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Subnettin
g 101
By Paul Thurst, on January
28th, 2013 1 comment
More information on IP
networking:
Most radio station networks
that I have seen are divided
along several different lines
based on functions. These
functions are:
Office network; E-
mail, document
storage and retrieval,
printing, applications
like traffic and billing,
promotions, music
scheduling and so on
Automation network;
automation servers,
workstations and
audio editing
machines used in
production
Audio over IP (AOIP)
network; any AOIP
consoles, devices or
STL equipment
Voice over IP (VOIP);
telephone system
Wireless LAN; WLAN
or WIFI
It is helpful, then, to segment
the network into different
broadcast domains to reduce
the congestion on any one
network. That is where a
good subnetting scheme can
be beneficial. Subnets
segment the network into
smaller parts, reducing the
amount of broadcast traffic
and increasing network
speeds by reducing MAC
table sizes, and thus
switching and lookup times.
They also can secure certain
areas of the network from the
outside or other subnets,
adding a level of security.
For example, it may not be a
good idea for the automation
computers or the AOIP
consoles to have access to
the internet. Certain
functions in routers and
switches can be enabled for
that added security.
It is also important to
efficiently use IP addresses
in a large organization where
WANs are used. The better
the subnetting scheme, the
easier it is to understand and
the better it performs.
Avoiding or reducing
discontiguous networks is
key to efficient and speedy
routing. That is an important
consideration where
applications like AOIP and
VOIP are concerned
To really understand
subnetting, it must be broken
down into the fundamental
parts. This pertains to IPv4,
which will likely remain in
use for quite some time. The
big chart, class B networks:
3
nd
octet 4
th
octet CIDR Decimal Wild card Hosts 3
rd
Up
by
Subnets
00000000 00000000 /16 255.255.0.0 0.0.255.255 65,534 255 0
10000000 00000000 /17 255.255.128.0 0.0.127.255 32,766 128 2
11000000 00000000 /18 255.255.192.0 0.0.63.255 16,382 64 4
11100000 00000000 /19 255.255.224.0 0.0.31.255 8,190 32 8
11110000 00000000 /20 255.255.240.0 0.0.15.255 4,094 16 16
11111000 00000000 /21 255.255.248.0 0.0.7.255 2,046 8 32
11111100 00000000 /22 255.255.252.0 0.0.3.255 1,022 4 64
11111110 00000000 /23 255.255.254.0 0.0.1.255 510 2 128
11111111 00000000 /24 255.255.255.0 0.0.0.255 254 1 256
Class C networks
3
rd
octet 4
th
octet CIDR Decimal Wild
card
Hosts 4
th
Up
SubnetsB SubnetsC
by
11111111 00000000 /24 255.255.255.0 0.0.0.255 254 255 256 0
11111111 10000000 /25 255.255.255.128 0.0.0.127 126 128 512 2
11111111 11000000 /26 255.255.255.192 0.0.0.63 62 64 1024 4
11111111 11100000 /27 255.255.255.224 0.0.0.31 30 32 2048 8
11111111 11110000 /28 255.255.255.240 0.0.0.15 14 16 4096 16
11111111 11111000 /29 255.255.255.248 0.0.0.7 6 8 8192 32
11111111 11111100 /30 255.255.255.252 0.0.0.3 2 4 16384 64
11111111 11111110 /31 255.255.255.254 0.0.0.1 0 2 N/A
11111111 11111111 /32 255.255.255.255 0.0.0.0 0 1 N/A
The terms Class B and
Class C networks are
outdated. Basically, I broke
the chart up along a classful
boundary to make it easier to
read.
An IP v4 address consists of
four octets of binary data. A
common example is
192.168.1.154, which in
binary numbers looks like
this:
11000000.10101000.0000000
1.11111110. It is converted to
base ten numbers (dotted
decimal) so that we humans
can deal with it. A typical
subnet mask seen in many
office networks is
255.255.255.0, which in
binary looks like this:
11111111.11111111.1111111
1.00000000. When a router
receives a packet, it does
something called an ANDing
process. When a router
ANDs, it overlays the subnet
mask on the network
address and uses the
following function: 1+1 = 1,
1+0 = 0 and 0+0 = 0. Thus,
in the above example, a
router AND would look like
this:
Dotted Decimal Binary Octets
192 168 1 254
255 255 255 0
192 168 1 0
11000000 10101000 00000001 11111110
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
11000000 10101000 00000001 00000000
The subnet mask is telling
the router to ignore the last
octet, thus saving a bit of
time and processing power.
