
The Northern Fleet, showing major bases and
headquarters.
Main article: Russian Northern Fleet
The Russian Northern Fleet, established as a modern formation in
1933, is headquartered at Severomorsk and spread around various
bases in the greater Murmansk area. This is the main fleet of the
Russian Navy and currently comprises:
Admiral Kuznetsov aircraft carrier or "heavy aircraft-carrying
cruiser(1)
Kirov class nuclear-powered cruiser (2)
Slava class cruiser (1)
Udaloy class destroyer (4)
Udaloy II class destroyer (1)
Sovremennyy class destroyer (1)
Delta IV class submarine (6)
Typhoon class submarine (1)
Oscar-class submarine (2)
Sierra class submarine (2)
Akula-class submarine (5)
Victor class submarine (4)
Kilo class submarine (4)
Borei class submarine(1)
[31]
2 in sea trials
Yasen-class submarine 1 in sea trials
The Fleet also includes many corvettes, patrol ships, light amphibious ships and support and logistic ships.
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Baltic Fleet
Baltic Fleet HQ building in Kaliningrad.
Main article: Baltic Fleet
The Baltic Fleet, established on 18 May 1703, is based in Baltiysk and
Kronshtadt, with its headquarters in the city of Kaliningrad,
Kaliningrad Oblast. The Fleet consists of;
[]
Sovremennyy class destroyer (2)
Neustrashimy class frigate (2)
Steregushchy class corvette(3)
Kilo class submarine (2)
Lada class submarine (1)
The Baltic Fleet also includes many corvettes, patrol ships, minehunters, light amphibious ships and support vessels.
Southern Military District - Southern Joint Strategic Command
The Black Sea Fleet
Main article: Black Sea Fleet
The Black Sea Fleet, established on 2 May 1783 and is based at the Sevastopol, Karantinnaya, and Streletskaya Bays
in Sevastopol which is also the location of its headquarters, and at Novorossiysk in Krasnodar Kray. The fleet also
has various other facilities on the Crimean Peninsula and facilities in Krasnodar Kray. The Fleet consists of;
Slava class cruiser (1)
Kara class cruiser (1)
Kashin class destroyer (1)
Burevestnik (Krivak) class frigate (2)
Kilo class submarine (1)
The Fleet also includes a small number of corvettes, patrol and coastal protection ships, light amphibious ships, and
support vessels.
Caspian Flotilla
Main article: Caspian Flotilla
The Caspian Flotilla, established on 4 November 1722, is based in Astrakhan and Makhachkala with its headquarters
in Astrakhan. The Fleet consists of;
Tartarstan/Gepard class frigate (2)
The Fleet also includes a 4 artillery and 3 rocket corvettes and some patrol ships.
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Eastern Military District - Eastern Joint Strategic Command
Pacific Fleet
Main article: Pacific Fleet (Russia)
The Pacific Fleet, established on 10 May 1731 and is headquartered in Vladivostok and based around Vladivostok
and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy. The Fleet consists of;
Kirov class battlecruiser (1) - in conservation
Slava class cruiser (1)
Sovremennyy class destroyer (1)
Udaloy class destroyer (4)
Delta III class submarine (3)
Oscar-class submarine (2)
Akula-class submarine (5)
Kilo class submarine (7)
The Pacific Fleet also includes coastal combatants such as corvettes, patrol ships, mine warfare ships, light
amphibious ships, and support vessels. There are also naval aviation and coastal troops and naval infantry
components.
Future and modernisation
Further information: Future of the Russian Navy
The recent improvement in the Russian economy has led to a significant rise in defence expenditure and an increase
in numbers of ships under construction, focusing on submarines, such as the conventional Petersburg (Lada) class
and nuclear Severodvinsk (Yasen) class. Some older ships have been refitted as well. Jane's Fighting Ships
commented in 2004 that the construction programme was too focused on Cold War scenarios, given the submarine
emphasis.
