Defeitos associados a feixe de

partculas energticas partculas energticas

Mrio E G Valerio
Defeitos em Slidos
NPGF!"FS!#$%%&%
ntrodu'(o
Stopping power is defined as t)e a*erage energ+
loss of t)e particle per unit pat) lengt),
-)e stopping po.er depends on t)e t+pe and
energ+ of t)e particle and on t)e properties of
t)e material it passes,
Since t)e production of an ion pair /usuall+ a
positi*e ion and an electron0 re1uires a fixed positi*e ion and an electron0 re1uires a fixed
amount of energ+ /for example2 34eV in air02 t)e
densit+ of ionisation along t)e pat) is
proportional to t)e stopping po.er of t)e
material,
5ot) electrons and positi*e ions lose energ+
.)ile passing t)roug) matter,
#$%%&% # Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio
6Stopping po.er6 is treated as a propert+ of t)e
material2 .)ile 6energ+ loss per unit pat) lengt)6
descri7es .)at )appens to t)e particle,
8o.e*er2 numerical *alue and units are identical
for 7ot) 1uantities9 t)e+ are usuall+ .ritten .it)
a minus sign in front:
Stopping po.er of aluminum for protons
8,Paul
.)ere E means energ+2
and x is t)e pat)
lengt),
-)e minus sign ma;es S
positi*e,
8,Paul
#$%%&% 3 Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio
S(E) < linear stopping po.er /MeV&mm0
< mass stopping po.er /MeV&/mg&cm
#
00
( )
S E

#$%%&% 4 Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio

Electronic and nuclear stopping power
5+ electronic stopping power2 one means slo.ing do.n due
to t)e inelastic collisions 7et.een 7ound electrons in t)e
mediumand t)e ion mo*ing t)roug) it,
-)e term inelastic is used to signif+ t)at t)e collisions ma+
result 7ot) in excitations of 7ound electrons of t)e medium2
and in excitations of t)e electron cloud of t)e ion,
Since t)e num7er of collisions an ion experiences .it) Since t)e num7er of collisions an ion experiences .it)
electrons is large2 and since t)e c)arge state of t)e ion .)ile
tra*ersing t)e medium ma+ c)ange fre1uentl+2 it is *er+
difficult to descri7e all possi7le interactions for all possi7le ion
c)arge states,
nstead2 t)e electronic stopping po.er is often gi*en as a
simple function of energ+ S
e
/E0 .)ic) is an a*erage ta;en o*er
all energ+ loss processes for different c)arge states,
#$%%&% = Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio
5+ nuclear stopping power2 one means elastic
collisions 7et.een t)e ion and atoms in t)e
sample,
f one ;no.s t)e form of t)e repulsi*e
potential V/r0 7et.een t.o atoms2 it is possi7le
to calculate t)e nuclear stopping po.er S
n
/E0, to calculate t)e nuclear stopping po.er S
n
/E0,
n t)e stopping po.er for protons in
aluminum2 nuclear stopping is negligi7le except
at t)e lo.est energ+,
#$%%&% > Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio
Nuclear stopping increases .)en t)e mass of
t)e ion increases, Nuclear stopping can 7e
larger t)an electronic stopping at lo. energ+,
For *er+ lig)t ions slo.ing do.n in )ea*+
materials2 t)e nuclear stopping is .ea;er t)an
t)e electronic at all energies,
Electronic and nuclear stopping
po.er for ?l ions in ?l,
8 Paul
#$%%&% @ Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio
?t not too )ig) energies2 t)e stopping po.er
is t)erefore t)e sumof t.o terms:
Se*eral semi!empirical stopping po.er
formulas )a*e 7een de*ised,
S E S E S E
e n
( ) ( ) ( ) = +
formulas )a*e 7een de*ised,
-)e model gi*en 7+ Aiegler2 5iersac; and
Bittmar; /t)e so called CA5BC stopping02
implemented in different *ersions of t)e
-DM&SDMcodes2 is used most often toda+,
#$%%&% E Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio
Aiegler2 5iersac;2 and Bittmar; F A5B
t)eor+
G, F, Aiegler2 G, P, 5iersac;2 and ", Bittmar;, n
-)e Stopping and Dange of ons in Matter2
*olume %2 Ne. Hor;2 %IE=, Pergamon, S5N
$$E$##$=33 $$E$##$=33
)ttp:&&...,srim,org&index,)tmJSDM
PARTICLE INTERACTIONS WITH MATTER
SRIM - Te Stopping and Range o! Ions in
Matter
#$%%&% I Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio
?t e*en )ig)er energies2 one )as to consider2
in addition2 radiati*e stopping po.er .)ic) is
