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0erformance Comparison 1f 2avelet 3ased 4C5 %i-nal
6enoisin-
Chitrangi Sawant*, Harishchandra T. Patil.

Cummins College of Engineering for Women Pune*, PG Student*, Cummins College of Engineering for
Women Pune, Faculty.
chitrangi!!"#gmail.com *, ht$%atil&'#yahoo.com

A 3 % 7 R A C 7
8eart related pro9lems are increasin- da 9 da and 4lectrocardio-ram (4C5) si-nal are ver
important in dia-nosis of heart related pro9lems$ 7here are various artifacts .hich -et added in
these si-nals and chan-e the ori-inal si-nal: therefore there is a need of removal of these artifacts
from the ori-inal si-nal$ 4C5 si-nals are ver lo. fre;uenc si-nals of a9out "$58<)1""8< and
.avelet 9ased denoisin- are ver efficient for noise removal$ %everal e=periments .ere
conducted to sho. the effectiveness of the .avelet denoisin- method and compared the results
.ith the soft and hard .avelet thresholdin- methods$ 7he results are evaluated 9 calculatin- the
si-nal to noise ratio and root mean s;uare error$
Inde= 7erm> 4C5 si-nal: .avelet denoisin-: %&R: RM%4:

I$ I&7R16?C7I1&
The electrocardiogram (ECG) is the recording of the cardiac acti*ity and it is e+tensi*ely used for
diagnosis of heart diseases. ,t is also an essential tool to allow monitoring %atients at home, there-y
ad*ancing telemedicine a%%lications. .ecent contri-utions in this to%ic are re%orted in /0'1. E*en
though these contri-utions are for different %ro2ects, the issue common to each is the use of ECG for
remote monitoring and assistance under different telecommunication %latforms. The transmission of
ECG often introduces noise due to %oor channel conditions. 3oreo*er, there are other ty%es of noise
inherent in the data collection %rocess. These artifacts are %articularly significant during a stress test. The
main sources of such artifacts are4 Power line interference, E3G noise, 5aseline wander noise, Colored
noise, ,nstrumentation noise.
Some recent rele*ant contri-utions ha*e %ro%osed solutions using a wide range of different techni6ues,
such as %erfect reconstruction ma+imally decimated filter -an7s /&1 and nonlinear filter -an7s /81,
ad*anced a*eraging /9,:1, the wa*elet transform /;01, ada%ti*e filtering /<1.
This %a%er %resents different techni6ues of threshold estimation for denoising corru%ted ECG signal
using wa*elet transform. The %erformance of different methods is analy=ed and com%ared using 3,T>5,H
ECG data-ase, contaminated with muscle artifact noise and %ower line interference noise.
II$ MA74RIA@ A&6 M47816%

A. ECG Denoising Using Wavelet Transform

Wa*elet ECG denoising is done -y following three -asic ste%s /'1.
. 2avelet 6ecomposition> ?oisy ECG signal is con*erted into wa*elet domain.
International Journal of Advance Foundation and Research in Computer (IJAFRC)
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<. 2avelet 6enoisin-> Threshold is calculated -y a%%ro%riate threshold rule and significant wa*elet
coefficients are selected -y either hard or soft thresholding.
'. 2avelet Reconstruction> Wa*elet reconstruction is done -ased on selected wa*elet coefficients.
5. %oft and 8ard 7hresholdin-

Significant wa*elet coefficients from different le*els are selected to reconstruct the denoised signal.
Selection of those wa*elet coefficients is done through thresholding %rocess. Thresholding methods are
categori=ed into two grou%s4 hard thresholding and soft thresholding /&1 > /;1. @et denote the
threshold. The hard threshold signal is if > , and is " if < . The soft threshold signal is () (
) if > and is " if < . Performance of the denoising %rocess de%ends on the ty%e of thresholding
method and thresholding rule used for the gi*en a%%lication.
C. 7hreshold Calculatin- Rules

Aonoho has initially %ro%osed de>noising of signals -ased on fi+ed thresholding /91. Here, the *alue of
threshold (t) is com%uted as4
()
where, =MAAB".9:&8
3CA re%resents the median of wa*elet coefficients and n is the total num-er of wa*elet coefficients.
There are four ty%es of thresholding rules mostly used -y different researchers on de>noising
a%%lications /:1.
. 5lo9al 7hresholdin->

This can -e considered a ty%e of fi+ed threshold or glo-al thresholding method and it is com%uted as4
(<)
<. Minima= 7hresholdin->
3inima+ threshold yields minima+ %erformance for 3ean S6uare Error (3SE) against ideal %rocedures.
3inima+ threshold also -eha*es as fi+ed threshold. This method does the 2o- of o-taining a minimum
error -etween original signal and wa*elet coefficients of noise signal and de%ending on it selects a
threshold *alue.
'. Ri-rsure 7hresholdin->
,t de%ends on the SteinDs un-iased estimate of ris7. ,n this rule, ris7 estimation for a %articular threshold
*alue is done. ,t is an ada%ti*e thresholding method which is %ro%osed -y Aonoho and Eonstone and it is
-ased on SteinDs un-iased li7elihood estimation %rinci%le /;1.
&. 8eursure 7hresholdin->
When sure and glo-al thresholding methods are com-ined together, a new rule is formed named as
Heursure threshold rule. Sure estimation method -ecomes worthless if the signal>to noise ratio of the
signal is *ery %oor, then it will show more noises. ,n this 7ind of situation, the fi+ed form threshold is
selected -y means of glo-al thresholding method.