[32]
The Steregushchiy class corvettes, the lead ship of which was laid down on 21 December 2001, is the
first new surface construction since the collapse of the Soviet Union,
[33]
while the new Admiral Sergei Gorshkov
class frigates marks the first attempt of the Navy to return to the construction of large blue water capable vessels.
[34]
Additionally, the Russian Navy also has plans to procure a new class of destroyer, the Project 21956.
On 28 April 2010, the Ukrainian parliament ratified an agreement to extend Russia's lease of Crimean base facilities
to 2042 with an option for five more years, through 2047.
[35]
Subsequent to the recent Russian annexation of Crimea,
this agreement has been officially invalidated by the Russian Federation State Duma.
The Russian Navy has also revealed that the Russia's Black Sea Fleet will receive 30 new ships by 2020 and will
become self-sufficient with its own infrastructure in the Crimean peninsula. The fleet will be updated with new
warships, submarines, and auxiliary vessels within the next six years.
The new ships being built for the Black Sea Fleet include six Admiral Grigorovich-class frigates and six
Varshavyanka-class (Improved Kilo-class) diesel-electric submarines.
[36]
Russian Navy
14
Deployments and increase in activity
Missile cruiser Peter the Great during the
exercise.
In the last years of the 1990s naval activity was very low. Even at the
height of the Kosovo war crisis a planned task group deployment to the
Mediterranean was reduced to the dispatch of the intelligence ship
Liman. 2003 saw a major increase in activity, including several major
exercises. A May joint exercise with the Indian Navy saw two Pacific
Fleet destroyers and four vessels from the Black Sea Fleet, led by the
Slava-class cruiser Moskva, deployed for three months into the Indian
Ocean. The largest out-of-area deployment for a decade, the INDRA
2003 exercise, was highlighted by a series of missile launches by two
Tu-160s and four Tu-95s, which made a 5,400-mile (8,700km) round
trip flight from Engels-2 air base near Saratov to the exercise area.
[37]
In August 2003 the Navy also participated in the Far Eastern exercise Vostok-2003, which saw the Slava-class
cruiser Varyag and the Sovremennyy class destroyer Bystryy active, as well as an amphibious landing carried out by
three Pacific Fleet Ropucha class LSTs. Warships and helicopters from the Japanese and South Korean navies also
took part. The Northern Fleet followed in January 2004 when thirteen ships and seven submarines took part in
exercises in the Barents Sea. The involvement of Admiral Kuznetsov and Kirov-class battlecruiser nuclear-powered
cruiser Petr Velikiy was overshadowed however by two ballistic missile launch failures, made more embarrassing
because President Vladimir Putin was afloat aboard the Typhoon-class SSBN Arkhangelsk to witness the tests.
Neither of the Delta IV-class Novomoskovsk nor Kareliya were able to successfully launch what were apparently
RSM-54 SLBMs.
[38]
Former Navy Commander-in-Chief Vladimir Kuroyedov's early dismissal may have resulted
from these gaffes. He was replaced by Admiral Vladimir Masorin in September 2005.
Embarrassment for the Navy had continued, with a mine accident during rehearsals for the Baltic Fleet's celebration
of Navy Day in St. Petersburg in July 2005 and the Priz class mini-submarine AS-28 having to be rescued by a joint
British/U.S. effort using a Royal Navy unmanned submersible in the Far East in early August 2005. However
exercises and operations continued - Peace Mission 2005 in August 2005 involved a new level of cooperation
between Russia and the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy. Two months later the Slava-class cruiser Varyag
led Russian participation in INDRA 2005, held off Vishakapatnam between 14 and 20 October 2005. It included
surface firings, air defence, and anti-submarine warfare (ASW) exercises.
[39]
Admiral Vladimir Vysotskiy became Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy on September 11, 2007, having
moved up from the Northern Fleet, which he had commanded since September 2005.