due to t)e emission of 7remsstra)lung in t)e
electric fields of t)e nuclei of t)e material
tra*ersed,
electric fields of t)e nuclei of t)e material
tra*ersed,
#$%%&% %$ Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio
Te slowing-down process in solids
n t)e 7eginning of t)e slo.ing!do.n process at )ig)
energies2 t)e ion is slo.ed do.n mainl+ 7+ electronic
stopping2 and it mo*es almost in a straig)t pat),
K)en t)e ion )as slo.ed do.n sufficientl+2 t)e
collisions .it) nuclei /t)e nuclear stopping0 7ecome
more and more pro7a7le2 finall+ dominating t)e
slo.ing do.n, slo.ing do.n,
K)en atoms of t)e solid recei*e significant recoil
energies .)en struc; 7+ t)e ion2 t)e+ .ill 7e remo*ed
from t)eir lattice positions2 and produce a cascade of
furt)er collisions in t)e material,
-)ese collision cascades are t)e main cause of damage
production during ion implantation in metals and
semiconductors,
#$%%&% %% Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio
K)en t)e energies of all atoms in t)e s+stem )a*e
fallen 7elo. t)e tresold displace"ent energ#2
t)e production of ne. damage ceases2 and t)e
concept of nuclear stopping is no longer meaningful,
-)e total amount of energ+ deposited 7+ t)e
nuclear collisions to atoms in t)e materials is called
t)e nuclear deposited energ+,
Lai Nordlund
#$%%&% %# Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio
-)e mean range can 7e calculated 7+
integrating t)e reciprocal stopping po.er o*er
energ+,
-)e deposited energ+ can 7e o7tained 7+
( )
0
1
R dE
S E

-)e deposited energ+ can 7e o7tained 7+

integrating t)e stopping po.er o*er t)e entire
pat) lengt) of t)e ion .)en it mo*es in t)e
solid,
( )
0 0
max max
x x
dE
E S E dx dx
dx
= =

#$%%&% %3 Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio
Interato"ic Screening Potential
-)e interaction potential is calculated 7+ assuming t)at
t)e c)arge distri7utions of t)e atoms remain unc)anged
during t)e penetration of t)e electron sp)eres and t)at
t)e c)arge distri7utions are sp)ericall+ s+mmetric,
-)e follo.ing contri7utions to t)e potential energ+ are
considered,
-)e classical terms of Moulom7 interaction 7et.een -)e classical terms of Moulom7 interaction 7et.een
t)e nuclei of t)e particles
t)e electrons of t)e particles
t)e nuclei and t)e electrons of t)e ot)er particle
-)e increase of t)e ;inetic electron energ+ due to t)e Pauli
exclusion principle and an increase of t)e exc)ange energ+
in t)e areas .)ere t)e electron sp)eres o*erlap, -)e )ig)er
electron concentrations in t)ese regions re1uire a )ig)er
electronic ;inetic energ+ .)ic) is approximated 7+ t)e
;inetic energ+ of a degenerated free electron gas,
#$%%&% %4 Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio
Aiegler2 5iersac; and Bittmar; )a*e performed
potential calculations for a .ide range of
particle pairs /=## atoms pairs0,
Nn t)e 7asis of t)eir calculations t)e+ could
extract an approximate anal+tical expression
for t)e dimensionless screening potential2 t)e
universal screening potential (USP). universal screening potential (USP).
#$%%&% %= Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio
-)e de*iation 7et.een t)e =## calculated potentials and t)e fitted uni*ersal
screening potential is approximatel+ %E O as long as t)e potential energ+ is
a7o*e # eV, For lo.er potential energies t)e de*iation is significantl+ larger
.)ic) pro7a7l+ limits t)e use of t)e uni*ersal screening potential,
#$%%&% %> Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio
A$erage Nuclear Stopping Power
Lno.ing t)e interatomic potential it is possi7le to
deri*e t)e a*erage nuclear stopping po.er S
n
/E
$
0
.)ic) defines t)e a*erage energ+ t)at is
transfered 7+ eac) nuclear collisions if t)e
particle energ+ is E
$
,
Numerical solutions :
Deduced enreg+ for t)e colisions of ion % .it) t)e target ions #
#$%%&% %@ Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio
Deduced nuclear
stopping po.er as
function of t)e reduced
energ+,
$23#@
Nuclear stopping
Maxima of the average
nuclear stopping
power for various atom
pairs.