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A. 0erformance Metrics

. Root Mean %;uare (RM%)>The root mean s6uare /81 is calculated as follows 4
(')
<. %i-nal to &oise Ratio (%&R)> 5asically signal to noise ratio (S?.) is an engineering term for the
%ower ratio -etween a signal and noise /81. ,t is e+%ressed in terms of the logarithmic deci-el scale.
(&)
where, () is the original signal, () is the denoised signal, F is the mean *alue, and ? is the total
num-er of sam%les.
III$ R4%?@7%
To test the clinical information %reser*ation 6uality of denoisied ECG signal from the %ro%osed method,
the two channel, 3,T>5,H Crrhythmia data-ase records /!1 are used. To test the ro-ustness of the
%ro%osed method, e+%erimental analysis was carried out with si+ ma2or ty%es of noise *i=. 8" H=, white
Gaussian, coloured, -aseline wander, electrode mo*ements and muscle artifact. ,n this %a%er, only <
ty%es of noise, muscle artifact and 8" H=, results are shown and discussed. ?oise is added to the in%ut
ECG signal which is ta7en from 3,T>5,H Crrhythmia data-ase. The -aseline wander noise has -een
su%%ressed using mo*ing a*erage filter. This signal is treated as the original recorded signal. AWT is
%erformed on this signal which is corru%ted with noise. The %erformances of the methods ha*e -een
e*aluated in terms of .3SE and S?..
Figure shows ECG Signal from 3,T5,H arrhythmia data-ase record "'. Figure < shows the muscle
artifact noise. Figure ' shows the ECG signal corru%ted with muscle artifact noise. 5aseline wander noise
in this corru%ted signal was remo*ed using mo*ing a*erage filter and the AWT of the signal was
com%uted using *arious threshold estimation rules with Gdaubechies and Gsymlet wa*elet family whose
results are ta-ulated in ta-le , <. The -est %erformance was o-ser*ed at le*el < using GDb 2H wa*elet.
Figure & shows the out%ut of hard threshold techni6ue used for denoising muscle artifact noise using
riguresure threshold estimation. Figure 8 shows the 8" H= noise. Figure 9 shows the ECG signal
corru%ted with 8" H= noise. 8" H= noise was remo*ed using riguresure threshold estimation at le*el <
with GDb 2H gi*ing -est results. Figure : gi*es the result of Hard thresholding %erformed on ECG signal
corru%ted with %owerline interferemce using A-< at le*el <. Ta-le ', & shows the *alue of .3SE and S?.
of different ty%es of wa*elet thresholding %erformed on ECG signal corru%ted with 8" H= noise.

Fi-ure 1$ ECG Signal from 3,T5,H arrhythmia data-ase record no. "'
International Journal of Advance Foundation and Research in Computer (IJAFRC)
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Fi-ure !$ 3uscle Crtifact ?oise

Fi-ure '$ ECG signal corru%ted with muscle artifact noise

Fi-ure #$ Hard thresholding %erformed on ECG signal corru%ted with 3uscle artifact using A-< at le*el < and
rigursure threshold
7a9le 1$ .3SE of different ty%es of wa*elet thresholding for 3uscle artefact noise
























Wa*elet
?ame
Thresholding
Techni6ue
GIni*ersalH G3inima+H GHuersureH G.igrsureH
A-< Hard "."";& "."": ".""<9 ".""<9
Soft "."< ".""!' ".""8 ".""8
A-' Hard "."";" ".""98 ".""<; ".""<;
Soft ".""9 "."";; ".""8 ".""8
A-& Hard "."":8 ".""98 ".""'' ".""''
Soft ".""!< "."":! ".""8' ".""8'
A-8 Hard ".""9! ".""9& ".""'" ".""'"
Soft "."";& "."":& ".""&; ".""&;
Sym< Hard "."";& "."": ".""<9 ".""<9
Soft "."< ".""!' ".""8 ".""8
Sym ' Hard "."";" ".""98 ".""<; ".""<;
Soft ".""9 "."";; ".""8 ".""8
Sym & Hard "."":9 ".""98 ".""<! ".""<!
Soft ".""!< ".""; ".""8 ".""8
Sym 8 Hard "."":< ".""99 ".""'' ".""''
Soft "."";; "."":: ".""8' ".""8'
International Journal of Advance Foundation and Research in Computer (IJAFRC)
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7a9le !$ S?. of different ty%es of wa*elet thresholding for 3uscle artefact noise


















Fi-ure 5$ Powerline ,nterference ?oise

Fi-ure B$ ECG signal corru%ted with Powerline ,nterference noise

Fi-ure *$ Hard thresholding %erformed on ECG signal corru%ted with %owerline interferemce using A-< at le*el
<