[40]
On October 16, 2008, the speaker of Russia's upper house of parliament did not preclude Russia asking for a
resumption of a naval presence in Yemen. Authorities in the Middle East country had been calling on Moscow to
help fight piracy and possible terrorist threats. The U.S.S.R. had a major naval support base on Socotra Island of the
former socialist state of South Yemen, which merged with North Yemen in 1990 to form the present-day Yemen.
Speaking to journalists in Sana, the capital of Yemen, Federation Council Speaker Sergey Mironov said the new
direction of Russia's foreign and defense policies and an increase in its naval missions would be taken into
consideration when making a decision on the request. "It's possible that the aspects of using Yemen ports not only
for visits by Russian warships, but also for more strategic goals will be considered," he said. Mironov also said a
visit to Russia by the president of Yemen, Ali Abdullah Saleh, could take place in the near future and that the issue
of military technical cooperation could be raised during his visit.
[41]
Security Council chief Nikolay Patrushev said
on 6 August 2012 that Russia will build a string of naval bases along its northern coast in the Arctic zone to serve as
resupply bases for Russian warships and border guard vessels.
Russian Navy
15
Western Atlantic and U.S. eastern seaboard
In August 2009, the news media reported that two Akula-class submarines operated off the East Coast of the
United States, with one of the submarines being identified as a Project 971 Shchuka-B type. U.S. military sources
noted that this was first known Russian submarine deployment to the western Atlantic since the end of the Cold
War, raising concerns within U.S. military and intelligence communities.
[42]
The U.S. Northern Command
confirmed that this 2009 Akula-class submarine deployment did occur.
In August 2012, the news media reported that another Akula-class submarine operated in the Gulf of Mexico
purportedly undetected for over a month, sparking controversy within U.S. military and political circles, with U.S.
Senator John Cornyn of the Senate Armed Services Committee demanding details of this deployment from
Admiral Jonathan W. Greenert, the Chief of Naval Operations.
[43]
ADM Greenert stated that no Russian
submarine had operated in the Gulf of Mexico.
North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea
In February 2008 a Russian naval task force completed a two-month deployment in the Mediterranean Sea and
the North Atlantic which started on December 4, 2007. The operation was the first large-scale Russian Navy
deployment to the Atlantic and the Mediterranean in 15 years. The task force included the Kuznetsov-Class
aircraft carrier Kuznetsov, the Udaloy-Class destroyers Admiral Levchenko and Admiral Chabanenko, and the
Slava-Class guided missile cruiser Moskva, as well as auxiliary vessels. During the operation the navy practiced
rescue and counter-terror operations, reconnaissance, and missile and bomb strikes on the (theoretical) enemy's
naval task force. Over 40 Russian Air Force aircraft took part in joint exercises with the navy as well.
[44]
Vice-Admiral Nikolay Maksimov, the Northern Fleet commander, said during the operations that the deployment
was aimed at ensuring Russia's naval presence "in key operational areas of the world's oceans" and establishing
conditions for secure Russian maritime navigation. "After this visit to the Mediterranean and France, the first in
15 years, we will establish a permanent presence in the region" he said.
[][]
Admiral Vladimir Vysotskiy summed
up the results in February saying: "What is important is that we have appeared [in the Atlantic and the
Mediterranean] at a scheduled time and not just that we appeared there. We'll do all we can to build up our
presence where Russia has strategic interests", adding that Russia intended to carry out similar missions once
every six months.
[45]
In October, 2008, a naval task group from the Northern Fleet, comprising the nuclear-powered missile cruiser
Pyotr Velikiy, the large ASW ship Admiral Chabanenko, and support ships, left their homeport of Severomorsk in
northern Russia on September 22 and is currently in the northern Atlantic, having covered a distance of 1,000
nautical miles (2,000km) in a week. "Having some spare time before a joint exercise with the Venezuelan navy,
which is planned for November 2008, the warships will perform a number of tasks in the Mediterranean Sea and
visit several Mediterranean ports, including Tripoli," the Navy's press service said in a statement. Russian
warships are scheduled to participate in joint naval exercises with the Venezuelan navy in the Caribbean on
November 1014, in line with the 2008 training program, and in order to expand military cooperation with
foreign navies.
