s c re N C E

Me n on
the P ill?
8\0
E rne s to
" C h e "
Actual En lish I\\LJ E 01, '
3 I Wonderful World
Exciring news fram arauod rhe
world.
12
1
J allo Lennon. Paul McCartncy. George Harrison and Ringo Starr \Vere as
much a paer of rhe yomh movement of the ' G O s and afFected by ir personally
as Ihey \Vece kcy influences upon ir.
10 I Gadgets
TechnoJ ogy fan? I r rhe answer is yes,
you should check OUt momhly
selection of cool gizmos.
18 I Turquois . R ck of ages
This stone has worked its war inw more conrcrnporar)' dcsigns and can (and
should) be \Voro wirh moce rhan a suede shirt oc head-ro-roe d{'nim.
22 I Did Neanderthals haue red hair?
26 I BIO:El Che
Sornepcople consider him the
ultimare Larin American revolucionary
leader. aman \Vho gave his !ifetu free
[he people of rhe Ameri= from e.s.
imperialism. ers: un s acold-
blooded kil e .
2 I CO-ROMcontents
20 I Iceswimming
28 I MouieReuiew
36 I Oark Chocolate
43 I Raceon two wheels
44 I EnlllishTips &Trlcks
48 I Triuia:
h 11
30 I City guide: Rio de Janeiro ,
We \vem ro Brazil on a long-postponed honeYl11oon, but the reasan we ti
chosen [he destination was for irs 11l1lsic.
34 I Men on 'the pUl'?
At a conference of researchers looking ar the FJ rure of maJ e contr;1Ception,
sorne nagging conccrns pokc dHoUgh rhe rog of scicIlrific jargon.
38 I Storytelling: Araby
"Araby" is olle of fifreen shorr srorics rhar rog:thcr
make up J ames J oyce's 5hort~sror)' collecrion.
Dubliners, which paints a portrait of life in Ollblin,
Ireland. at rhe mm of rhe twcnricrh cenrurr
t s
t e

Actual En lish I SSUE 06

2
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Full uocabulary
& Translations
On the main sereen 01 the CO.ROM you'lI
lind a link to a POF lile that eontains
delinitions and Spanish translations 01 the
Voeabulary words I ram the articles.
A,HI l" r,'nI <tu" ," "
. . ---------

.. . . . . -
--- - . . - - -
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We also include aselection of dictionaries and
translators for )'our \X'indows pe. You can
instaH ,hem direcdy from [he CD.ROM.
The CD also hclps readers improve their
pronunciation, because ir comains the arricles
in audio forn~at.
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The CD presenrs differcnr [)'pesof :lCtivities, fmm c1assicmuI riple-
choice and rrue-or-false exercises ro fun word!iearches.
I nterface .
Our inrcncrive CD.RO!\.1 induJes ;lddirional reaching material tor
cach anide. which aHows n~adcrs ro {cst the comprchcnsioll leve!
rhe}' llave achieved weh lhe [C,'XlS.
Titulo. " fHE SEAflfS" INMEROSArRASADOS Mb:ko : Rf'PI 'PSt'I llaciof>l's. Editoridll's. I n:l'fnilCiondll'5.S.A ~ (V Tel S6Q0.4815 dad de 1.,41'_ :01, fil': 563S.0l)f7 _ E.milll: reiJ<lsm@~~is.com. Desdt
el tnl('fl()f s.iflC~{o: 01-81)0.0055-800 r Algelltina: soI iCJlrI osiI ~ eafJlI '~, pkl.ltos al (01114110,8700 de '0 a 13 ~de 14 a '8, o l&riba a il'(tcres@r~rs.rom IRMto de latinO(lm'rica: ewiba a
ll'Clorel@fedus.l'I 's..ooml([)'ROMI : L osC[).ROl,4,irK 'oJidoi en esta pub (acin alrav'esan un e-stric\oconlrol de calidad. A./gunas.ll'C1oral e_ peor'lll('nlatlprOOlemasen su a~nead6n yno perrMen la COfTK " .a
l1u<a de los CDs, SI lle e-ssu ca;o, por fa,or comulI I quew COl'l~lrO, ak;s tele-looos j' d,recctOn~ que figJI ~n arfllla.1 DI STRI BUI DORES: AI !I " " ~na: Cap~a1:\laceala ~z y Cia. SA, Moreno 794 pi>o
9 (1091). Ciud.!d de Bueno! Airel; I ntenor, DI SA.Ptt. L uis!.affiZ Peha la36, CI udad de 8u~nos Alr~ ItMlico: (I TW S A de O. , Av, del elisto No. 101 (01 XocO'/ahualco Tlalnepantla Estado de M,lico I
Pt>ni:DJsulbuidora Bolivaria~ Av, ~ppulllicade Panalfl, 363 \,3631, San hid,o. lima. t Uruguay. Es.penS,R l" (~a 1416, Moolevideo, I(hilt Orsu'buI dora ViaO~ecTaSA Rlq~ne N" B40, Santii\9',
I l'1:688.7383.1 Bol,lia: Agenda M[JI jl'fN llda., Gel'Jo!fal Acha E.013} .Ce. 462- Cochabamba rel 005914-422-1414.1 VetJelUEla:DiUribuidota C~nlint'fltal Bloque C(' Arma\, EdifI CioBloque de Armas Pl!O
9" . Av San Martln. cruce (oo/iNI Ay la Pal, Carachl Palaquaj': Sl'I eo:cion~S,A.C., Cor)f\I 'l Gracia 115, Aiuncl61l ITod1sI JI malcal nwroonidas son propltdoid de sus re-speaNos dueos, I mprellJ ~n
K ollcr Pre-ss..1ClJpylighl eI X- MMVI I OaJagaSA, Cudad de Buellos Ai~. Argerllina,l E-mail:'}cllJollengli$hCredL lseu,eom_ 1 Hecho el deplsio que marca la ~ J EstapublCaCinno puede ser r~pro.
ducida, ni en lodo n, en parte. ni r~iSlfada Pf1o I ra'" 6lTliridapor un s.i~ll'!T1(1 de rl'(Upoi'liliCf'de informilln, 1'11ningw'I .l forma ni POI ningoo medio. I l'a M'l@'(,\roI (o, lo:oquimico. eleoct1Of1co. magntiCo, elec.
tro6ptico, por fotocopia o cualquier OI ro, s.mel pl'f1T\l'~ple.;o y pOi elCTilode esta (asa e" ilol'lal (el 2007 Mc, Clalc!ly_ TI Me I nlormation strvce-s
RoOOu/la ed. - BuenosA.iles: D.1laqa. 2007. v, 6, AHp" 2(j);26cm, (Actual Engli,h) 11S6NnS.9B7.143o-n911, Educacloo ICDO370
I t / s a matter of attitude
SIX STEPS THAT CAN HELP YOU MAKE A GOOO IMPRESSION
ON THE WEB: www.msnbc.eom
4 IThe handshake sends a strong taetile message. II your
hands are hot and sweaty or cold and c1ammJ ", you can try
some trieks. To cool your hands, try running cold water on
the insides 01your wrists. Use hot water il your hands are
eoo'. II you have sweaty hands, try using antiperspirant as a
lotion.
5 IYour voiee and the volume 01your speeeh convey a
strong impression. You should speak with enthusiasm and
energy.
6 I Your vocabulary revealsyour communieation skills and
ability to interaet with people.
EDl pl oyer;s
Officc
Aceording to a UCLA study, people evaluate one another
using the three V 's: visual (appeara1ee), vocal (voiee)and
verbal (what you say). And about 93 pereent 01a person's
eommunieation effectiveness is determined by nonverbal
communieation. Another study concluded that the lirst 30
seconds make or break the eonnecion between two people
meeting lar 1helirst time. So, here you have some tips:
1 IMake sure you are groomed' and neal. Your c10thesand
aeeessoriesshould be eonservative and neutral.
2 INonverbal communieation sometimes eonveys a stronger
message than verbal eommunieation. Sit up straight, you're
saying volumeS>about you and your conlidenee.
3 I Eyecontaet and smiles can indicate a conlident and
upbeat] altitude.

1 groomed' "or wdl -groomed) having atidy and pbsant appearancc [har is rroducc:d with are 12 say(lng) volumes: (3150 speak vol um~s) If
. .. .. l' h h f &13 upbeat. ful l of hopeo happmc!s
something says/spoks vol urncs, it makcs ;nopinion, charactcnstl c or muanon very e cae Wl t out ( e use o wor .
and good fedings 14 clammy: sricky ;ndsl ightl y wer in an unpl easant way
4
1 hoot: (sJ angl ahighly ~mu~jng persun. llbjl'Cr. or ~j{U:uon I2 stand-up comedy: comedy in which (he pcrrorm~r srands ;llone on srage rdling
jokcs Of srorit'S to an audiencc' 3 elucidate(s): ro cxplain Of chrif}' somcrhing
lVews v'J (J tJ DfRI Ul WQRL[J LEVEL\ INTERMEDIATE/UPPER INTERMEDIATE/ADVI\NCED

aPr.ysical
Sunscreen adds
prOlective layer on top
el skln; relfecls UVl\,
uve sunlight
Sun's rays
IrEPidermiS!
Sunscreen
Dermis
o
Skin
Blocking the sun
Aboul 8,000 Americans dIe
'rom melanoma each year. New labRJs
would cfanfy sunscreen's effectlveness
againsl damaglflg u!(ravjo'et {tiys.
Change lhe label
Pro:osod label changos by the FOA:
FOl,;r-slarralmg systt'rn lor UVAprOlection
uva ... ill :ppe:r alongslda SPF prOlection
Ehminate unsupoorled, mlsleading cltlims
Types DI blDckers
Oo,emical
SUlll\creen penetrales
upper skin; creatas
UVA UVB absorblng
laye
UVB I1IC
UVA
~ou.~w Hnw :c;1trt1 Wr,s, u!'; FOOllw/f Drug MnlniS1'IlIIOn. Sk~ CerCfl' Fru>d.1.k,,,
O'lIP""':~I"'llyltlgl.ng (l 2001IICT
Types
01 rays
UVA raya
Penelrale desp,
",caken tissues:
cause caneer;
no: all
suncreens
protect againsl
hase rays
UVB rays
Only penelra19
epidermis; cause
sunburn; SPF
(sunburn
protecllon lactor)
only prOlecl
againsl lhese rays
uve rays
MosUy blocked
by Earth's
atmosphcre