#$%%&% %E Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio
ncident particle -arget particle
Nuclear stopping
po.er maximum
/;eV0
5oron Silicon 3
P)osp)orus Silicon %>
?rsenic Silicon >E
?ntimon+ Silicon %>$
5oron Nx+gen #
P)osp)orus Nx+gen %#
?rsenic Nx+gen =E
?ntimon+ Nx+gen %43
Electronic Stopping Power
%st t)eor+ F 5et)e %I3$
-)e relati*istic *ersion of t)e formula reads:
P Q v & c
v *elocit+ of t)e particle v *elocit+ of t)e particle
E energ+ of t)e particle
x distance tra*elled 7+ t)e particle
c speed of lig)t
ze particle c)arge
e c)arge of t)e electron
m
e
rest mass of t)e electron
n electron densit+ of t)e target I
I mean excitation potential of t)e target

$
*acuum permitti*it+
Onl# $alid !or ig
$elocit# particles%
#$%%&% %I Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio
Modeling t)e electronic stopping process is *er+ complicated2
7ecause se*eral p)+sical effects contri7ute to t)e inelastic
energ+ loss,
E&citation o! conduction and 'and electrons (non-locali)ed wea*l#
'ound electrons+,
E&citation or ioni)ation o! target ato"s (pro"otion o! locali)ed
electrons+,
Ioni)ation or electron capture o! te pro-ectile,
?ll t)ese effects occur due to core!electron and electron! ?ll t)ese effects occur due to core!electron and electron!
electron interaction,
-)e most .idel+ used tec)ni1ue for modeling t)e electronic
stopping process is 7ased on t)e local densit+ approximation,
t assumes t)at in eac) /infinitesimal0 *olume element of t)e
target t)e interaction 7et.een t)e proRectile and t)e target
electrons depends onl+ on one propert+ of t)e target2 namel+
t)e local electron densit+ .it)in t)is *olume element,
#$%%&% #$ Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio
.inar# collision appro&i"ation
Met)od used to ena7le efficient computer
simulation of t)e penetration dept) and defect
production 7+ energetic ions in solids,
n t)e met)od2 t)e ion is approximated to tra*el
t)roug) a material 7+ experiencing a se1uence of
independent 7inar+ collisions .it) sample atoms, independent 7inar+ collisions .it) sample atoms,
5et.een t)e collisions2 t)e ion is assumed to
tra*el in a straig)t pat)2 experiencing electronic
#$%%&% Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio #%
stopping po.er2 7ut
losing no energ+ in
collisions .it) nuclei,
n t)e 5M? approac)2 a single collision
7et.een t)e incoming ion and a target atom
is treated 7+ sol*ing t)e classical scattering
integral 7et.een t.o colliding particles for
t)e impact parameter of t)e incoming ion,
Solution of t)e integral gi*es t)e scattering Solution of t)e integral gi*es t)e scattering
angle of t)e ion as .ell as its energ+ loss to
t)e sample atoms2 and )ence .)at t)e energ+
is after t)e collision compared to 7efore it,
#$%%&% Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio ##
-)e selection met)od for t)e impact parameter di*ided
5M? codes into t.o main *arieties: CMonte MarloC 5M? and
cr+stal!5M? codes,
n t)e Monte Marlo 5M? approac) t)e distance to and
impact parameter of t)e next colliding atom is c)osen
randoml+ for a pro7a7ilit+ distri7ution .)ic) depends onl+
on t)e atomic densit+ of t)e material, -)is approac)
essentiall+ simulates ion passage in a full+ amorp)ous
material, material,
t is also possi7le 5M? met)ods for cr+stalline materials2
suc) t)at t)e mo*ing ion )as a defined position in a cr+stal2
and t)e distance and impact parameter to t)e next
colliding atom is determined to correspond to an atom in
t)e cr+stal, n t)is approac) 5M? can 7e used to simulate
also atommotion during c)annelling,
#$%%&% Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio #3
-)e 5M? simulations can 7e furt)er su7di*ided 7+
t+pe depending on .)et)er t)e+ onl+ follo. t)e
incoming ion2 or also follo. t)e recoils produced
7+ t)e ion /full cascade mode2 e,g,2 in t)e popular
5M? code SDM0,
f t)e initial recoil&ion mass is lo.2 and t)e
material .)ere t)e cascade occurs )as a lo.