It may seem very small and
insignificant. When
considering that routers
make sometimes hundreds
or thousands of routing
decisions in a second, even
a small bit of work reduction
adds up quickly. Subnet
masks allow routers to look
at only the layer three
network address, ignoring the
host portion. This takes
advantage of IPs inherent
hierarchical addressing
system and speeds the
process of routing to the
proper destination.
Another way to look at it:
IPv4 subnet chart, click f or .pdf
version
There are three IPv4 address
ranges set aside for private
(internal) use:
192.168.0.0 to
192.168.255.255 /16
172.16.0.0 to
172.31.255.255 /12
10.0.0.0 to
10.255.255.255 /8
Thus, very large networks
can use an internal IP
address scheme in the
10.0.0.0 range and have up
to 16,777,216 hosts, or 2
24
addresses minus two, one for
the network line address and
one for the broadcast
address. That would be one
giant network clogged with
ARP requests, ICMP
packets and other
miscellaneous multicast
messages. A notation of /16
means that 16 bits are used
for the network address, the
remaining address bits are
host bits. A /24 network has
24 network bits and 8 host
bits making the available
hosts 254.
An example of an efficient
network would be a medium
market operation with six
radio station under one roof.
This facility has ten studios
and a news room using AOIP
consoles, a VOIP phone
system, an automation
system, an office network
with an internal file server and
exchange server. The
number of required hosts on
each subnetwork is
Office network,
servers and wireless
hosts: 78
VOIP phone system:
70
AOIP consoles and
nodes: 30
Broadcast automation
system: 22
Given IP address: 172.19.0.0
/22
In most instances, office
networks are usually
installed on one class C
segment, that is to say, the
network mask is
255.255.255.0. However, in
the example above, 254
hosts are not needed on the
office network, thus it can be
divided in half using the
subnet mask of
255.255.255.128, leaving the
other half for the VOIP phone
system. This subnetting
scheme would leave 126
hosts on the office network
and 126 hosts on the VOIP
network. The AOIP console
and broadcast automation
system can be placed on
another class C segment,
using the subnet mask of
255.255.255.192, which
would give each subnet 62
hosts. All subnets would
have room to expand. Each
subnet is isolated from the
others by a router. The office
subnet contains the gateway
to the internet, usually .1 or
.126 (first or last) IP address.
That would look something
like this:
Office network
Line
address
First
available
Last available Broadcast Subnet mask
172.19.0.0 172.19.0.1 172.19.0.126 172.19.0.127 255.255.255.128
VOIP phone system
Line address First
available
Last
available
Broadcast Subnet mask
172.19.0.128 172.19.0.129 172.19.0.254 172.19.0.255 255.255.255.128
AOIP consoles and nodes
Line
address
First
available
Last
available
Broadcast Subnet mask
172.19.1.0 172.19.1.1 172.19.1.62 172.19.1.63 255.255.255.192
Broadcast Automation system
Line
address
First
available
Last available Broadcast Subnet mask
172.19.1.64 172.19.1.65 172.19.1.126 172.19.1.127 255.255.255.192
That keeps the network
segments small but has
room to grow. This is a
diagram of a converged
network:
Radio Broadcast Facility
converged network
With a setup like this,
reliability is the key to a
happy life. The router should
be a good Cisco product with
four or more Fast Ethernet
ports. A second way to do
this would be to have four
routers plugged into a
distribution switch and use
OSPF to route between
subnetworks. The switches
should also be a good Cisco
product, which can take
advantage of port security
options and QoS on the
VOIP and AOIP segments.
VOIP systems usually
require Power over Ethernet
(POE) ports, thus that switch
can be specialized for that
purpose.
Many AOIP systems want to
see Gigabit switches or at
least Fast Ethernet switches
with Gigabit or better back
planes. Any AOIP STL
system can be connected to
the AOIP network along with
other things like AOIP
Tweet 0
remote broadcast and studio
telephone solutions.
Many WLAN access points
can be configured as a
network router and DHCP
server for wireless hosts.
The largest users of the
public (i.e. internet) network
would be the VOIP phone
system and office network.
The broadcast automation
network may also be a if
voice tracking or other
program delivery over WAN is
used.
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Broadcast Engineers
January 28th, 2013 | Tags:
AOIP, IP, network, VOIP |
Category: IT, tech stuff | One
comment
1 comment to
Subnetting 101
Baylink
February 12,
2013 at 8:03
pm
Actually, Class A
networks are /8, B, /16,
and C, /24; the other
sizes of netmask
describe networks that
never had names before
CIDR.
There are still Class D
and E networks, which
actually still exist.

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