I A1edtl Kmla
OOOH AND AHHH OVER THESE CREAT FAMILY FlNDS:
Make their PB&J ' the hit of the lunch room with Mobi's desig-
ner san<;lwich bags. These heavy-gauge
2
plastic zip-top bags
feature cool graphics and bright colors ($4.99 for a box of
20). A limited number of designs are
available at the Container
Sto re, or go to
www.mobi-usa.com.
Here you have another
one! Lolita's hand-pain-
ted wine and martini
glasses look nice
enough to be collector's
items. The New Mommy
glass is good for a baby sho-
wer
3
chuckle
4
($21.90),
www.ashleysgiftgallery.com .
GREAT
, PB&J : (U.S.) peamH buuer and di)' I'sandwich) 12heavy-gauge: for heavy coO(ents 13 baby shower: pJ rtr in which ex:pcCtamparmls
fl:-cdvr:giflS for lheir expecred or born child. Ir is popular cradirion in che Unled SUlCS Ol.:'ld in mhcr wlturcs intluenud by American culrurc or
media I 4 ehuekle: aqUicl laugh I 5 FOA: [he Food and Drug Adminimalion, in U.S., ,he federal agelC)' [hu oversees tudr: in nd IhC'sJ .fC't}, of
food and hC'ahh-rdaled produClS in rhe l:nited St;IU:S16unsupported: nOI borne out by evidencc or (,MS 17misleading: Iikcly or dcliberaldy
intcnded to coufme pC'oplC' or givc:,hem afalsc:iJ ea of something
S M A L L B U S I N E S S ?
E X P A N D I T !
A llow us to check il the content D I E X P A N DIT fits your company's I
"
needs , and then receive this leader publication in technology lor 8M B '~
F R E E O F C H A R G E F O R 12 M O N T H 8 I
-------------------~
e x p a n d i l . r e d u s e r s . c o m
'\ :' I ',1 (011) 4110-8700 I 1 us ers hop@redus ers .com
8
Finding a BABYSITIER
THERE ARE LOTS OF PEOPLE WHO WOULD LOVE TO
SPENO SOME TIME WITH YOUR LlTTLE ONES, ANO NOW
THERE ARE MORE WAYSTHAN EVER TO FINO THEM.
ASK AROUND
A neighbor'~ ~ugge~lion can lell you nol only whal ~itter~are in the area, but how
good a job they have done in lhe pa~t.~king people with children the ~me .age
a~your~i~a good way 10 ~tart.
GO WHERE THE YOUNG PEOPLE ARE
Youcan try getting in touch with ~tJ dent and youth group~al churche~and ~yna-
gogue~.
PUT OUT' A CLASSIFIED
11might be Vlorththe inve~tment. ~pecially il you're oflering a long-term po~ition.
LOOK ONUNE
Dozen~01Web ~ites ofler ~itter direorie~. They'lIlet you ~earch lor ~pecial ~kill~.
~uch a~C P R certilication
2
or Spanish fiuency, Free and area-~pecilic site~are ea~y
to find with an Internet ~earch.
Once you have ~omeone'~ name and number, the next ~tep i~linding out whether
you ~hould trU~1them with your kid~.Be ~ure to a~k ~tranger~lor relerence~. and
feel Iree to invite lhem over lor an interview. Youcould even pay lhem to ~pend an
evening with your kid~.while you walch. Daina Klimanis
Mary Kay Bergen, fadng camera,
ma15 with a potential baby-sitter.
HELP ROSES
Waler ro~s well befare the ground
freezes.It's best to apply \he water with a
soaker hose
1
over a period 0130 minutes
10 a few hours.Whenwinter is about to
star!, remove only a few nches01the
twiggyClop growth to prevent snow and
icefromaccumulating.Don'l trim back
5
lhe main stem~elean Ihe ground around
!he roses 01leaves and plant debris' lhat
might harbor? parasites. Spraylhe 51ems
and lhe ground under and \he around \he
roses with a lungicide.Protect Ihe slems
and \he ClOWn 01\he planl by mounding
1
soil six 10 10 inches up lhe canes
9
. Apply
a rose fertil,zeror any balanced lertilizer.
When \he lorsythia blooms,carefully
remove\he winter protection. prunel'
back lhe canes and prune out any light As
new leavesappear. spray roses and the
ground around lhern w~h a lungicide.
RDh m Bj4~/;n
1 put out: pn:pan: and isrue ror public distribution I 2 CPR certiflcatlon: certificarlon in cardiopulmonary rau.scitauon (- medica.lacdons
performcd in an emergency ro make the hc:artand lungs bcgin 10 work agaio) I 3 soaker hose: a IO'W-flowwar.eringdcvice with small holes
throughout the surfacc of che hose:used 10 soak plant beds and garocns I 4 twlggy: very min or fragile I 5 trfm back: CUtdown on; make a
reduction in I 6 debris: fugmenu of someming that has bec:ndestroycd or broken ioto pieces I 7 IMrbor: provide somethinglsomebody with
shdter I 8 mound(ing): form nto a rounded elev:nion I 9 cane(s): the long. hard. hollow $tero of puticular pianESsuch as bamboo. sometimes
used ro make furniture or support other plants in the garden 110 forsythla: an ornamentalshrub whosc bright yellow f10wersap~ar in early spring
befare iu caves 111 prune: to remo\ll:something considered unnecessary or unwanted
~
1NTE R M E D 1,\TE/U PP E R.I NTE R ~ E D 1A TEI A DVA N eE D '~'Mi~~
THE LEFTY MYSTERIES
I N PURSUI NG 'HANDEDNESS', RI DDLE2, SCI ENTI STS
ARE UNLOCKI NG SECRETS OF THE BRAI N.
Plato and Aristotle puzzled over lelthanders, as did
Charles Darwin. What determines "handedress"? Why
are only 10 pereent 01 us lelthanded; and why did the
ratio seem to change over the las! eentury? Are lefties
somehow difieren!, less healthy, more ereative?
With brain seanning and the latest genetic teehnology,
scientists are linally starting to crack] the mysteries.
Lefthanders eally are spee;al, and the ways they differ are
yielding
4
insight into human dive"ity, especially how one
person's brain differs Irom another's.
Searehes lor a lelthanded gene, meanwhile, are untan-
gling
S
the roles 01 nature and nurture
6
in shaping our
behavior, and revealing ever more subtle ways that DNA
can inlluenee but not determine Vlho we are.
"Lefthandedness is eonneeted to a lot 01 neurodevelop-
mental disorders," says Daniel Geschwind, a UCLA expert
VOCABUlARY ,
in what is known as neurobehaviaral genetics. People
w;th autism and schizophrenia are more likely to be lel-
thanded, he says. "But with that risk, there is also gain. "
Look at MIT prolessors or musieians or architeets, he sug-
gests, and you'lI see a sli.htly higher pereentage 01 lel-
thanders than in the general population. Neuroscientists
are beginning to ligure out why.
The brains 01 lefthanded people develop more Ireely in
utero, they say, allowing the organization to stray' more
lrom the standard designo
A large body 01 research shows the majority 01 righthan-
ders follow !he typieal pattern, using the left hemisphere
lar language. Lefthander' brains appear less predietable:
About hall have language abilities concentrated in the
left, 10 pereent in the right, and 40 percent make use 01
various regions on both ~des. I Robm B",lin
1 handedness: [h~r c = ndc = nc y r o p r c = f c = r c he USe' of one hand ay er the or her I 2 r iddle: $()~thing[ har " p uzzling oc c onf using I 3 a" ac k (the
my ster ies): r o f ind a solur ion [Oa probl~m14 y ield(ing): r o sup p ly ar p r oduc e something p ositivc I S untangle(ing): to make a c omp lic ar ed
subjec r oc p r oblem, ar ir s ditTer c nt p ar ts c lear and able r o be unc ler stood I 6 nur tur e: [ he p r op c r ties ac quir ed as a c onsc quc nc e of c he way c hildr en
.:uc =tr eatttl. as [ hey ar e gr owing. esp~iallyas c omp ar r o wim me c lu.r .aetc r isdc s they :lC(' bor n with I 7 str ay : r o mo~.aw,y aimlessly f r om r he r ight
c our se or p lac e I
I
J
10
G d ts High-tech
must-haves
A sman way to move sounC around a house or apanment is with J BL's
nelV On Alr Control 2.4 G Loudspeaker sstem. P lug the tiny transmltter
i n t o y o u r s o u n d m a k e r - a n a u d i o r e c e i v e r , c o m p u t e r , p o r t a b l e m u s i c
player, TV set, whatever. !hen locate the campad, two-way speakers
anY lVhereup to 70 feel awal. (About \350, but spotted at amazon.com
for 1259) www.jbl.com
Usually the smaller and Ilghler a laptop computer Is, the
more It costs. One ultraponable
2
exception tha!'s also
quite durable -wlth a shock resistam 160GB nard drive-
is the Toshlba 5atell te U205-55057, a relative
"bargain
3
" (About ;2.000) www.!oshiba.com
;
LEVELS INTERMEDIATE I UPPER INTERMEDIATE 11
FORGET THE TI ES, THE J EWELRY AND THE GIFT CERTlFlCATES
FOR CLOTHES. WHAT DADS AND MOMS REALLY WANT ARE
HIGH.TECH GADGETS. AND DO WE EVER HAVE SOME SHARP
ONES TO SUGGEST FOR SHOPPERS THIS SEASON?
Perlect lor a light bedside lable is the mooo limex
Alarm (Iock, which is a dock radio thal holds,
charges and wakes up its owner with a docked
4
iPod. (About $70) www.sditechnologies.com
TheWakman S.Series (right) toms
s
a noise.canceling fun<tion
that cutl out about one-quarter 01 surrounding noise. The8GB
memo!)' model comes al a nominal
6
$180, and many are
comparing it .vith he iPod Nano (Ieh). www.sony.net
. .:
i.,.~..
. . , - -
= - - - - - . : ;
1 must. have(s): absolutely ncC('ssary or highly recommcnded lO po~essI2 ultraportable: a subnotcbook (a small and lighrwdght
portable computcr. with most of [he features of a standard nou:book compurcr bUI smallcr) I 3 bargain: somerhing offered 01 bought al
I IC55rhan [he usual price I 4 docked: (compuring) pblced in a cradle Of ba.~estation ("':1. cr. dle fOl a ponable devke thar serv('s to charge rhe
I unir and conocer ir ro orher sources Of d:stinations. ror example, an roo docking stalion charges , he iPod and conm:cts ir ro a compute::r,
I speakc=rsor TV ser) I 5 tout(s): boasr; <, ffer I 6 nominal: reprc=sc=ntingvery [itrle Crnit whc=n compared . . . . irh the actual valuc=receh'ed
,
t _