[46]
These exercises actually took place on 1 December.
October 11, 2008, Russian warships bound for Venezuela, including the nuclear-powered cruiser Pyotr Veliky
(Peter the Great), put in Saturday at the Libyan port of Tripoli for resupply.
[47]
From Venezuela the Petr Velikiy proceeded to a port call in Cape Town, South Africa, then participated in the
INDRA-2009 exercise off western India, briefly engaged in counter-piracy operations in the Gulf of Aden, and
returned to its homeport of Severomorsk in March 2009.
A group of Pacific Fleet ships arrived in the Mediterranean Sea on 15 May 2013 having sailed from Vladivostock
on 19 March 2013.
[48]
The Udaloy class destroyer Admiral Panteleyev, the Ropucha class landing ships Peresvet
and Admiral Nevelskoy, the Pechenga tanker and the Fotiy Krylov rescue tug will augment the Russian Navy's
grouping there, and will carrying out tasks in the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea. The Pacific Fleet ships will
Russian Navy
16
practise activities jointly with forces from other Russian navy fleets and make a number of business calls at ports
in the region, including a call at Limassol, Cyprus, on 17 May 13.
[49]
The Baltic Fleet Ropucha class landing ships Kaliningrad, Aleksandr Shabalin and Azov arrived at Novorossiysk
naval base on 14 May 13 having completed their duties in the Mediterranean. The Baltic Fleet ships will spend
several weeks at Novorossiysk undergoing checks and maintenance and replenishing supplies before resuming
their duties in the Mediterranean.
[50]
The Northern Fleet's Udaloy class destroyer Vitse-Admiral Kulakov was reported to be heading for the Atlantic on
20 May 13 after completing a visit to Norway. The ship had been taking part in the Russian-Norwegian
Pomor-2013 exercise and is expected to take on supplies from the tanker Vyazma while at anchor in the North Sea
before undertaking a lengthy voyage in the north eastern regions of the Atlantic Ocean.
[51]
On 1 June 2013, Navy Commander Adm Viktor Chirkov said that the Admiral Kuznetsov aircraft carrier is
"expected to put out and perform a number of missions in an offshore oceanic zone as part of a group. Northern
Fleet naval pilots will perform a number of missions on board this cruiser during the long-range mission." He also
stated that the ship's deployment might be as part of a permanent operational group in the Mediterranean. In
preparing for the deployment the ships' airwing would not be using the NITKA pilot training facility located in
Ukraine.
[52]
Syria
Main article: Russian naval base in Tartus
In September 2008, it was reported that Russia and Syria conducted talks about permitting Russia to develop and
enlarge its Russian naval base in Syria in order to establish a stronger naval presence in the Mediterranean,
[53]
and
amidst the deteriorating Russia relations with the west in conjunction with the 2008 South Ossetia war and the
plans to deploy US missile defense shield in Poland, it has even been asserted that president Assad has agreed to
Tartus ports conversion into a permanent Middle East base for Russias nuclear-armed warships. Moscow and
Damascus additionally announced that it would be renovating the port, although there was no mention in the
Syrian press.
[54]
On September 22, 2008, Russian Navy spokesman Igor Dygalo said the nuclear-powered Peter the Great cruiser,
accompanied by three other ships, sailed from the Northern Fleet's base of Severomorsk. The ships will cover
about 15,000 nautical miles (28,000km) to conduct joint maneuvers with the Venezuelan navy. Dygalo refused to
comment on Monday's report in the daily Izvestia claiming that the ships were to make a stopover in the Syrian
port of Tartus on their way to Venezuela. Russian officials said the Soviet-era base there was being renovated to
serve as a foothold for a permanent Russian navy presence in the Mediterranean.