7a9le '$ .3SE of different ty%es of wa*elet thresholding for 8" H= noise
Wa*elet
?ame
Thresholding
Techni6ue
GIni*ersalH G3inima+H GHuersureH G.igrsureH
A-< Hard <&.!<'9 <9.':8& '&.!'99 '&.!'99
Soft <<.'8!! <&.""!9 <!.!:9 <!.!:9
A-' Hard <8.'"' <:.:& '&.'<;< '&.'<;<
Soft <<.;&<9 <&.8"99 <!.<&&' <!.<&&'
A-& Hard <8.;":' <:.";&< ''."&<& ''."&<&
Soft <&.<'' <8.':"< <;.;" <;.;"
A-8 Hard <9.8<9: <:.<":< ''.;'' ''.;''
Soft <&.;8"; <8.!&;8 <!.:<:< <!.:<:<
Sym< Hard <&.!<'9 <9.':8& '&.!'99 '&.!'99
Soft <<.'8!! <&.""!9 <!.!:9 <!.!:9
Sym ' Hard <8.'"' <:.:& '&.'<;< '&.'<;<
Soft <<.;&<9 <&.8"99 <!.<&&' <!.<&&'
Sym & Hard <8.:<!8 <:."9'< '&.";9: '&.";9:
Soft <&.<" <8.<'8! <!.<&8 <!.<&8
Sym 8 Hard <9.8<' <9.!;! ''.";' ''.";'
Soft <&.&!&& <8.9&:& <;.!&& <;.!&&
International Journal of Advance Foundation and Research in Computer (IJAFRC)
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7a9le #$ S?. of different ty%es of wa*elet thresholding for 8" H= noise










IV$ C1&C@?%I1&

Com%utational com%etence ma7es wa*elet scheme attracti*e. The ma2or o-ser*ation from the set of
e+%eriments is that rigrsure gi*es -est %erformance. ,t is o-ser*ed that %erformance of mini>ma+ J
heursure is -etter than that of uni*ersal.

V$ R4F4R4&C4%
/1 K. Hung, L.>T. Mhang, ,m%lementation of a WCP>-ased telemedicine system for %atient
monitoring, ,EEE Trans. ,nf. Technol. 5iomed. : (<) (<""') "0":.
Wa*elet
?ame
Thresholding
Techni6ue
GIni*ersalH G3inima+H GHuersureH G.igrsureH
A-< Hard &.;9<' 9.8&8 8."!:& 9.;;:!
Soft '.9:! &.;&:' '.;'!& 9."";<
A-' Hard 8.&;<< 8.;!8' 8.&;<< 9.<:8
Soft &.!'8 8.';89 8."8& 8.:8&"
A-& Hard 9."&89 9.""; 9."8:' 9.9<<8
Soft 9."''" 9."9:: 9."'&& 9.';:&
A-8 Hard 8.;'& 8.:<<! 8.!"8 9.&<99
Soft 8.9;! 8.':9 8.:": 8.!:'
Sym< Hard &.;9<' 9.8&8 8."!:& 9.;;:!
Soft '.9:! &.;&:' '.;'!& 9."";<
Sym ' Hard 8.&;<< 8.;!8' 8.&;<< 9.<:8
Soft &.!'8 8.';89 8."8& 8.:8&"
Sym & Hard 9.";"8 9."9' 9.";"8 9.8:!8
Soft 9.";"8 9."!! 9.";"8 9.<:;;
Sym 8 Hard 9.&" 9.&" 9.&" 9.<;<
Soft 9.&" 9.&" 9.&" 9.;!;
Wa*elet
?ame
Thresholding
Techni6ue
GIni*ersalH G3inima+H GHuersureH G.igrsureH
A-< Hard "."<:; "."<<! "."<:" "."<<"
Soft "."'<" "."<:; "."'< "."<&'
A-' Hard "."<8; "."<&9 "."<8; "."<':
Soft "."<:9 "."<9 "."<:' "."<8
A-& Hard "."<&< "."<& "."<&< "."<<:
Soft "."<&' "."<&< "."<&' "."<''
A-8 Hard "."<9; "."<8 "."<9: "."<'<
Soft "."<9; "."<9' "."<9; "."<&9
Sym< Hard "."<:; "."<<! "."<:" "."<<"
Soft "."'<" "."<:; "."'< "."<&'
Sym ' Hard "."<8; "."<&9 "."<8; "."<':
Soft "."<:9 "."<9 "."<:' "."<8
Sym & Hard "."<& "."<& "."<& "."<<;
Soft "."<& "."<& "."<& "."<'9
Sym 8 Hard "."<&" "."<&" "."<&" "."<'9
Soft "."<&" "."<&" "."<&" "."<';
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/<1 C.H. Sal*ador, 3.P. Carrasco, 3.C.G. de 3ingo, C.3. Carrero, E.3. 3ontes, @.S. 3artNn, 3.C. Ca*ero,
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;:!>!<, !!;.
International Journal of Advance Foundation and Research in Computer (IJAFRC)
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/!1 The 3,T>5,H ECG Aata-ase4 %hysionet.orgB%hysio-an7Bdata-aseBmitd-.