I By Bill Ervolino
J ohn Lennon. Paul McCartney, George Harrison and RingoStarr were as much a
part of the youth movement of the '60s and affected byit personally asthey were
key influences upon it. Resistance to illegitimate authority. the generation gap
the use of recreational drugs, a freer
attitude toward sexuality and a com-
munal ethos2areall givennewexpres-
sion intheir work.
N 1964, WHEN THE BEATLES FIRST
touched down] on this side of the
Atlantic, few rock 'n' roll bands
wrote their own songs. And the ones
that did, likethe BeachBoysand the
Four Seasons(whosesongswerewrtten and
produced by a team that included former
members of the band), were locked into a
specific "signature" sound fromwhich they
rarelystrayed.
The Beatles would change a11that. With
each new efon, they managed to stretch
and redefine rhemselves and, inthe process,
reinvent rock 'n' roll and change the course
of popular culture.
E,'en today, it's hard to believethat songs as
varied as "Michelle," "Eleanor Rigby," "A
Day in lhe Life," "Heller Skeltel" and
"NorwegianWood" couldbeproduced bythesameband; or lhat
a11of thosesongs, and dorens o C others, would make it to vinyl
during aslunning4 creativebursl that lasledameresixyears.
It wasagland accomplishment, and evelY great a1bumreleased
sincelhe emergence of lhe Beatlesowesadebt 10lheir fearless-
ness
5
, craftsmanshi
p
6 and vision. Their music, along Wilhtheir
altitudes and senseof style, provided a blueprinl for adecade
thal would beunlike any thal aime before it.
"They emered history al amoment when wewele looking for
a new beginning, and lhey picked up the torch," soysDonna
VOCABULARV
- - ~. -
1 generatlon gap: the diffefcnccin attitudes, bchavior. and interests betwecn
peoplc of diffc~nt gcncf<ltion5, cspecially ~tw~n parcnts and their childrcn I 2
ethos: me fi.mdamenral and distincdve characlcr of a group. social context, oc
pcriod of lime. typically cxpresscd in altitudes. habiu. and bdicfs I 3 touch(ed)
down: to and in an aircraft oc spao=craft I 4 stunning: mikingly imprc=ssi'o'c
cspedally in beauty oc excdlencc I 5 fearlessness: (he trail of fcding no fcae I 6
craftsmanship: skill in an occupation O~trade
The Beatles COVERITORY
Gaines, a sociologist and author ("Teenage
Wasteland") ",ho has written about rock
music and social issuesfor theVillageVoice.
"At the time:' Gaines adds, "wewete living
off7 the previous generation's music, and
institutions that wereold, .50s and repressi-
ve. The Beadeschanged and challenged the
order of things, and they did it aesthetically.
They also challenged the authority of the
pattiarchal falnily, giving young people a
distinct voicewith an authority of its own.
And their impact washugebecausethepost-
war generation was so huge. They carne
about at just the right time."
From the early 60 on, the Beades wouId
inhabit an exalted place in the new cultute
they were so instrumental in shaping, and
Lennon quickly became that movement's
leader: arebel, an outspoken social critic, a
lightning roda for controvetsy. His 1966
comment ro areporter, offhandedly9 com-
paring the Beades to Christ, caused an
uproar that Lennon ttied, but failed, to
finesse'. his way out of.
But the insanity only added ro the Lennon
mythology, which continues to this day.
"The irony of it all is that J ohn Lennon is
bigger in death than he was in life," says
journaJ ist Larry Kane, who knew the roc-
ker for 15 years. "And believe me, he was
big in J ife."
7 living off: to de~nd on somebod} 01 somcthing (as asource of financial suppart Of fOI alivelihood) I 8 Iightning rod: somebody who
attrac(s public disapproval 01 criticismo diverting anemia n from orher issues 19 offhandedly: in a caswlly nconsiderare manner, showing lack of
merest in other people in:l wa)' (har sc=e:lUslighdy lude 110 finesse: to deal with a situalion oc a ~rSJ n in a skilful and onen slightly dishoncst
way 111 lar out: excellent, e:uremely geo<.! oc enjoy blc; unconventional or avant-garoe 112 upheaval: grear change, espccially causing 01
involving rnuch difficulty, activity or trooolc= 113mellotron: an dc=etronk keyboard imtrument in whie:t each key eontrols thc=playbaek of a singlc=
pre=.rc=corded musical sound 114 wooclwinds: musical instrurnc=ms whieh produec= sound by the plarer blowing into thcrn, through a recd, Of
across an opening. Woodwind instrurn:nts ndude rhe rc=corder. flute. piccolo, darinet. oboe. cor an~ais and ba.ssoon 1 15 brass: musical
instruments madc= ofbra.ss such as trurnrers and trombones. considered as a graup (oftc=n usc=d in thc=plUNll
-
L EV E L 5: U PPER-I NTE R M E DI A TEI A DV A NCE DI PROFI CI E NCY
M e e t t h e B e a t l e s
They per f or med f or t he l ast t i me mor e t han 30 year s ago,
but t he Beat l es r emai n popul ar . Fr om t he si mpl e " Lov e M e Do" t o t he
sophi st i eat ed songs on " Abbey Road,"
John, Paul , Geor ge and Ri ngo gav e v oi ee t o t he ' 60s and pav ed t he way
f or gr eat er se/f -expr essi on by t he gener at i ons t hat f ot l owed.
Sou n : : e : -r h e B e s t i a s For e v e r " b y Nl c h ol a s Sc h a f f n e r , -r h e Ul t i m a t e En c y c l op e d i a of Ra c k " , K RT Ph ot o Se r v i c e
C2001 K RT
I n 2003, when M TV and V H 1assembled apanel of writers,
music criticsand musicians roput together their listof the "100
Greatest A 1bums," ,he Beatleswerewell-represented, with their
groundbreaking "Sgt. Peppers L onelyHearts Club Band" cloc-
king in'6 at No. 10; their most haunting album, "Revolver," at
No. 1: and three others, "Rubber"Soul," "A bbey Road" and
"The Beatles" (ak a"The Wh,<A 1bum"), at Nos. 6, 8and 11,
respecrively.
VOCAB ULARV
"1 must confess, when the Beatles finished
around abour 1970, 1thought, 'OK. We've
done jolly17well,''' saidThe Beatles produ-
cer, George M artn, by phone last week
from his L ondon home. "1didn', honestly
think I 'd still be talking abour them 30 or
40 years latero1,houghr inrerest would gra-
dually peter out' . Bur ir does seem -and
16 c1ock(ing) in: (idiomaric) to b e rnelSured al 117 jolly : friendly and cheerful. especially in a heany 01 exub erant way 118 peter out: to
dwindle and finally HOp Of disappcar
16
The Beatles COVERSTORY LEVELS: UPPER.INTERMEDIATE/ADVANCED/PROFICIENCy
T H E
~ 4Wha! Is R,,19OStarr's real name?
~5What was their flm ~ngIe?
~6Whlch British honor did tIle _ receivo?
~ 7What vear was the group dlssolved?
~8_ yw Joh\l ~ _,,!ed?
H o wm u c h
d o y o D k n o w
ab o u t l h em ?
Sorne questions to test
your Beatles knowledge:
Ol;fj~"8 OL61:'L
(S96I ) OJldw3
4Sll!J8 al! j O JapJO :'9
I l961) .00 'w "'01"
:'S "ll"'I S PJ1!lPI ~'.
~L:' (SltaaM
61) .,pnr !'H" ;'l
(splJO:lQS
l) ,fi lsa!.w JOH" :'1
UMSUY
el
've gotten qui te used to thi s- eaeh genetati on. as i t
comes along. fi nds Beades musi o out for themselves,"
Li ke hi s band mates, Lcnnon conti nued rowri te and
record aftet the Beades' demi se
19
, Wi th ,he Plasti e
Gno Band. Len non would eonti nue rotop the eharts
from 1970 to 1975 wi th sleh songs as "lnS!ant
Karma," "Whatever Gets Youlbrough theNi ght" and
hi s posr-Bcatles si gnature, "I magi ne."
By the ti me of Lennon's death i n 1980, the Beades.
though S!i ll reveretl. wereancen! hi srory, And Lennon
-who had 'pem years detoxi ng from the sprawli ng'O
legend hehad co-ereated i n thepubs of Li verpool, the
smoky basemems of Hamburg and the srudi os on
London's Abbey Road- had only recenrly completed
"Double Fantasy." the landma,k album that would be
the laS! released i n hi s :i feri me, Even though the rop-
selli ng roek group of al!ti me haddi sbanded
21
10 years
earli er, all Beades fans knew -Of thought they kne\\'-
tha, john, Paul. George and Ri ngo would one day
sharethesameS!ageagai n. i f only for one ni ght. i f only
for one song, for chari ry. perhap.\. or some i mponam
poli ti ca! cause. or si mp:y for old ri mes' sake. Lennon's
death provi ded closure rothe Beades. but nO[ theki nd
hi s fans had hoped fOL AE
VOCA~ULA~Y
19 demise: [he cnd of sOlTlt1:hi ng I hat USctl lO exi .~(. cspeci ally when jI
happcns 510wl)' anJ prcdi w.bly 120 sprawl in g: sprl'",ldi ng OlH carcle;,I }"
(as if wandcri ng) 1I l di lfcrent di recti ons I 21 d isb an d (ed ): tohreak 'JP
as J group or organi udon, or Ci mea group or organi z.:ui on tobreak up
Trivia
I t Nas many years ago that theBeatles' last album, "Le!I t Be," was re!eased i n
theUni tedStales i n May, about theFabFour's
li nal offeri ngl
b. Phi l Ramone
d. Phi !Spector
1I ln what year was "Let I t Be" released'
a.1964 b,1968 c.1970 d,1973
2 1 Thealbum was reeorded 3 year earli er, then
shelvedtemporari ly andlater re-produced by what
produci ng legend?
a. Eddi eKramer
c. SamPhi li ps
31 Whi ch01 these songs i s NOTi ncludedon Let I t Be?
a, "Oh! Darli ng" b. "Two01 USO
c. "Anoss TheUni verse" d." Get Back"
41 TheI yri es "Thewi ldandwi ndy ni ght I That therai n
washed away" arelromwhi eh "Le!I t Be" song?
a. "1 MeMi ne"
b, "TheLongAndWi ndi ng Road'
c. "Di gI t"
d. "LetltBe"
5I How many albums hadtheBeatles releasedpri or to
Let I t Be?
a. 10 b. 12 c. 18 d. 22
Z O"S ',ProM 5u!PU!M PU'v' 5001 a41, O"to'',6u!lJ eO 140, "'v' O[ 'J ocadS 1!4d"O"Z 'O L6l 0)
J
RedUSERS
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~--------
This lealher and turquoise
bracelel leatures a sterllng
coin as lhe c1asp4, $9S,
Leddy's Ranch al
Sundance.
Designer Barbara Bixby
adds a layer 01 resin over
her turquoise to (reate a
shimllH!rypoollike effect
5
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The laceled stones are sel
inlo slerling sUver,$3,3S0,
www.bixbydesigns.com
.california designer Devon
Leighcombines gold
vermeU6 links and
wirewrapped pieces 01
turquoise lar a o".,..,l-a-
kind
7
loole.$2S0,
1 worked (Its) way: 10 advance in a process or nrueture I2 su.de: leathcr, especially thc slcin of a young goal. with the flesh side
rubbcd (O mue a vd~ry nap I3 strand: a length of strUng pearls or beads. especiaUy when twisted )jitea tope I4 dasp: a small metal
device which is used 10 listen a bell, bag or a piccc: of jcwellery I5 shlmmery poollik ffect: ashinoiog dfect. ilte the rcfleaion of
Iighr on me:water in a pool I6 y.rm.U: a liquid oomposition applied to a gilded surf.lce 10 givc lustce lOche gold I7 one-of.a.klnd:
a unique c::u.mple I8 bead(s): a small oolored anen round picc:c o E pwtic. wood. gWs. nc. with a hale through il.Ir is usw.Uy pUl on a
miog with a J ot of amen 10 mili jcwdltry I9 Interspened: placW a[ intcrvals amoog othcr things 110 chunky: describes clothes
mar are thick and havy. Ol jcwcllcry matk of 'arge pieces
What happens in the body
_~ .~ F ~---.
Science O'f9I!.i'liriJi...J:.~l '.' .: '. ~ I NTERMEDI ATi'~' UPPER I NTERMEDI ATE:
Sauna use is
common, cycling
from sauna into
water and back
J Sympathic nerve
)
system is activated,
offering a pain-reducing
effect
.1 * . '
....~.._------- ~

Stress hormone
level rises
(noradrenalin,
kortisol)
Pulse slows down
Skin temperature lalls
Blood vessels contract, blood pressure rises
Blood circulation increases
WHEN SWI MMI NG I N I CE COLO WATER, PEOPLE RESPOND TO THE COLD
SHOCK WI TH ENERGETI C STRESS; THI S KI NO OF STRESS TRAI NS THE BOOY
ANO MAY I NCREASE I TS MOBI UTY ANO CAPACI TY
ICE swimming
Therapeutic effects
May build resistance to
diseases such as flu
May relieve symptoms
01arthritis
Strong anti-depressant
effect
May help high or low blood
pressure sufferers
May help in sufferers 01
chronic gastrointestinal
diseases
Ice swimmers recommend swimming
regularly (al least 2-3 times a week)
lor these effects
02007 MCT
Source: Winler swinvning clubs in Fmland,
Denmark, Canada. ~arish magame Helse (Healthl
Graptllc: J utta Schetbe, Majbrit Hoyrup
VOCABULARY
1~I ood v~l(s): (anatomy)n:f~rring(O anyvnsd inwhichblood iscarried, suchasarteries, capI Juies oc mns 12 dip: abrief
swlmoc abncf downward dope followcd byan u~_..I une:13 depleted" --J
u
.. ' . . (~-'I j' f
t'........... . fa! ~ 10 SlZC Of amount csr- y supplCS o encrgy;
raourccs Of s~mil.u)14 chill(ing): 10(causelO) become rokj but nO[ frccu15 shiver(lng): to mmble oc shili sligbtl b2wc: of
cold.fear.oc .lI nc:ss 16 relieve: lOend, I es:sen.oc providc atemporal}' break from somerh.ing unplcasant uch . h Y .
oc borcdom s asp;un, ungcf, tcnslOn.