densit+ /i,e, t)e recoil!material com7ination )as a densit+ /i,e, t)e recoil!material com7ination )as a
lo. stopping po.er02 t)e collisions 7et.een t)e
initial recoil and sample atoms occur rarel+2 and
can 7e understood .ell as a se1uence of
independent 7inar+ collisions 7et.een atoms,
-)is ;ind of a cascade can 7e t)eoreticall+ .ell
treated using 5M?,
#$%%&% Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio #4
Sc)ematic illustration of a linear
collision cascade, -)e t)ic; line
illustrates t)e position of t)e
#$%%&% Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio #=
illustrates t)e position of t)e
surface2 and t)e t)inner lines
t)e 7allistic mo*ement pat)s of
t)e atoms from 7eginning until
t)e+ stop in t)e material, -)e
purple circle is t)e incoming ion,
Ded2 7lue2 green and +ello.
circles illustrate primar+2
secondar+2 tertiar+ and
1uaternar+ recoils2 respecti*el+,
Knordlun, 2!!
Damage production estimates:
-)e 5M? simulations gi*e naturall+ t)e ion penetration dept)2
lateral spread and nuclear and electronic deposition energ+
distri7utions in space,
-)e+ can also 7e used to estimate t)e damage produced in
materials2 7+ using t)e assumption t)at an+ recoil .)ic)
recei*es an energ+ )ig)er t)an t)e t)res)old displacement
energ+ of t)e material .ill produce a sta7le defect,
8o.e*er2 t)is approac) s)ould 7e used .it) great caution for
se*eral reasons,
it does not account for an+ t)ermall+ acti*ated recom7ination of
se*eral reasons,
it does not account for an+ t)ermall+ acti*ated recom7ination of
damage2
t does not consider t)e .ell ;no.n fact t)at in metals t)e damage
production is for )ig) energies onl+ somet)ing li;e #$O of t)e
prediction2
t)is approac) onl+ predicts t)e damage production as if all defects
.ere isolated Fren;el pairs2 .)ile in realit+ in man+ cases collision
cascades produce defect clusters or e*en dislocations as t)e initial
damage state2
t)e a*erage t)res)old displacement energ+ is not *er+ accuratel+
;no.n in most materials,
#$%%&% Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio #>
M)annelling
M)annelling is t)e process t)at constrains t)e pat) of a
c)arged particle in a cr+stalline solid,
K)en t)e target material is )omogeneous and
isotropic2 t)e impact!parameter distri7ution is
independent of t)e orientation of t)e momentum of
t)e particle and interaction processes are also
orientation!independent, orientation!independent,
K)en t)e target material is monocr+stalline2 t)e +ields
of p)+sical processes are *er+ strongl+ dependent on
t)e orientation of t)e momentum of t)e particle
relati*e to t)e cr+stalline axes or planes,
Nr in ot)er .ords2 t)e stopping po.er of t)e particle is
muc) lo.er in certain directions t)an ot)ers, -)is
effect is commonl+ called t)e Cc)annellingC effect,
#$%%&% Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio #@
Sputtering
Sputtering is a process .)ere7+ atoms are
eRected from a solid target material due to
7om7ardment of t)e target 7+ energetic
particles,
P)+sical sputtering is
dri*en 7+ momentum
#$%%&% Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio #E
dri*en 7+ momentum
exc)ange 7et.een
t)e ions and atoms in
t)e materials2 due to
collisions,
-)e incident ions set off collision cascades in t)e
target,
K)en suc) cascades recoil and reac) t)e target surface
.it) an energ+ a7o*e t)e surface 7inding energ+2 an
atomcan 7e eRected,
f t)e target is t)in on an atomic scale t)e collision
cascade can reac) t)e 7ac; side of t)e target and
atoms can escape t)e surface 7inding energ+ Sin
transmission6, transmission6,
-)e a*erage num7er of atoms eRected from t)e target
per incident ion is called t)e sputter +ield and depends
on t)e ion incident angle2 t)e energ+ of t)e ion2 t)e
masses of t)e ion and target atoms2 and t)e surface
7inding energ+ of atoms in t)e target,
