1. The purpose of research study is to discover unknown qualities of persons or things.

2. we alter anxiety level to see if responsiveness to pain reduction medication in enhanced.

Anxiety level is the active independent variable.
3. we might want to study the effect of age on weight.
4. We cannot change a persons age
5. we can study people of different ages and weights.
6. you will probably feel good
7. A control variable is a variable that effects the dependent variable.
8. You control for a variable by holding it constant
9. This is a variable that probably does influence the relationship between the independent
and dependent variables
10. we note that this variable might effect our results, and then ignore it.
11. we can operationally define a variable; by how it is measured and by how it is used to
classify subjects.
12. Later we will use specialized terms for how variables are defined (continous or
catergorical) and the nature of the data obtained (nominal, ordinal, or interval).
13. These terms are discussed in Chapters 6 and 7.
14. The second way of defining a variable is to describe how you have classified subjects
(people) into groups or categories.
15. we wanted to study the income levels of single adults.
16. The first researcher is interested in young adults and the second in all ages.
17. we define exactly what we are studying and enable others to understand ouw work.
18. The research question needs to be broken down into smaller units, called hypotheses, that
can be studied.
19. A hypothesis is a statement that expresses the probable relationship between
variables
20. There are two types of hypotheses: descriptive and directional.
21. we use an independent variable, a directional hypothesis is usually needed.
22. The second type of hypothesis is a directional hypothesis.
23. number of stages client has gone through since learning of their condition (attribute)
24. A planned program of counseling interventions will enable clients to achieve low anxiety
levels more rapidly than clients who receive normal nursing and medical care.
25. the hypothesis needs to include the conditions under which the behaviors will be seen.
26. We do not hypothesize if clients anxiety will be lower at other times.
27. We could then operationally define typing accuracy as the number of errors made while
typing for two minutes at a rate of at least 40 w.p.m.
28. we will vary the temperature and humidity and see the effects those changes have on
typing accuracy.
29. We have made humidity the independent variable, and by holding temperature constant it
is a control variable.
30. The percent of the body that is composed of muscle tissue measured by a water
displacement technique.