W H A 1'8 N E W I H O W 10 C H 008E I H O W M U C H 10 P A Y
r - . ~-:- 1' , '' !- - - r =- - .
l i I S P I C I A l 'H i G A m S I I . ': . ~ ~ ~ ! I 1, ' , , ' ". :
'. I , I '"'''' l E . , .jO I I Y I 1'; ~
~ uaA a. LO I '. ~ ~ ~ ~ ="I ~ '. ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ . : : ~ ~ __ a ~ ~ ~ t: , : ~
I ~ f~jJ.i '~ ~ ~ ~ J I
1
1' ) - !!: ), . ' ~ ~ ;: ". t: ;: ~ ~ . : ~ . I ~ ;
!~;)[.'.Ji r!. ~~~.~~~.~, ., aE J l l I \J "!
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~ ! G E l 11 F O R F R E E E V E R Y M O N I H
: F 1LLI N T H E W E B F O R M A N O . . .
i . . . E V E R Y 30 Q A Y S Y O U W l l L B E T H E F I R S T U N E T O R E A O T H E N E W I S S U E
~ 11'8 F O R E V E R !
i Y O U W l l l l M P R O V E Y O U R T E C H N O LO G Y S H O P P I N G DE C I S I O N
~
~ Y O U W I LL K N O W H O W M U C H 10 P A Y . . .
.i : . . . A N D W H O M 10 B U Y F R O M ~
~W H A T A RE Y ,OUW A I T I N G F OR? A F T E R A l l , I T 18 C OM P l E T E l Y F R~
i ts. r eduse. r s. com
Actual En lis!? I
,
1
/., c'
I By Faye Flam
Did
NEANDERTHALS
h av e r ed h a i r ?
I N AN UNPRECEOENTEO FEAT1 OF FORENSI C
ANTHROPOLOGY, EUROPEAN RESEARCHERS EXTRACTED
ENOUGH ONA FROM TWO NEANOERTHAL SKULLS TO
SUGGEST THEI R OWNERS SPORTE02 RED HAI R ANO
WHI TE SKI N BACK WHEN THEY WERE Al/VE 43,000 ANO
50,000 YEARS AGO.
T
HE HAIR COLOR Of HUMAN;1Y'S CLO~ESTRELATIVEMIGHT
sound ttivial but the finding. announced in Friday's issue
of the journal Science. stunned
3
amhropologists with the
sheer" power of genetics ro reveal what Neanderthals really
looked like. and how they behaved. And that. sornesal'. will change
the way humanityviews itselE
"Weare building an image of these Neanderthal people -their physical
aspects, cognitive abilities, metabolism, immuniry. The range is
enormous." said Caries Lalueza-Fox of Batcelona. an author of the
papero
The same teamannounced that Neanderthals and today's humans
share agene associated with language.
Vntil now. our understanding of Neanderthals was limited mostly ro
bone structure and anifac(s. We knew they used stonc tools, wece
stockier' than weareand had ptominem brow ridges6.
Only in the last sevetal years hasgenetics technology advanced enough
ro read the much-degraded DNA lodged in Neanderthal bone cells.
"My feeling isthis will revolutionize the study of human otigins." said
Harold Dibble. acurator at the Vniversity of Pennsylvania Museum of
Archaeology and Anthropolog)'.
Sciemists found the first Neanderthal fossils 150 years ago in
Germany's Neander Valley.Sincethen. enougli fossilssurfaced to show
their lineagebtanched off7fromours abour 500.000 years ago. in
Africa. lt's arelatively recemsplit compared to the one our lineage
made from the chimpanzees' line. around 6 million years back.
Both human amI Neanderthal [ineagescominued ro evolvebigger
brains after parting ways. The Neanderthals left behind stone tools.
and they almost certainly used fire. but they wem extinct about
17.000 yearsago. after aconsiderable overlap withour own species.
Amhropologists generally consider Neanderthals ro behuman, a
member of the human family that mal' or mal' not have imerbred
8
with our ancestors.
Bur in the late 20th eemury the field split over just how similar
Neanderthals were to us, said Dibble. He calls the rwo factiOlsthe
"smart Neanderthal eamp" and the "dumb Neanderthal camp".
The "dumb" camp saysNeandenhals weresignificantly lessintelligem
than modern man despite acomparable brain size. They lacked
language and complex social order and couldn't possibly have
imerbred with our ancestors.
The "smart" Neanderthal eamp says they had comparable imelligence
to us, they talked. and otherwise
behaved likehuman beings.
Toget past that impasse
9
a
group of scientists led by Svame
Paabo of the Max Planck
Insdtute of Evolurionary
Anthropology in Germany
started artempting to sequenee
Neanderthal DNA. aventure
many regarded asalong shot'o.
Mmt Neanderthal bones are
badil' comaminated with bacteria
and human DNA. so the
rescarchers used freshsamples
retrieved with gloves. masks and
other prec3utions, said LaJueza-
Fox.
Neanderthal DNA is likely to be
99.5 percem demical ro ours,
[he expens sayoIn contrast,
chimpanzee DNA isabour a96
percem to 98percent match.
Lalueza-Fox said the team
decided ro focus on askin
pigment gene, called MC 1R,
because ir was rclated ro one
known direrenceberween
Neanderthal and modern human
history: Neanderthals left for
Europe and the Middle East
sorne400.000 years ago while
Que ancestors stayed in Afeica
until about 50,000 years ago.
In Africa. theres huge
evolutionary pressure to retajo a
certain version of this gene that
promotes dark pigment, hesaid.
Anyone with agenetic mistake
that interfered with that would
be left vulnerable to sunburn and
VOCABU~"Y ; . .' .
1 f eat : ; notable achievcmt'nt I 2 spor1(ed): to W c : : l .ror display (a dLnincrive item) I 3 st un(ned): . to shock. sur~Jiseo, amau=so~e~y
I4 sheer : USl'li to emphasiu= how very r;reat. important o. powerful a qualiry or feeling is 1 5 st oc kl er : comparan.ve of srocky (ad,ecuve t~t
describes a persono especially aman. \\ihoS('body is wide across me shoulders and chest and who is short) 1 6 brow ndge(s): The su~raorbnat
rid&e. supraorbiul torus. supcrciliary ridge, arcus superciliaris. or brow ridge. f(:fcrto a ~my ridgc loc,tcdabove the .eye sockcts o~a11.pnma~es.In
Homo saricO! sapiens (modern man) the eyehrows are lo(;ated on their lowr:rmargin 1 1 hneage: a sc-qUI."Il:e ~f Specles each of whlch IS ~"sldr:red
lO have evolved from its predecessor I 8 br anc h(ed) off: 10 form a hranch or l sep:uatr:Plft; ro diverge 1 9 ant er br ed: past tense ~f.lflterb~d
(to produce offspring by m:ning wirh l member of l difTerentbrecd or spt.'dcs) 1 10 impasse: a situ;nion in ,... hich furthct devdopmcm ISImposslblc
24
Aetlfz! En l i s ; '
skin caneer. Bur in Europe, variations of this pigment gene can thtive
"
and
even f1outish, sinee light-skinned people more efficiently produce vitamin O in
relatively northern regioos. One varianr of che gene, foc example, is common
among Irish people and leads ro red hait and pale, freekled skinU
Lalueza-Fox and
colleagues found a
dilTerenr variant of the
same gene in their
Neanderthal samples.
Bur how do they know
chis new variant led ro
red-haired, white
Neanderthals? Both the
Neanderthal and
modern versions hold
the reeipe for asimilatly
disabled version of a
protein, said Hopi
Hoekstta, an
evolutionary geneticist
at Harvard Univetsity.
Scienrists wereabIe ro
artificially reproduce the
Neandetthal vetsion of
this protein in the lab,
she said, thus
demonstrating that it
wotked the same way as
the one found in sorne
modern redheads13.
Another muration in
the MD 1R gene turned
up in wooly
mammoth
'4
DNA, she
said, suggesting that
mammoths may have
been blonde.
To make sure they
weren't aecidentally
studying their own
DNA, the researchers
sereened 3,700 peop!e,
including themselves, ro
bolster15 thei t casethat
rhis was OOt just arare
human genetic variant
bur auniquely
Neanderthal one.
Modern
human
(Horno
sap;ens)
C2006MCT
Sourc e:
Eneyc l opaedi a
Britannica.
Ameri c an
Museumof
Natural Hi stc ry,
BBC Channa 4
Grapric:
Pal Carr,
Lee Hutteng
\, .

Larger, thicker
knee
Shorter, more
f1attened lower
leg bone
Larger ankle
joint
Larger shoulder joint
Lower, larger skull
Larger browridge
Neanderthal s and modern humans
Recent research suggests that Neanderthals, the most :ecent
archaic humans, lived at least 2,000 years later than sClentlSts
had previously thought.
How they c ompare to us
Fossil evidence suggests that Neanderthals
were muscular, with broad shoulders
and strong limbs Neanderthal
(Horno neanderthalensis)
~
VOCABULARV
11 thrive: to grow or devdop wdl or '/igorously; prosperof10urish1'2 freckled skln: skin COVCrN "';th small brownish spms due lO augmented
mdanin production thu incre.ascin num~c and intensity on eXp06ucete sunlight 113 redhead(s): so:nebody. who h2Sreddish-eolorro haic 1
14
woo'y mammoth: (also spdled ..... ooJly mammorhl a very hairy mammoth, Mammu[hus primigtnius, widesprcJd in coldec regions of thc
NorthC'rnHemisphcIC'during rhe PJdst~ne perio<!1 15 bolster: support oc strcng[hC'n
One of the traits tltat rnost fa:;cinates
scientisrs and rhe puhlic alike is Ianguage.
l",'lstweek. the sallH.:group rouchcd on 16
rhe hig speech ~uestion hy showing
Neanderthals share with us a .,pecific
version of a gene called FOXP2, which has
bcen associatcd with language.
Wc hurnans appear to carry a uniquc
vcrsion of this gcnc, difTcrent frorn those
found in other animals, including chimps.
A few years ago, gClleticists found that
people with a mutarion in rhe FOXP2
gene suffered from a language deficit.
Some speculared rhar FOXP2 ,hercfore
played a key role in endowing
17
humanity
with the capacity tu create complex
Ianguages.
Bur rhe Neanderthal DNA shows they toO
shared rhe human version of this gene.
The researchers don't claim this as
cvidence Neanucnhals talked. sincc we
don't know exactly how FOX2P
contributcs ro our Ianguage apacity or
what other genes are involved.
BlIt rhe newfoulllj18 ahiliry ro compare
our gcnes to [hose of ()Urextinct relarives
could offer powerful new clues to
Neanderthallanguage and much cisc as
well, said Lalueza-Fox. "Our conception of
ourselves will be complerely different."AE
VOCABULARV I
16 touch(ed) on: romemion ~ subjecr hridly ""hen
speaking or writing ;thtHH ;tllother su!Jjecl I 17
endow(ing): ro prnvide wirh somerhing freel)" or
n;ttur;lly 118 newfound: recently di!ClWered (lf rner
:...:, =l~ ..J ~~':F j TE:-r.1Eor:....TE ~D.'- 'CEC)
Rewrite each sentence so :hat it contains the word
in capitals, and so that thE meaning stays the same.
a) "My feeling is rhis will revolurioni1-e rhe study of
human origins."
MIND
b) The same team announced that Neanderrhals and
roday's humans share a genc lSsociatcd widl languagc.
COMMON
e) Only in the lasl several years has geneties teehnology
advaneed enough to read rhe mueh-degraded DNA
lodged in Neanderthal bone eeUs.
UNTlL
d) Both human and Neanderrhallineagcs continued ro
evolve bigger brail15after parring ways.
WELL
e) One of the traits lhat moS! fascinates scientisrs and
rhe puhlic alike is language.
AMONG
f) We humans appear to cmy a unique version of this
gene, differel1l fmm rhose found in other animals,
including ehimps.
UNLIKE
.:.UAI'!'11JOUOlU~~n t Lun Ol.-dm nrNln~_ '1:dw!'P iu!P"f'U1 "J'W! . .I::Itpl:I l[!lun O
~I~:J!lqnd:H{1 po.r- 11'!IWP' :OINpn:J *'Ul l"ll n!,,1I :0'11iuuwt ~ :amllur] (:o
~t iu!uro,J;l1Jl' ru[Uq ,J;I'iJiI'l""'lU<U 01 p:onU1J.lOO ~ulJ l"l~e;oN SI IP'" SI 'U1'WTlH 11'
'tpJ:ouoq I"tJU='PUf:oNU! ~pnj VNO p:oproi:op
-'P""" :OIP F-' 01 qinou:o p;nu~,OIo1"ulf"'1n!l'IJ:>' 1rq u=( I "~"' " :OIPl!,un I>JUsr.. '1(:>
.:>lbm:ilU"[ "l'!" P:O'~ '1
'PI""" "''''''lUID "! :ou:olIt:lMll ,urr.un'l ',,("J'01 pul ~"I'lJ ;Ipue>N '"'11 ~lI00Ullt 1U'<;>':OW"':O'Ulq
.,ip" ."'n'l JO.c.nlS:otl :Rjll",!lIl["""" 11"" '1'1' 'pU!W(w 0.1. (t
:A3)1l:1~M'iN'If
ON THE CD AUDIO ARTICLE & MORE EXERCISES
25
26
El Che
The ultimate Latin American
E OLUTIONARY
LEADER
ORTY YEARS AFTER HIS DEATH, NEW GENERATl ONS REGARD
ErnestoChe Guevaraand his familiar beard and
beret3as mostlya fashion statement.
Argentine-born Guevara began his young adult-
hood as a medical student but soon abandoned
that pursuit for the life 01 a hard-Iine communist soldier.
He played a key role in the communist takeover' of
Cuba, earning the rank 01 'comandante' and the Cuban
citizenship for his successon the battlelield.
Guevara held a variety 01 high-ranking positions in the
Cuban government -during a stint
S
as president 01 the
National Bank01 Cuba, currencyon the islandwas print-
ed with the signature "Che"- and tried to foment com-
munist rebellions in other nations. Guevara was cap-
tured, and executed, in Boliviain 1967, at age 39.
Guevara's image has appearedon T-shirtsand
other garments lar years, but his status as a
cultural icon has taken on new signilicance
sincethe 200' lilm "The Motorcycle Diaries,"
which lollowed the Argentine's journey
around South America belare the revolution.
Increasingly, when young Latinos wear his
image, older Cuban-Americans are offended,
to the point 01 shouting matches
6
that threat-
en to erupt into fistfights
7