For a cr+stalline target t)e orientation of t)e cr+stal
axes .it) respect to t)e target surface is rele*ant,
#$%%&% Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio #I
Mtodos computacionais
Mtodo de Monte Marlo
DinTmica molecular
)ttp:&&...,srim,org&index,)tmJSDM
SRIM - Te Stopping and Range o! Ions in Matter SRIM - Te Stopping and Range o! Ions in Matter
#$%%&% 3$ Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio
Exemplos
#$%%&% 3% Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio
#$%%&% 3# Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio
#$%%&% 33 Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio
#$%%&% 34 Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio
#$%%&% 3= Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio
)ttp:&&cleanroom,7+u,edu&mplantMonMal,p)tml
#$%%&% 3> Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio
Neutron Dadiation Damage
Neutrons are attenuated 7+ t)ree maRor
interactions: elastic scatter2 inelastic scatter2 and
a7sorption,
n elastic scatter, a neutron collides .it) a nucleus
and 7ounces off, -)is reaction transmits some of
t)e ;inetic energ+ of t)e neutron to t)e nucleus of t)e ;inetic energ+ of t)e neutron to t)e nucleus of
t)e atom2 resulting in t)e neutron 7eing slo.ed2
and t)e atomrecei*es some ;inetic energ+,
?s t)e mass of t)e nucleus approac)es t)e mass of t)e
neutron2 t)is reaction 7ecomes more effecti*e in slo.ing
t)e neutron, 8+drogenous material attenuates neutrons
most effecti*el+,
#$%%&% Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio 3@
Neutron Dadiation Damage
Neutrons are attenuated 7+ t)ree maRor
interactions: elastic scatter2 inelastic scatter2 and
a7sorption,
n t)e inelastic scatter reaction2 t)e same
neutron&nucleus collision occurs as in elastic
scatter, 8o.e*er2 in t)is reaction2 t)e nucleus scatter, 8o.e*er2 in t)is reaction2 t)e nucleus
recei*es some internal energ+ as .ell as ;inetic
energ+,
-)is slo.s t)e neutron2 7ut lea*es t)e nucleus in an excited
state, K)en t)e nucleus deca+s to its original energ+ le*el2
it normall+ emits a gamma ra+,
#$%%&% Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio 3E
Neutron Dadiation Damage
Neutrons are attenuated 7+ t)ree maRor
interactions: elastic scatter2 inelastic scatter2
and a7sorption,
n t)e a"sorption reaction2 t)e neutron is
actuall+ a7sor7ed into t)e nucleus of an atom,
-)e neutron is captured2 7ut t)e atom is left in an
excited state,
f t)e nucleus emits one or more gamma ra+s to reac)
a sta7le le*el2 t)e process is called radiati*e capture,
#$%%&% Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio 3I
5ecause neutrons are unc)arged2 t)e+ can 7e
more penetrating t)an alp)a radiation or 7eta
radiation,
n some cases t)e+ are more penetrating t)an
gamma radiation2 .)ic) is impeded in materials of gamma radiation2 .)ic) is impeded in materials of
)ig) atomic num7er,
n materials of lo. atomic num7er suc) as
)+drogen2 a lo. energ+ gamma ra+ ma+ 7e more
penetrating t)an a )ig) energ+ neutron,
#$%%&% Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio 4$
Neutrons can degrade "aterials:
7om7ardment of materials .it) neutrons creates collision
cascades t)at can produce point defects and dislocations in
t)e materials,
?t )ig) neutron fluences t)is can lead to em7rittlement of
metals and ot)er materials2 and to s.elling of some of
t)em,
Em"rittlement is a loss of ductilit+ of a material2 ma;ing it 7rittle,
#eutron$induced s%elling is t)e increase of *olume and decrease
of densit+ of materials su7Rected to intense neutron radiation, of densit+ of materials su7Rected to intense neutron radiation,
Neutrons impacting t)e material6s lattice rearrange its atoms2
causing 7uildup of dislocations and *oids,
-)is are potential pro7lem for nuclear reactor *essels2 and
significantl+ limits t)eir lifetime /.)ic) can 7e some.)at