In late November 2011, Pravda and Reuters wrote that a naval flotilla led by the aircraft carrier Kuznetsov would
sail to its naval base in Tartus as a show of support for the al-Assad regime. Such a visit is not possible because
the lengths of all of Russia's current modern warships exceed the size of the two 100 meter piers located at the
Russian leasehold in Tartus. (see next paragraph)
On 29 November 2011, Army General Nikolay Makarov, Chief of the Russian General Staff, said that sending
ships of the Russian Navy to the Mediterranean Sea is linked to exercises and not to the situation in Syria. "In the
event of necessity, namely to carry out repairs, to take water and food on board and to allow rest for the crews,
Russian ships may visit Tartus but in this case this has not been included in the plan of the trip," the Interfax
source said. He also noted that the size of Admiral Kuznetsov does not allow it to moor in Tartus because the port
does not have suitable infrastructure, i.e. large enough mooring.
[55]
Russian Navy
17
Caribbean Sea
On September 8, 2008, it was announced that the Pyotr Velikiy would sail to the Caribbean Sea in order to
participate in naval exercises with the Venezuelan Navy. This action would represent the first major Russian
show of force in that sea since the end of the Cold War.
[56]
On 22 September the Kirov class nuclear missile
cruiser Petr Velikiy and the Udaloy class large anti-submarine ship Admiral Chabanenko, accompanied by
support vessels, left their homeport of Severomorsk for naval exercises with Venezuela scheduled for early
November 2008.
[57]
On November 25, 2008, a group of warships from Russia's Northern Fleet arrived at the Venezuelan port of La
Guaira. "The Udaloy class destroyer Admiral Chabanenko has docked in port, while the Pyotr Veliky missile
cruiser has dropped anchor off La Guaira," said Capt. 1st Rank Igor Dygalo
[58]
It was reported on 13 May 2013 that the Russian Navy is planning a foray into the Atlantic and as far as Latin
America during the summer. Navy Deputy Commander-in-Chief Vice-Adm Aleksandr Fedotenkov stated that
ships of the Black Sea Fleet, led by the Slava-class cruiser Moskva will join vessels from the Baltic and Northern
Fleets in conducting training in the Atlantic, including visits to unidentified Latin American ports. The
deployment is planned for late summer to early autumn and will be completed in October.
[59]
East Africa: Somali Coast
On September 24, 2008, the Russian Neustrashimyy left its home base at Baltiysk, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, for
counter-piracy operations near the Somali coast, said Russian Navy spokesman Captain 1st Rank Igor
Dygalo.
[60][61]
On November 19, 2008, Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy Admiral Vysotskiy, speaking to the official
news agency, RIA Novosti, stated that the Russian Navy would send additional vessels to the area.
From January 11 through 17 March 2009, the Admiral Vinogradov took up the counter-piracy mission from the
Neustrashimyy and upon completion took a course home to Vladivostok by way of a port visit to Jakarta,
Indonesia 2428 March 2009.
[62][63]
From 26 April through 7 June 2009, the Pacific Fleet destroyer Admiral Panteleyev took up counter-piracy duties
in the Gulf of Aden, having left Vladivostok at the end of March 2009 to relieve the Admiral Vinogradov. It
returned to Vladivostok on 1 July.
[64]
On 29 June 2009, the Pacific Fleet destroyer Admiral Tributs was preparing to depart Vladivostok to relieve
Admiral Panteleyev for counter-piracy operations in the Gulf of Aden. Depending on the situation, the
deployment could last from two to six months.