One recent afternoon, 73-year-old Carlos

Barberiawas waiting lar a bus in Union City,
N.J ., when he spotted
8
a GuevaraT-shirton a
sidewalkrack. Hebought the shirt and prompt-
Iysetit on lire with a burning newspaper.
"Che Guevara killed my lather," he told a
police officer, explaining his outburst
9
. "He
hadmylather shot byaliring squad in Cuba."
Many young people "don't even know who
Che was, but they wear his T-shirt because
they think it lcoks cool. "
For others, wearing a Guevara garment is
more than lashion. It's a statement. "El Che
is a revolutionary symbol," said Douglas
Fuentes, 3B. "And I consider mysell a revolu-
tionary." In 2004, "The Motorcycle Diaries,"
a lilm about Guevara's lormative years,
received a standing ovation at the Sundance
FilmFestival, becausehe is still considered an
icon 01Ireedom. AE
UPf lR I~ ERMEDI"f[ 27
SOME PEOPLE CONSIDER HIM THE ULTIMATE' LATlN AMERICAN REVOlUTIONARY lEADER. AMAN WHO GAVE HIS
UFE TO FREE THE PEOPLE OF THE AMERlCAS FROM U.S. IMPERIAUSM. OTHERS SEE HIM AS A COlD-BlOODED
KllLER. THE MAN WHO RAN FlDEl CASTRO'S FlRING SQUADS2 AFTER THE TRIUMPH OF THE CUBAN REVOlUTION.
Che Guevara
A Latin American guerrilla leader and'communist revolutionary, Che Guevara became
a hero to the New Lelt radica/s 01the 19605 and 19705; he died 40 years ago,
1997 Remains lound in
Vallegrande, Bolivia; laid to
rest in Santa Clara, Cuba
02007 MCT
Source:"A Dictioflary ot Modern Revolulion" by Edward
Hyams. Global Security. SBe, MCT Pholo Service
Graphic: J utta Scheibe, Mcrten Lyhne
I
t1967Tries to export Cuban
communism to Bolivia. gets
captured and executed by Bolivian
army in La Higuera on Ocl. 9
1965 Leaves
Cuba lor Congo
lo begin guerrilla
operations
Today
Still a cult ligure
worlwide;
Alberto Korda's
photo 01him
has received
wide
distribution and
mod~icalion.
appearing on
T-shirls, protesl
banners
1961 Cuban
minister 01
industries in
Castro's
government
1959 Che becomes
Cuban cilizen;
appointed president
01Nalional Bank 01
Cuba
1953 Medical
degree lrom
Universily 01
Buenos Aires
Che Guevara's
movements
between 1953 and
1956; including his trip
norlh to Guatemala. his
stay in Mexico and his
journey east by boat to
Cuba with Fidel Castro
and other
revolutionaries
~~:":l~;,JJ,t ..""J ~
revolutlonafles '
under Fidel Castro participates in Castro's
guerrilla war against
Cuban dictator Batista
1928 Born as Erneslo Guevara de
la Serna in Rosario, Argentina
1 uftimate: most extreme or imponaot bccausc C'ither lhe original or final. or rhe besl ot worst I 2 firing squad(s): squ;d of soldic:rs or
p.aramilitarics dcuilcd 10 execlltc someone, usually by rifleshot I 3 beret: a lar round soft har, usuaUy WIKlicll. wirh .1 tighr-firting headband 14
takeover: the sC'izurc of control of a country or organiution by using forceI5stint: a fixaior limir~1 pcriod of rime spenr doiog a panicular
job or activiry I6 shouting match(es): whcn two Of more people shout ar ane anather in a son of shouring competidon 17fistfight(s): a
flghr in which bare fhu are ll~ed I8 spot(ted): tO seeor dctcct somchody or snrncrhing suddenly I9 outburst: a suddcn display of mong
entodon
J\,folJze Review JvfolJte Revzn,{J Movie J
Fifteen minutes with
Morgan Freeman
HE SAYSHE'S BEEN RECOGNIZED ALL OVER THE WORLD, AS fAR
N1/AY AS SOtJll1 AFRK'..A. GET roKNO\X' A Lrnl.E BIT MORE
ABOUfTHE MAN \VHO MADE HIS F1R.'iT-EVERVlsnTO A TARGET
,roRE 11 AT 69 YFARSOLD:
Evcryone. ir sc..-eI11S. loves Morgan Frccman (cvcn rhose pt.~-
pie who think ,ha, hc's Samud L. Jaekson).
In "10 Iteros oc Lcss," he plays an unnamcd actor whois cle-
arly modelcd aftcr Frceman himself. While rcsearching a
role, rhe :temc finds himsclf stranded among civilians in Wo(-
king-dass Los Angeles.
Wherever he goes, from a grocery srore roa caewash roa
trailee pack. he's grcetcd as a frjend. Morgan Freeman
In a recent phone inrerviC\V, Freeman said mI[ arree playing characters from a
pimp12 (in "Sm=crSmarr") ro a presidem (in -Deep Impaet
tl
) 10 a chauffeur (in
"Driving Miss Daisy") ro God (in "Bruce Almighty"), ir was arare chance ro be him-
sclf, in severa! senses of the termo
In ane scene, the character makes his first-evcr visit ro aTarget s(Ore where he's ama-
zcd at the low prices. Freeman says he hall never heen (O aTarget until he f1ImeJ
that scene. When )'ou' re Morgan Freeman, a four-time 05car nominee and winncr
foc "Million Dallar Baby," privacy is (he mast precious commodity.
"There are places Y0l! can be where there are crowds, and every single one of them
has a camera: bccause mere are cameras in cel! phom.-s now. Suddenly, you'rc aD
evento That's only fun for the first few times. and [hen it becomes intrusive 13. It
becomes problematic in rrying to move around as a normal person."
Freeman acknowlcdgcs mat fame has its advantages -in passing through Customs
or wriggling out 14of speeding tickets- but he's gratcful for the chance ro cave it
behind and ,elax with his wife and child,en.
"1 have a farm in Mississippi where 1raisc horses and grass. l have aboat, and I've
becn sailing foc 40 years. Those [hings are vuy imporrant roc me."
V9CABULARY
1minnow(s): avery small flSh found in lake and rivers I2in (his) prime: in the pcriod in
your life when you ;tI'(: most active or successfull 3weave(s): to consuuet something such as a
story by combining separare pans 14estranged: (formal) If you are estrangcd from your family
or friends then you have:scriously argue:dwith them a:-adare no longer rricndly v.;th them I 5coa-
xed: gcntly pcrsuaded lO do somclhing I6tall-tale-telling: oLa person who tdls impmha-
ble (unlL~ua1or incrcdible: or fanciful) smries I 7whimsical: im~inative 3nd impulsive:. slightly
odd or playfully humorous, C5p:iallyi:1an enJearing way I 8showdown: afinal test orCOIl-
rrontation intended toscnle adispute 19 amp(s) up: to increase the sil.(:or e:ffectof some:thing
I 10 desaturate(s): tOcause ro become unsamrated (of color) not chromatically pure:; dilu-
red) 111Target store: aslore bdonging fO the Targct Corporation, rhe fifth largcst re:tailcr
by sales rcvt"lluein the United Sutes bchind Wal-Mart, Thc Hmne Depor, Krogcr and Costeo 1
12pimp: somebody, usually aman, who finds customers ror a prosrirute in return forapor-
rion of rhe pmuitute's earnings 113 intrusive: causing an uninvited and unwarranted disrur-
Nnc.e.of somebody's pcace ;lIld privaC)'114 wriggle(ing) out" 01something: (phras;J
verboInformal) to avoid doing something thu you do nar wanr rodo
1 pan: (verb)(informal) to critidz.c somcthing sevcrely; (noun) in Greek mythology, the god of
nature, pasturd, tlocks, and foresu, bdicved 10 have ahuman torso and head, and me hind Icgs,
('"J .rs, and horm of agoal. The Roman cquiva.lelHis Faunus 12 spectacle(s): an impres..~iveper.
funnJ .ncc ur display, espccially something stolgedas aforro of entert:linment 13 aash coune:
(idiomatic) aquick intensc cnurse of le:unin~, afien informal or hurricd 14 Euro--trash pro--
duction: aproducrion of low quali(y entcttainmcnt or pennissivc culture dcerned ro have oome
from continental Europe 15 hold sway: u have.aconrrolling inAucna; dominare, reignor rule
16 envision(ed): roform amental picrur: of somclhing, typical1ysomelhing that may occur or
bepossible in{hefmure 17 R-rated: (of amorion picture) suitable fOl those under 17ycars of agc
only when accomp.tnied by anadult 18 weepie(s): (informal) ascntimel1lal filmor abook which
m.ikcs pt:ul'le wanl Incry hcGlIL~C ir iss;ld19 Tinseltown: (informal disapproving) Hollywood
and thc V.S. movic industry n.-g;rdcdas aplacenfinsub.uaIHial gtmlOur 110haek: awrilC.'rwho
produces romine ullorigin;l wriling, c~pl"Ciall)' for llcwspapcrs, magazinc:s, rdevision. or movic.s111
unbeatable: unable lO hedefeared nr improvoo hlocauscof cxcel1ellt quality I12 purple-
prose narration: (idiomalic) anarmion (hal iseXlravagantly or flowerily wrincn, cspccially in
aIilcrary wnrk 113serviceable: funaiona! and durabk rather rhan auractive
VOCABUlARY I
29
Ivana Baquero and Ooug J ones
star in "Pan's Labyrnth"
directed by Guillermo del Toro.
/vJt)[Jze Ncmew
p{ va{I
E".cr sincc his 1993 debut "Cronos," Ihe Mcxic.ln-born Del Toro has swirched bctween
flJ ..~hy,big*budgCl spcCladcs2 like "Bladc 11"and "Hellboy" and smaIlcr, more personal
filrns Iikc 'The Devil's Backbonc" and "Pan's Labyrinth."
'rhe jovial Dcl'lc)fO, spc:lking viatdcphone at machine~gun specd from aNew York ho-
td sutc. c1aims rhar J ichOlomy is cntirely intentional.
"Making 'Mimic' was J . crash coufs<3 in Hollywood movie making," says Del Toro
abom his first slUdio film. whcrc he cnJ urcd crcativc struggles with producer Bob
Wcinstein. "Ance ,hat, I decided I would ncver againattcmpt 10make ffi}' J acker, more
idiosyncratic sluffin Hollywood. 1'11rnakc movics therc rhar reprcsent ,he fun and ecazy
sitie of what llikc 10do, and {'II reserve lhe othcr smfffor [he smallcr ftIms." This iswhy
DdToro chose ro ShOOl "Pan's I . ,byrinlh" in Spain and inSpanislt -appropriateenough
f()r astory set SOOIl aftcr rhe Spanish Civil War. "Wc got incredibly tempting offcrs fram
Americlll tlistributors who ofTercJ to doublc our hudgct if we made the movie in En-
glish. BU( I didn'( wam to do Ihar, beouse rhen i( would have become aEuro-rrash pro-
duclion4." Working oUlsitie [he s(udio ~ys[em, where marketing and audience demo-
gt.lphics hold swayS, gavc Delloru thecrcative freedom (Omake exaaly [he kind of mo-
vie he envisioncd6: aviolent, R-r.ucd7 fuiry tale (har is dcflnitcly not for Iittle kids. "1
wanted 'Pan's Labyrimh' to speak
to me rrueorigin offairy tales. They
were very brural, bU( out of tMt
brutality and darkness. me magic
glows dcerer. We forget mar at me
end of 'The Lirue Mcrmaid,' the
mermaid dies. And (har Cindere-
lIa's sisters have to amputare thdr
roes ro fit mo thdr shoes."
Del Toro Pan/s'
Hollywood system'
U/{'{
30
VI ~.. ,
~ , I
,.f" RI
Samba isthe
heartbeat of Brazil
WE WENT TO RIO DE J ANEIRO ON A LONG-POSTPONED
HONEYMOON, SUT THE REASON WE'D CHOSEN THE
DESTINATION WAS FOR ITS MUSIC.
AIN FELL IN SHEETSTHAT
bailered rhe pavement Iike
mewaveserashingon nearby
Ipanema Beaeh. The bear
wassteady and slow: whush.
whush. whush. whush. The taxi pulled up. slick and
yellow. and my wifeand 1ran Out of me door of our
hotel. hunched' against me deluge'. to meet ir. Inside
the caboOut Brazilianmend greeted us with apologies
for the rain.
Qur destination for the eveningwasthe Rival Theater.
which occupies a cavernous basement hall with an
cotry 00a narrow side street in che Lapa District, one
of Rio's oldest. grandest
l
neighborhoods.
Shortly thereafrer. Arlindo Cruz. amassiveman with a
tiny mandolin
4
, sar down on a srool center srage. More
VOCABULARV
I By Chris Welseh
man adozen percussionists. guitarists and horn playets
linedup behind himand mey beganto play.They took
ups me beat of me rain and me ocean: steady. even.
seductive. That was thebasefeomwhich Cruz s plain-
tive
6
vocalsroseand fell.
At the fjtst note. me music lifeedeve,yone in me bar
onto meir feet. Men elegantly shuffied
7
me tidy rwo-
step of the samba. Their female dance partnets
matched the beat wimmeir fect. but doubled it with
meir hips. There wasno self-eonscious hesitation; the
separation berwecn band and erowd didn't existoThe
band membets danced. weall daneed. That isme spit-
it of samba.
Weslipped into aleisurely8cariocarhylhm. Wehit me
beaeh duting me day, me clubs at night. a11me while
1 hunch(ed): with (h~back and shoulders rounded; nO[ creer J 2 deluge: .avcry J~ amoun[ of ..in or water I 3 grandest: me most impor-
tam and rhe largest in degrtt I 4 mandali": a musical insrrumcnt n:sembling a lutc, hning pairro metal strings plucked with a plearum I 5 took
up: (pan simple of t.ake up) ro begin again Ol ukc over &oro anomcr I 6 plaintive: describes somtthhg which soun&. slighdy ~ I7 shuffle(d):
drag feetlsteps: [O movc me fen wilout picking th(:m up I 8 leisurely: in a s10w and rdaxro mann(:f
A musician plays with the backdrop of Ipanema Beachin Rio de J aneiro, Brazi!.
RIO DE J ANEIRO
accompanied byasteadysambabear. wherher irwasser
by drums or wavesor jusr apasser-by. singing on rhe
sidewalk.
Infrequenrly. weroused9ourselvesfromsun-drenched
rorpor'o roexploreRio. aciryof magnifkenr and mis-
erable exrremes. The dragon-backed mounrains mar
ring me beachesserveasrhemajesricif unsready foun-
darion for rhe rumble-down" slums
12
called 'favelas'
rhar precariously c1ingro rheir flanks. Those who can
alford ir liveon rhe low ground. near Ipanema and
Copacabana beaches.
We did our parrowarching rhe surf and rhe passing
show fromunder an umbrella. drinking iced coconur
milk and snacking on Globo biscuirs. which !ook like
doughnurs made of sryrofoam
13
.
Wedidn'r wanr rospendour wholehoneymoon in rhe
middle of a big drunken parry. So as Carnival
approached. weleft Rio.
Wehadmadereservarionsar apausada (asmall inn) on
liha Grande. abom 100 miles sourh of Rio. Gerring
rhereinvolvedrhreehours inaprivarebus and anorher
hour by ferry. Unril 10 years ago. ir -ashome ro a
prison known asrheDevil's Cauldron and asmall vil-
9 rouse(d): ro wake somebody. 01:0 awaken. foomsleep ar unconsciousness I 10 torpor: physical 01mencal inactiviry; J ethargy I 11 tumble-
down: dilapid.afM: ruined: rundown in deplorable candidon 112 slum(s): asqualid and overcrowded urban area inhabired by very poor people 113
styrofoam: (lladcmark in the US) 1kind of expanded polystyrcne, used espedally fOI making food comainw I14Iaid-back: (informal) vcrv rda-
xt.-d,~lS)'gojng. an~un~'orricd r 15 crushing: physically 01spjrirually devastating: anen ~d in combination 116 holdup(s): an aet of robbing a
persao 01place usmg vlOlcnceor tht'eilts, usually.t gunpoinr 117 strand(s): athin thread of something. onen one of afew twisted aroundeach Othef
to mak
e
acord Of rope: apan which combines with other paro ro form awhole Sto)'.subject or siru.tion; ashore
Abraao is the only village on IIha Grande, Brazi!.
lage where rhe prison employ::es and their families
lived. Now ir is my idea of paradise: a car-less islewirh
a few hotels and restaurants, big, empry beaches, shady
jungle rrails
18
and nO[ much ro do.
On rhe day of Carnival, we walked into rown ro catch
rhe parade. Ir consisred of a marching samba band of
abour 20 villagers followed by a rroupe of 40 childten
in costumes followed by anorher 100 people shuffiing
along ro rhe pounding drums and blasting
19
horns. Ir
asred abour a half-hour, everyone cheered and sang,
and then ir was overoIr was perfecto
When we returned, the beach was jusr as we left it. 1
did feel a small ghosr of regrer flirring20 rhrough my
mind. [ missed Carnival in Rio: The ultimare samba
celebration. AE
, VOCABUlARY
18 jungle trails: apath through the: jun~lewhich isimended to attr:1ct
me walker's anemion ro intC'restingpbnts. aDimaisand orber caruces 119
blasting: unpleasantly loud and penetraling I 20 flit(ting): ro be
bricrly present or visible
with the missing
verbs. The box below contains all the verbs
you need, but in the infinitive. Put them in
the corred tense.
Our destination for rhe evening 1) .
the Rival Thearer, which 2) a cav-
ernous basement hall with an enrry on a narrow
side srreet in rhe Lapa Disrricr, one of Rio's old-
est, grandesr neighbDrhoods. Shortly rhereafter,
Arlindo Cruz, a massive man wirh a riny man-
dolin,3) on a srool cenrer srage.
More rhan a dozen percussionists, guirarisrs and
horn players 4) behind him and
they 5) ro play. They
6) the beat of the tain and [he
ocean: steady, even, seductive. That was the base
from which Cruz's plaintive vocals
7) and 8) At rhe first
nore, rhe music 9) everyone in the
bar onto rheir feet. Men elegandy
10) rhe tidy two-step of the samba.
Their female dance panners 11) .
the beat wirh their feet, bur 12) ir
with their hips. Ther:: 13) no self-
conscious hesitationj the separation berween
band and crowd 14) The band
members 15) , we all danced. That
16) the spirit of samba.
be dance sil dDwn begin take up
lift fa11 rise (nol)exisl occupY be
line up double malch shuffle be
q (91 ~r=v-J '
(SI ~1~t.UP'" (ftl ~P"lqnop(PP""flllW (ti ~MlIn'{l' CIJ :P>l}11(N :11"1(6
1~1W(11:5_ U !dn 1001 (9 :tnb (' lin ~11 (ft IUNl.0FIn ( iU]dlWO (, ~n:M(l
:A3>l H3N\SNV
33
., ..,'1 .:~ Actual E n ( T / i s h .
Men on It h
Doctors say i I
. ?