prolonged 7+ controlled annealing of t)e *essel2 reducing
t)e num7er of t)e 7uilt!up dislocations0,
Grap)ite moderator 7loc;s are especiall+ suscepti7le to t)is
effect2 ;no.n as Kigner effect2 and )a*e to 7e annealed
periodicall+
#$%%&% Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio 4%
Neutron acti$ation:
process in .)ic) neutron radiation induces
radioacti*it+ in materials2 and occurs .)en
atomic nuclei capture free neutrons2 7ecoming
)ea*ier and entering excited states,
-)e excited nucleus often deca+s immediatel+ 7+
emitting particles suc) as neutrons2 protons2 or
alp)a particles,
-)e neutron capture2 e*en after an+ intermediate -)e neutron capture2 e*en after an+ intermediate
deca+2 often results in t)e formation of an
unsta7le acti*ation product,
Suc) radioacti*e nuclei can ex)i7it )alf!li*es
ranging from small fractions of a second to man+
+ears,
#$%%&% Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio 4#
?n example of t)is ;ind of a nuclear reaction
occurs in t)e production of co7alt!>$ .it)in a
nuclear reactor:
-)e
>$
Mo deca+s 7+ t)e emission of a 7eta
59 60
27 27
Co n Co +
-)e Mo deca+s 7+ t)e emission of a 7eta
particle plus gamma ra+s into
>$
Ni,
-)is reaction )as a )alf!life of a7out =,#@
+ears2 and
>$
Mo is a *alua7le source of nuclear
radiation for radiot)erap+,
#$%%&% Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio 43
n ot)er cases2 and depending on t)e ;inetic
energ+ of t)e neutron2 t)e capture of a
neutron can cause nuclear &ission,
f t)e fission re1uires an input of energ+2 t)at
comes fromt)e ;inetic energ+ of t)e neutron,
?n example of t)is ;ind of fission in a lig)t
element can occur .)en t)e onl+ sta7le
?n example of t)is ;ind of fission in a lig)t
element can occur .)en t)e onl+ sta7le
isotope of 7er+llium2
I
5e2 is 7om7arded .it)
fast neutrons and undergoes t)e follo.ing
nuclear reaction:
#$%%&% Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio 44
( )
9 4
4 2
2 Be n He 2n energy + + +
#$%%&% Defeitos em Slidos ! Mrio E G Valerio 4=
Desearc) Betters in P)+sics
Volume #$$E2 ?rticle D @4>EI#
doi:%$,%%==&#$$E&@4>EI#
Momputer Modeling of Displacement Mascades in
5er+llium rradiated .it) ntensi*e Neutron Flux
'. 'roev, #. #an(ov, ). Petrov, and E. Popov
neutron acti$ation anal#sis (NAA+:
is a nuclear process used for determining t)e
concentrations of elements in a *ast amount of
materials,
N?? allo.s discrete sampling of elements as it
disregards t)e c)emical form of a sample2 and focuses
solel+ on its nucleus,
-)e met)od is 7ased on neutron acti*ation and
t)erefore re1uires a source of neutrons,
-)e met)od is 7ased on neutron acti*ation and
t)erefore re1uires a source of neutrons,
-)e sample is 7om7arded .it) neutrons2 causing t)e
elements to form radioacti*e isotopes,
-)e radioacti*e emissions and radioacti*e deca+ pat)s for
eac) element are .ell ;no.n,
"sing t)is information2 it is possi7le to stud+ spectra of t)e
emissions of t)e radioacti*e sample2 and determine t)e
concentrations of t)e elements .it)in it,
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N?? can detect up to @4 elements depending
upon t)e experimental procedure,
Sensiti$it# /pg&g0 Ele"ents
% D+2 Eu
%F%$ n2 Bu2 Mn
%$F%$$ ?u2 8o2 r2 De2 Sm2 K
%$$F%$$$
?g2 ?r2 ?s2 5r2 Ml2 Mo2 Ms2 Mu2 Er2 Ga2 8f2 2 Ba2
S72 Sc2 Se2 -a2 -72 -)2 -m2 "2 V2 H7
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%$$F%$$$
S72 Sc2 Se2 -a2 -72 -)2 -m2 "2 V2 H7
%$$$F%$
4
?l2 5a2 Md2 Me2 Mr2 8g2 Lr2 Gd2 Ge2 Mo2 Na2
Nd2 Ni2 Ns2 Pd2 D72 D)2 Du2 Sr2 -e2 An2 Ar
%$
4
F%$
=
5i2 Ma2 L2 Mg2 P2 Pt2 Si2 Sn2 -i2 -l2 Ue2 H
%$
=
F%$
>
F2 Fe2 N72 Ne
%$
@
P72 S
Esti"ated /etection li"its !or NAA using deca# ga""a ra#s, Assu"ing irradiation in
a reactor neutron !lu& o! 0&01
02
n c"
34
s
30
,
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