[65]
Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea
On 11 January 2009, Army General Makarov - Chief of the Russian General Staff - announced that the Kirov
class nuclear-powered cruiser Petr Velikiy and five other ships would take part in exercises with the Indian Navy
in late January 2009
[66]
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[3] Russia's Navy gets ambitious (http:/ / en. rian. ru/ analysis/ 20070731/ 70008268. html) Russian News & Information Agency
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[23] The Next Arms Race (http:/ / apac2020. the-diplomat.com/ feature/ the-next-arms-race/ )
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russia-091127-rianovosti04. htm)
[25] http:/ / rt. com/ news/ yury-dolgoruky-submarine-ceremony-678/
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[27] http:/ / en. ria. ru/ military_news/ 20130610/ 181601631/ Russias-Third-Borey-Class-Sub-Blessed-for-Sea-Trials. html
[28] "Russian Navy HQ Moves to St. Petersburg", RIA Novosti, October 31, 2012 (http:/ / en. ria. ru/ mlitary_news/ 20121031/ 177077223.
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[29] Aviatsiya Voyenno-Morskoyo Flota AV-MF (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ world/ russia/ av_mf. htm)
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[31] Borei submarine ceremony (http:/ / rt. com/ news/ yury-dolgoruky-submarine-ceremony-678/ )
[32] Foreword to Jane's Fighting Ships 2004-2005, p.30
[33] Foreword to Jane's Fighting Ships, 2002-2003, p.79
[34] Project 22350 Admiral Sergei Gorshkov (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ world/ russia/ 22350. htm). Globalsecurity.org.
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[35] YouTube (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watchv=35vpFAE4n08)
[36] http:/ / rt. com/ news/ 158772-black-sea-fleet-ships/
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[40] Russian Ministry of Defence, Navy Commander-in-Chief (http:/ / www. mil. ru/ eng/ 1862/ 12068/ 12088/ 12222/ 12373/ index. shtml).
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[41] Russia could resume naval presence in Yemen | World|RIA Novosti (http:/ / en. rian. ru/ world/ 20081016/ 117777066. html). En.rian.ru
(2008-10-16). Retrieved on 2010-09-09.
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[45] Russia to build up presence in global ocean - navy commander (http:/ / en. rian. ru/ russia/ 20080203/ 98261888. html), RIA Novosti,
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[47] Russian naval task force to visit Libya on Saturday | Russia|RIA Novosti (http:/ / en. rian. ru/ russia/ 20081008/ 117590763. html).
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[48] UPI Arabic News Service, 0924 GMT 16 May 2013 (http:/ / docs. newsbank. com/ openurl?ctx_ver=z39. 88-2004& rft_id=info:sid/ iw.
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[49] [49] Interfax, Moscow 1031 GMT 08 May 13
[50] [50] Interfax-AVN, Moscow 0905 GMT 14 May 13
[51] Interfax-AVN, Moscow, 0745 GMT 20 May 13 (http:/ / docs. newsbank. com/ openurl?ctx_ver=z39. 88-2004& rft_id=info:sid/ iw.
newsbank.com:AWNB:BBAB& rft_val_format=info:ofi/ fmt:kev:mtx:ctx& rft_dat=146684337345CF08& svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggdocs&
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[52] Interfax-AVN military news agency, Moscow, in English 0620 gmt 3 Jun 13; Interfax-AVN military news agency, Moscow, in Russian
0805, 0617 gmt 3 Jun 13/BBC Monitoring British Broadcasting Corporation 2013 (http:/ / docs. newsbank. com/ openurl?ctx_ver=z39.
88-2004& rft_id=info:sid/ iw. newsbank. com:AWNB:BBAB& rft_val_format=info:ofi/ fmt:kev:mtx:ctx& rft_dat=146B216AD9F9DB48&
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[53] David R. Sands, "Russia Expanding Navy into Mediterranean Sea", The Washington Times, August 7, 2007.
[54] Syria and Russia strengthen naval cooperation (http:/ / www. haaretz. com/ hasen/ spages/ 1020643. html) Itar-Tass news agency via
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[56] Reuters: Russia says to send battleship to Caribbean Sea (http:/ / news. yahoo. com/ story/ / nm/ 20080908/ wl_nm/
russia_venezuela_navy_dc)
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[60] [60] Moscow Interfax-Agenstvo Voyennykh Novostey 24 Sep 2008
[61] (The Ukrainian merchant vessel Faina was seized by Somali pirates on 25 September. The deployment of the Neustrashimyy was not in
response to the seizure of the Faina.)