O dr eam
3S
F
irst: The male machinery rhar produces
spenn -ar arare of 1,000 per hearrbear- is
incredibly hard ro diable.
Second: Would aman really [[ust some
rescarcher ro rinker with
4
his tesrosterone? And would any woman be1ieve a
man who says, " I ' m on rhe pill1"
Third: Men on rhe pill: Are tr.ese researchers nurs?
As ir happens, these concerns are llor new to rhe
dactaes and scienrists gathering at rhe Universiry of
Washingron Thursdal' and Frid,y, many of whom
have slogged
5
through years of research on hormones,
devices and treatments.
Yes, rhe sperm-production mechanism is hardy6. Yes,
a[[irudes of men and women will be rhe key.
But no, rhese researchers are not nuts. There i5 good
evidence, including sorne large imernationaI srudies,
rhar a good percentage of men would use a new male
cOllrraceprive
'
.
Now, if rhese researchers could only produce one.
"Demand is rhe smallest hurdlc!," says Elaine Lissner
of rhe Male Conrraceprion Information Projecr, pan
of Oue Bodies Ourselves, a Bastan-area women's
healrh-educarion organi7.arion. "Basicalll' a majodtl'
in preny much every councry is interested in maje
comraception. "
In sorne cases, Lissner said, male enthusiasm f oc a
new merhod mal' well be Iinked ro rhe hope of
getting mOfe sexo Sorne men wan{ altcrnadves bec3usc
rhe female pill affecrs rheir parrner's libido, or
because she's already abandoned cOl1rcaception
because of side effecrs. Some fear rhar women wiH
forget oc lie aboU( contraception. Sorne just wam ro
share rhe burden
9
.
Ar this poinr, hormone-based methods, including
pills and injecdons that last [hece to six rnonths, are
rhe fanhest along in the research process, have the
best chance of drug-company funding and are whar
men sal' rhey' d prefer, said Dr. WiHiam Bremner, a
Universiry ofWashingron endocrinologist. He says he
VOCABULARY I
At a conference of researchers
. looking at the future of male
contraception, sorne nagging'
concerns poke
2
, through the fog of
scientific jargon
3

