ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING MATERIALS

Ref: dekkar & sp seth.

1. DIPOLE MOMENT: p= Qd coulomb-meter
2. Dipole moment is a vector quantity pointing from ve to +ve charge

The
Body-centered cubic crystal structure[edit]


BCC structure
The primitive unit cell for the body-centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure contains several fractions
taken from nine atoms: one on each corner of the cube and one atom in the center. Because the
volume of each corner atom is shared between adjacent cells, each BCC cell contains two atoms.
Each corner atom touches the center atom. A line that is drawn from one corner of the cube through
the center and to the other corner passes through 4r, where r is the radius of an atom. By geometry,
the length of the diagonal is a3. Therefore, the length of each side of the BCC structure can be
related to the radius of the atom by

Knowing this and the formula for the volume of a sphere, it becomes possible to calculate the
APF as follows:



Hexagonal close-packed crystal structure[edit]


HCP structure
For the hexagonal close-packed (HCP) structure the derivation is similar. Here the unit
cell is a hexagonal prism containing six atoms. Let abe the side length of its base
and c be its height. Then:



It is then possible to calculate the APF as follows:





FERRO ELECTRIC MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES:-
Ferro electric materials in which polarization is not unique function of the field strength.
Ferroelectric materials exhibit hysteresis loop analogous to ferromagnetic materials.in these
materials the polarization is not determined by the applied field E alone but depend upon the
previous history of the material.

Even after field zero there exists some polarization this is called remanent polarization.
Spontaneous polarization:-
The hysteresis loop of a ferroelectric material changes its shape as the temperature is
increased. Spontaneous polarization vanishes above a certain temperature called ferroelectric
curie temperature

For ferroelectric materials the permittivity shows a characteristic peak near the curie point T
c
.
Some ferroelectric materials:- Rochelle salt, KDP-dihydrogen phosphate, barium titanate
APPLICATIONS:- used to make capacitors, very thin ferroelectric materials can used in computer
memories.
The memory packing density of ferroelectric materials is comparable to ferrites but their
switching rates are slower than ferrites.
ANTIFERRO ELECTRIC MATERIALS:-
These have no permanent moment because of the geometry of the spontaneous polarization.
The neighbouring dipoles are anti parallel to each other
Ex:- lead zirconate, sodium niobate, ADP.
The permittivity of such materials is generally in the range of 50-150.
Pyroelectric materials:- is one which exhibits spontaneous polarization in the absence of an
electric field and changes its polarization on heating .

All pyro electrics are pyroelectric and piezo electiric . all pyroelectrics are piezo electric, but
the converse is not true . all piezo electrics are not pyroelectrics and all pyro electrics are not
ferroelectrics.