[62] [62] Moscow ITAR-TASS 1754 GMT 11 Jan 2008, Moscow INTERFAX 1641 GMT 11 Jan 2008
[63] . - . -
- (http:/ / www. morskayakollegiya. ru/
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[64] "- " - ,
, , , , , , ,
(http:/ / www. russkie. org/ index. php?module=fullitem& id=15942). Russkie.org. Retrieved on 2010-09-09.
[65] "" (http:/ / www. tvzvezda. ru/ ?id=311552). Tvzvezda.ru. Retrieved on 2010-09-09.
[66] [66] Moscow ITAR-TASS 1125 GMT 11 Jan 09
Further reading
Reuben Johnson, 'Russian Navy 'faces irreversible collapse,' Jane's Defence Weekly, 15 July 2009, and link to
original Russian article at (http:/ / nvo. ng. ru/ realty/ 2009-07-03/ 1_vmf. html).
Nvo.ng.ru (2009-07-03). Retrieved on 2010-09-09.
"Russia Will Not Build Aircraft Carriers Till 2010." RIA Novosti. May 16, 2005. (Via Lexis-Nexis, July 27,
2005).
External links
Kommersant-Vlast, Translation of 'The Entire Russian Fleet' (http:/ / www. militaryphotos. net/ forums/
showthread. php?t=131413), 2008
Russian Navy (http:/ / rusnavy. com/ )
Lists of Russian Naval Vessels (World Navies Today) (http:/ / www. hazegray. org/ worldnav/ ): This site has not
been updated since 2003.
Russian Navy Weapons (http:/ / milit. ru/ )
Ships of Russia (http:/ / navalstory. com/ )
Russian Navy History (http:/ / www. neva. ru/ EXPO96/ contents. html)
Russian Navy
20
A Brief Guide to the Russian Navy (http:/ / www. aeronautics. ru/ archive/ fleet/ russian/ )Wikipedia:Link rot
Video: Russias naval task force exercises in the Atlantic. (http:/ / en. rian. ru/ video/ 20080128/ 97826161. html)
Official web site of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (http:/ / www. mil. ru/ ) In Russian
(English) Russian Navy 2011 - Complete Ship List (http:/ / russian-ships. info/ eng/ today/ )
Article Sources and Contributors
21
Article Sources and Contributors
Russian Navy Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=610477029 Contributors: 23 editor, 2812, 6789qwr, Accurizer, Adnan bogi, AktiNo, Ala.foum, Aldis90, AlexPU,
Alexkvaskov, Altenmann, Amble, Angusmclellan, Antiochus the Great, Appraiser, ArmadilloFromHell, Atchom, Attilios, BD2412, Balcer, Belligero, Benvogel, Blahdumb, Bobo192, Bobrayner,
Bonewah, Boreas74, Brandmeister, Brandmeister (old), BrightStarSky, BrokenSphere, Btphelps, Buckshot06, CIL86, Canis Lupus, Chris the speller, Ckatz, Commecicommea,
CommonsDelinker, CraigWyllie, Dale101usa, Darlene4, Darz Mol, Davbad1, David Biddulph, Dendirrek, Derim Hunt, Dewritech, DimaY2K, DmitryKo, DonkeyKong876, Doru001, Dourios,
DragonHawk, Dricherby, Dthomsen8, Durova, Edward, Elfguy, ElinorD, Encyclopedist, Eurocopter, F-kun, F.desert, Fdutil, Fedoroff, Fisenko, Fnlayson, Fry1989, G PViB, Gabriel Kielland,
Ghirlandajo, GiW, Giraffedata, Glcm1, Grafikm fr, Green Giant, Greyhood, Guest2625, Guinness man, HHaeckel, HarDNox, Haryana-shakti, Haus, Hcobb, Hemlock Martinis, Hibernian,
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