and coHeagues ar the universiry's Male

Conrraceprion Research Cemer have already
made "significant advances" roward a hormone-
based "male pilI."
So how long before a Ir.ale "pHI" becomes
available? 'Tve been saying 'five to seven years'
for abour 20 years," Bremner admirred. "1will
again say . five to seven years.' 1 just want te
give you adose of realitr."
Orher researchers are looking at rhe effecrs of
heat on male feniliry. In rhe 1940s, a doctor
reponed rhat sirring in ashallow, hor barh 45
minutes a day f oc rhece weeks caused six
monrhs of steriliry.
A smaH study is also looking ar ulrrasound,
Lissner said. So far, hear.based methods haven'r
ptoved adequarely and reliably effecrive.
"The goal in aH,his research is ro give people a
full range of choices," said Bremner, who said
he just saw rhe movie "Knocked Up," abour a
couple facing a pregnancy afrer a one-nighr
stand' . "Ir's a major issue for borh people
involved." AE
1 nagging: annoying and pcrsistent; continually oomplaining or criridzing 01 f.mhfinding 1 2 poke: ro appear 01 stretch out from ~hind 01
rhrough something cisc 1 3 jargon: specill words and phroucswhich are u~d by particular groups of ~ople. es~ciaUyin rheir work 1 4 tinker
with (sthg): to anempt lO repair or improve in a casual, experimental or unskillful manner 15 slog(ged): (informal) to work hard over a long
period, especially doing work Ihar is difficu:r or boring 16 hardy: sufficiently robusI lO withstand fatigue, hardship. or adverse physical condilions
1 7 contraceptive: a deviec used lO pfe\'ent fertilization of an egg. e.g. a condom worn by a man during bleroourse, or a pill taken regularly by.2.
woman 18 hurdle: a diffkulty or obstade thal has la be overcome 19 burden: Ihe main responsibilif) for.2. t.ask1 1 0 one.night stand:
(informal) a sexual cnoounter Ihal l3stSfor only one nighr
".,".,. Actual En lish L1FE
Da r k chocolate
I By John Fauber
R
esearchcrs found (har six weeks of
daily consumption of a dark
chocolale cocoa mix significantly
improved lhe blood vessel heallh
of lhose who participaled in lhe sludy.
The sludy is lhe lalesl in a growing number
tha, link reduced heart disease risk ro
flavonoids
2
in dark chocolale and olher
food and bevecages. such as red wine. green
lea and dark-colored fruils and vegelabies.
"There are hundreds if nOI lhousands of
flavonoids in every plant substance we cat,"
said James Sedo, director of preventive
Feeding chocolate to a bunch of
middle-age. over weight people for
week s on endt may not be as
unhealthy as it seems.
cardiology al lhe University ofWisconsin School of Medicine
and Public Heallh.
"This is a very hOI area
'
, This study confirms whal olher
investigators have found."
Flavonoids have been found to .elax blood vessels and lhereby
imptove blood flow. inhibil platdets
4
from slicking logelher in
the blood. and have a beneficia! anlioxidanl effecl. Wha<slill is
nOI known is whe,her regularly eating dark chocolale. especially
wilh ilS high sugar and fal conlent, evenrually willlead to an
unhealthy weight gain lha<would erase the beneficial effeclS of
lhe flavonoids found in lhe cocoa,
Cocoa is one of (he mase concentrated sources of che flavonoids
catechin and epicatechin.
- -
I
l EV E l5: UPPE R-I NTERM EDI A TE/A DV A NCE O
C h o c o l a t e d r o p s b l o o d p r e s s u r e
37
Consuming foods such as
dark chocolate and red wine
can be a dooble-edged
sword
5
, 5rein said.
"They shouldn', be
considered heal,hy foods,"
he said. "They are treats
6
and shouldn'r be staple,7 in
,he diet."
"I f they are used ro replace a
high-calorie food with litrle
oc no nutridon, such as
soda, then they may be
beneficial," he said.
The study involved 39
people wirh ao average age
of 52 who, on average, were
mildly obese.
There were [hree six-week
sessions, and each person
consumed a separare
prepararan in each scssion:
a Hershey dark chocola,e
cocoa mix with sugar (230
calories); a Hershey mix thar
was artiHcially sweetencd
(45 calories); and a placebo
mix made of sweetened
wheY" powder (250
calories).
Doctors used ultrasound to
measure blood flow in an
artery in (he armo a test thar
corresponds well {Qhcarr
disease risk.
A square of dark chocolate aday reduces blood pressure
in healthy people ages 56 to 73who have borderline rtans 'on.
How much benefit?
Average drop 012.9' in systolic
and 1.9' in diastolic blood pressure
Why does it happen?
Cocoa contains polyphenols,
which make blood vessels rel
High-calorie?
One square (6.3 g) 01chocol
contains only 30 calories
"Figures are mm Hg: they equal 0.39
and 0.25 kPa, I he unils used in Europa
02007 MCT
Source: J ournal of lhe American Medical
Association, MCT Pholo Service
Graphic: Helen lee McComas
Melina Yingling
The artiflcially sweetened cocoa mix was associated with about a 37 percent
improvement in blood lo\\'.The sugared COC01 was associated with a 23
pcrcent improvcment, suggesting that sugar actually nterferes wirh the
beneficial acrions of flavonoids. The placebo mix resulted in a 12 percent
rcduction in blood flow.
"This ,ells you ,ha, it (cocoa) is cardio-pro,ecrive," said lead aurho'"
V alentine Njike, a physician and rescarchcr at YaleUniversity 5chool of
Medicine.
He noted thar the biggest effec, was found wim ,he cocoa ,hat did not have
sugar. A nd he said rhat othcr research indicates that milk chocolate does nat
have a beneficial effecL
Rosenson aI sosaid thal the beneficial blood A oweffect of cocoa usually
diminishes
10
wirhin six hours, meaning thar ir mighr llavero be consumed
severaJ times a day ro obrain a continuous impro\'emem.
For rhar rcason and due lO concern abour calories, rhe ultimate answer may
come in rhe form of aso-calI ed biopharmaceutic8, a pHI thar contains
concentrared amounts of rhe dcsired flavonoids a:ld no far or sugar, hesaid. AE
VOCABULARY I .
1 on end: withmu a stop (I r letllp; continll()u~ly I 2 flavonoid(s): any oC a largc group of watl'r-soluble plam pigmcnrs, including th("
anrhocyanim. which are bl'lldkial to healn 13 hot area: new "lid exciting area or issue, of inrl'nse and imnlt'J iate imeres! 14 platelet(s): a
liny colorles-\ di~k-shaped parride found in largc ljuanri!ies in I he blllod anJ playing:1I 1important pan in th( dolting process 15 double..edged
sword: ~omc[hing hat has ur can have both favor;bleanJ unCavorable collSequenccs 16treat(s): an e~ptcially lI /lexpeoed source ofjoy. J dight.
or amusementl7 staple(s): basic food 1 8whey: the walery liquid thal separates fmm (he solid pan (lf rnilk when it I Urns saur or when enz)'me5
are added in cheese making) 9 lead autllor: I he moS{importam o[ main auchor 110 diminish(es): decrease in Si7.c,eXlent. or range
38
-
Stor tellin ACTUAL ENGlI SH
I by Jam es Joyee
\1"'''1 111. 'H,I I >r
J ames J oyce (1882 - 1941) isone
of the most famow writers of me
Modemut period of I iu:rature.
Modernist works anen ndude
chaneten who are spiritu.ally 100t
and thema mu ~ect a
cynicism toward insutuuoos me
writcrs had beco uught lO
~speet, such as government and
rdigioo. "Araby" is one of fiftn
short Slonesmat togemer mm
up J ames J oyce's shon.story
coUcetion, Dubliners. which
p.aints a portr.l.it of tife I n Dublin,
I rdand, at me turn of the
twenticth ccntury. lu starles an:
ura.nged in an arder reflecting
me &vcloprncnt of achild iOlo a
grown mano Araby" is me lut
story of me flrst setoand is luid
from me perspeaive of a OOr wc
on me verge of adolescc:nce. Thc
story takcs iu ticle from areal
festiYal which carne to Dublin in
1894 whenJ oycc w;u rwelve
yean old.
ORTH R1CHMOND STREET.
being blind 1, was a quiet
street execpe a[ me hour
when (he Christian
Brorhers' School ser che
boys free. An uninhabited
house of (wo storeys smod at the: blind eod,
detached from its ne:ighbours in a square
ground. The other houses of the street, con-
sdous of decent lives within them, gazed at
one another with brown imperturbable faces.
The forrner te:nant of our house, a priest,
had died in {he back drawing.room. Air,
rr.usty2 from having been long enclosoo,
h~ng in aH me reoros, and the waste room
behind {hekitchen was tittered] with oI d use-
lesspapers. Among these I found afcwpapcr-
covered books, the pages of which were
curled and damp: lOe Abbot. by Walrer
Seatt, The Devout Communicant, and The
Memoirs of Vidocq. 1 I ike<! the last best
be:causeits I eaveswere )'dlow. The wild gar-
den behind me house contained a central
apple.tree and a few straggling
4
bushes,
onder one of which I found the late tenant's
rusty bicycle-pump. He had been avery char-
i",ble pries!: in his will he had left al! his
money to :nsti{utions and me furniture of his
house to his sister.
When me shon days of winter carne, dusk
fdl before we had weH caten OUT dinners. When
we met in me street the houses had grown som-
bre. The space of sky above us was [he calour of
evcr.changing violet and rowards ir the lamps of
the street lifted meir feeble lantcrns. The coI d air
srung
5
ll'i and we played till our bodies glowed.
Om shoua echoed in the silent SHeet. The carcer
of ou, play brought us through ,he dark muddy
lanes behind the houses, where we ran [he gaunt-
le[6 of the rough [ribec; from [he cottages, ro [he
back doon of [he dark dripping gardens where
odours arme from me ashpi[S7, [o [he dark odor-
ous s[ables where a coachman
8
smoothed and
combed [hehorse or shook mwic from [he buck-
led harnes!. When we returnoo m[hestreet, ligh[
f,om the kicchen windows had filie<!the areas. I f
my uncle was seen rurning me comer, we hid in
me shadow un[i! we had secn him safdy housed.
Or if Mar.gan's sisrer carne out on [he doorstep
ro call her bro[her in ro his [ea, we wa[ched her
frem our shadow peer up and down me street.
We wai[ed roseewhemer shewould remain or go
in and, if she remained, we len our shadow and
walked up ro Mangan's sreps resignedly. She was
.Y 9CAB!J LAF !Y _ _ _ .__ _
1 blind: of aSfr(:et, concea1ed, c1oscd, or blocked offl 2musty: smdling old, dAmp. and srale becausc:of nor having becn wed or exposed ro fresh
air fo.ra long rime I 3 I ittered: pl~cerhu is linered wirh something. has or contains a lor of rh2r thng I 4 straggling: growing or spreading
out in an untidy w2y I S stung: (pan simple 2nd pasr paniciple of sring) ro prick somebody's skin and injeet a small quantity of 2 poisonous or
irrir2nt subsunce I 6 gauntlet: apuni5hment formerly used in me miliury in which somebody wu forced ro ron berwttn twO I ines of men arrned
wirh we2pons who bar mm 2.S he pa.s.sed.The apression "ro run rhe gaunder" means ro endure anack or criticism from all sides I 7 ashpit(s): a
recepucle in the bottom of aflreplace, uoder abarbccue. or rhe like. fOf rhe accumularion of ashes I 8 coachman: the driver of ahorse.drawn coach
or carriage
'.
"
~."-,, .
'..... ~~--~
P R \ [ , ,\D\I:dH.lJ l~\ L l
. . . . . -. . .
.'
f
J
39
40
5to1' tellin ARABY
waiting [oc us, her figure define<! by rhe
Iight from me half-opened door. Her
brorher atways reased her befare he
obeyed, and I stoad by the railings look.
ing al hef. Her dress swung as she m~)Ved
her body, and rhe soft rope of her hair
rossed froro side ro side.
Every morning 1lay on me floor in
rhe from parloue
9
warching her dooe.
The blind was pulled down [Owidin an
neh of (he sash10so [har 1could nJt be
seco. Whcn she carne Out on rhe
doorsrcp rny hean leaped. I ran ro rhe
hall, seized my booles and followcd her. i
kepr her brown figure always in rny ere
and, when we carne near rhe poim al
which OUT ways diverged. 1 quickened
my pace and passed her. Thi, happened
morning anee roorning. I had ncver spo-
ken 10 hef, excepe foc a few casual words.
and ycr hCT name was like a summons ro
all my foolish blood.
Her image accompanied me even in
places rhe mast hosrile ro romance. 00
Sarurday cvenings when ro)' aum wem
marketing 1had ro go to carry sorne of
rhe parcels. We walked through rhe flar-
ing streers, jostled 11 by drunken men
and bargaining women, amid rhe curses
of labourcrs, the shrilllitanies 12of shop-
boys who srood on guard by rhe barreis
of pigs' cheeks, rhe nasal chaning of
streer.singers, who sang acome~all-you 13
about O'Oonoyan Rossa14, or a ballad
abour the rroubles in our nariv( land.
These noises converged in a single sensa.
rion of ife for me: 1imagined mar 1bore
my ehalice safely through a rhrong
15
of
roes. Her name sprang to m)' lips at
moments in S[range prayers and praises
which I rnyself did nor undcrsrar.d. My
VOCABULARY
eyes were onen full of rears (I could fiar
tell why) and ar rimes a fload from m)'
hean seemed ro pour itself out imo my
bosom. 1 thoughr !itrie of the future. 1
did nor know whether 1would ever speak
to her or nor or, if 1spoke [Oher, how I
could teU her of my confuscd adoradon.
But my bady was Iike a harp and her
words and gestures were like fingers run-
ning upon me wires.
One evening 1 wem imo me back
drawing~room in which the priesr had
died. Ir was a dark rainy evening and
rhere was no sound in the house.
Through one of the broken panes I heard
the rain irnpinge 16upon rhe earth, me
fine incessam needles of water playing in
the sodden beds. Sorne distant lamp or
Iighred window gleamed below me. I was
rhankful rhar I could see so Hule. AH my
senses seemed ro desire to yeil rhemselves
and, feeling rhar 1was abour ro slip &cm
rhem, 1pressed me palrns of my hands
rogcrher umil me)' rrembled, rnurmur.
ing: 'O lave! O love!' many times.
Ar lasr she spoke to me. W'hen she
addresscd rhe first words to me I was so
confused thar 1 did nor know whar ro
answer. She asked me was 1 going ro
Araby. I forgor whether I answered yes or
no. Ir would be a splendid bazaar 17; she
said she would lave to go.
'And why can', you?' 1asked.
While she spoke she turned a silyer
braceler round and round her wrisr. She
could nO{ ga, she said, because mere
wocld be a cetceat18thar week in her
co",,'ent. Her brorher and two O{herboys
were fighring fur rheir caps, and 1 was
alone ar the railings. She held ane of me
spikes, bowing her head towards me. The
light from me Iamp apposire our door
caught the white curve ofher neck, lit up
her hair that rested mere and, falling, lit
up the hand upon rhe railing. It fdl over
one: side of her dress and caughr the
whire border of a penicoar
19
, just visible
as she srood at case.
'Ir's well foc you,' she said.
'If 1 go,' I said, '1 will bring you
somerhing.'
Whar innumerable fallies laid waste
m}' 'Y.,oakingand slceping thoughts after
rhar evening! I wished ro annihilarc the
tedious imervening da)'s. 1 chafcd
20
ag2.inst rhe wark of school. At nighr in
ID}' bedroom and by day in the dassroom
her image carne between me and me page
1suove to read. The syllables of me word
Araby were called [O me rhrough [he
sil:nce in which rny soulluxuriared and
can an Eastem enchantmem oyer me. 1
as{cd far leave ro go ro the bazaar on
Sarurday night. My aum was surprised,
9pa:lour: (csp.ccially.in the pan) ~r~m in aprivare hOLL~e used for rdaxing, especially olle which Wa5 kepr tidy for the entertairoing of guests 110
sash. a frame wlth a p.ece of glass In Itwhich is uied to make windows and doors 1 11jostle(d): to knock ar 'push roughly agains( somcone in
order (() movc past Ihem ar get morc space when yoo are in acrowd of peoplc 1 12litany(ies): a long Christian prayer in which (he priest speak.s
sorne ~arts ~,ndIhe otl1er pcople at the c.eremony spcak orher parts 113come-all-you: ameet baIlad, esp. in England 114 O'Donovan Rossa:
Jeremlah ODonovan Rossa (1831.1915), an Irish Fenian Ic.ader, who established the Phoenix Socic;y which would larer evolve ioto rhe Irish
Republic~n BrQ[herho~ (IRB) .115throng ~~foes: a large, dense!y packcd crowd of enemies 116impinge: ro strike or hit something 117
ba.z~~r. a nMrket (as In the Mlddle East) conmung of rows of shops or sr311sseUing miscdlaneous goods 118retreat: 3period away fmm normal
actIVltll:S,dcvoted 10 praycr and medir..llion. ofren spent in 3rdigious community I 19petticoat: a woman's undergarmenr that is sometlmes
decoratoo and consists of 10 uoderskirt with or withour a bodice 1 20 chafe{d): ro be or bccome anoo:,Td or lose parieoce because of rules or limits
LEVELS: ADVANCED I PROFICIENCY
41
and hoped ir was nm sorne Freemas:m
21
atTaie.1 answered few questions in class. 1
"'-"3.tchedroy master's face pass from ami-
abiliry casternness
22
; hehoped 1wa; nal
beginning to idle. I could nO( call my
wandering lhoughrs together. 1had hard-
Iraoy patience Wilh cheserious work of
lite which. now (har it 5tood between me
and my desire, seemed ro mechild's play.
ugly monO[Qnous child's play.
On Saturday morning 1 reminded
roy unde chal 1 wished to go (Q (he
bazaar in the evening. He was fussing23
al lhe hallsrand, looking for the har-
brush, and answered me curtly24;
'Yes, hoy, I know.'
As he was in lhe hall I could not go
inco chefrom parlour and lieal che",in-
dow. 1 feh (he house in bad humour and
walked slowly towards the school. Theaie
was pitilessly raw and already roy heart
misgave
25
me.
When I carne home te dinnee roy
uncle had nm yet beco horneo Still irwas
early. 1 sat sraring at (he dock foc sorne
time and, when its ricking began ro irri.
tate me, 1 left the room. I mounred the
staircase and gained the upper pareof the
house. lbe high, cold, empry, gloomy
rooms liberared me and 1 wenr froro
room ro room singing. From rhe from
window 1 saw my eompanions playing
below in the srreet. Their eries reaed
me weakened and indistina and, leaning
m)' forehead against rhe cool glasS, I
looked over ar me dark house where she
lived. 1may have stood thefe for ao hour,
seeing oorhing bur rhe brown-dad figure
cast by my imaginadon, touchcd dis-
creedy by the lamplight at rhe curved
neck, at rhe hand upon rherailings and ar
rhe border below rhe drcss.
'-:hen 1 carne downsrairs again 1
found Mes Mereer sitting ar the fire. She
was an old, garrulous
26
woman, apawn-
broker's27 widow, who eol1ecred used
stamps for sorne pious
28
purpose. [ had
ro endure me gossip of rhe rea-rable. The
meal was prolonged beyond ao hour and
srill my uncle did nor come. Mrs Mereer
s(ood up (O go: she was sorry she could-
n'r wah aoy longer, bU( ir was arrer eight
o'doek and she did nor like ro be our
late, as rhe night air was bad for her.
When she had gone I began to walk up
and clown the room, denchiog my fists.
My aunr said:
Tm afraid you may put off your
bazaar for (his night of Our Lord.'
Ar nine o'dock 1 heard my uncle's
lalchkey in rhe hall doot. I heatd him
ralking to himsdf and hoard me hallstand
rocking when ir had received me weighr
of his overeoat. 1 could inrerprer these
signs. When he was midway through his
dinner 1asked him ro giveme rhe money
(O go ro rhe bazaar. He had forgotten.
The people arein bed and after rhde
nrsr sleep now.' he said.
1did nor smile. My aUn( said ro him
energetically:
'Can'r you give him the money and
ler him go? You've kept him late enough
as ir is.'
My unele said he was ver)' sorry he
had fargorten. He said he believed in me
old iaying: 'AHwork and no play makes
J aeka duH boy.' He asked mewhere 1was
going and, when I told him a sccond
rime, he asked medid 1 know The Arab's
Farewell ro his Sreed
29
. When I len me
kitchen he was about ro recite rhe open-
ing lines of rhe piece ro myaunt.
1 held a flotin
30
lightly in my hand
as 1 strode down Buckingham Srreer
tow:ds the statioo. The sighr of rhe
streers rhronged wirh buyers and glaring
wimgas recalled [O me rhepurpose of my
journey. 1 raok my sear in a mird-dass
carrilge of a desened train. Aftee an
intolerable deJ ar the train moved out of
[hesration slowly. Ir crept onward among
ruinous houses and over me rnrinlding31
river. Ar Wesdand Row Sration a crowd
of pcople pressed ro rhe earriage doors;
bu( me poreees moved them back, saying
rhar ir was aspecial train foe rhe bazaar. 1
remained alone in rhe baf(' carriage. In a
few minures rhe train drew up bcside an
improvised woodeo platform. 1 passcd
out en ro rhe road and saw by the lighr-
ed dbJ of adock rhat it was ren minures
--
to ren. In front of me was a large build-_
ing which displayed rhe magical name.
1 could not find any sixpenny
entrance and, fearing rhar rhe bazaar
would be e1osed. 1 passed in quickly
through a rurnsrile3
1
,handing a shilling
ro a weary-looking mano I found myself
in abig hall girded al half ilSheight by a
gallery. Nearly all the mlls were c10sed
and me greater pan of me hall was in
darkness. 1 recognized a silence like rhar
which pervades achurch after a service. I
walked imo the cemre of (he bazaar
rimidly. A fe-.v people were garhered
aOOmrhe stalls, which were still open.
VOCABULARY I . _ _ . .
I 21 Freemason: a member of;1 large, old and po~rful secret societ)' for men in which all the members hdp each other and use secret signs to
cornmuncate wirh eaeh otller I 22sternness: the qualiry of bdng severe, or showing disapprovall 23 fuss(ing): ro give too much attention to
small and unimponant m<luers, usually in away which shows rhar you areanxious and nor rdaxed 124 curtly: in an abrupr and discounrous manRer
I 25 misgave: (paste tens of misgive): lliterary) ro c.ltlse a feding of apprehension or foreboding in som:body 1 26 garrulous: excessivdy o~
pointlessly ralkative I27 pawnbroker: somebody who lends moncy af a tlxed rate of interesr in exchange for anides of personal property rhar are
left as security I 28 pious: Strongly bdieving in rdigion. and living in away which shows this bdief; prctcnding ro ha\'e sincere fedings 129 steed:
(Iitcrary) a hom. especially avdy spirited ane I30 florin: aunil of currenc)' wed in Britain be.twecn 1849 and 1968, equivalenl w tWOshillings
131twinkling: giving Olll or reflecringlight brightly but unscc'adily, c:spedally from aslllaU or distant soutce I 32turnstile: amechanical gatc
with re\'oh'ing horizonral arms that allow only one krslln ar a time ro pass through
42
Thefollowing sentenees have been
extracted fromthe story and mixed-
up. Without going backto the text,
PUT THEM BACK IN THE CORRECT
ORDER.
a) When the short days of wimer came, dusk
feff before we had weff eaten our dinners.
When we met in the streec Chehouses had
grown sombre.
b) I affowed the Cwopennies to faff against the
sixpence in my pocket. I heard a voice caff from
one end of chegallery that the light was out.
e) If my uncle was seen turring the comer, we
hid in cheshadow uncil we had seen him safe/y
housed. Or if Mangan 's sister came out on the
doorsCepto caff her brother in co his tea, we
watched her from our shadow peer up and
down the street.
d) What innumerable follies laid waste my
waking and sleepmg thoughts after that
evening!
e) rpassed out on to the road and saw by the
Iighted dial of a clock that i~was cenminutes
to ten. In from of me was a large building
which displayed chemagical name.
f) North Richmond Street, being blind, was a
quiet sCreeCexcepcat chehour when the
Christian Brothers' School set Cheboys free.
g) AClast she spoke to me. When she
addressed the first words to me I was so
confused that I did not knON whac to answer
h) When I/eft the kitchen he was about to
recite the opening lines of chepiece to my
aunt.
i) I asked for leave to go to the bazaar on
Sacurdaynight.
j) Everymoming Ilay on the floor in the from
par/our watching her door.
" q (Ol ' . (6 ' 1.{(& ' 1 C l ' p (9 ' & (s ., (t>" CE' 2 iZ ' J
:" \3>1 H3MSNY
ON THE CD AUDIO ARTIUE & MORE EXERCISES
Bcfore a curtain, o\'cr which (he words Caf Chamam were
written in coloureJ lamps. t\','O meo \Vece couming money on a
salver
33
. 1 Iistened ro che fall of (he coi os.
Remembering wirh difficu1t)' wh)' 1 had come, I weot over
to ane of che scalls and examined porcelain vases and flowered
tea-sets. Al the dooe of che srall a young lady \Vas ralking and
laughing with {'NO )'oung gendemen. 1 remarkcd their English
accellts alllllisrcnoo vaguel:t 10 their conversarion.
'O, 1 ncvcr said such a rhing!'
'O, bU{ you did!'
'O, but 1 didn't!'
'Didn' t she say rhat?'
'Yeso1 heard her.'
'O, there's J ... fib
14
! '
Observing me, the )'oung lady carne over and asked me did
1 wish to buy anything. The tone of hec voice was not encoUT-
aging; she sccmed to have spoken to me om of a sense of dllt)'.
J Icx)ked humbly al the great jars that stood Iike eastern guards
ar cither side or the dark C.ltrancc 10 rhe stall and murmured:
'No, thank you.'
The young lady changed the posi(ion of one of rhe vases and
wem back to (he two young meno They began 10 ralk of the
same subject. Once or mri:e me young lady glancro ar me ovec
her shoulder.
1 lingered
35
before her stal!, rhough 1 knew m)' stay was use~
less, to make rny intcrcs( i:l her wares seem the more real. Then
1 turned away slowly and walked down the middle of the bazaar.
1 allowed the [\'10 pennies to fall agains( the sixpence in my
pockct. I heard a voice call from one end of (he gallery (har the
light was out. The upper pan of the hall was now complerely
dark.
Gazing up imo the darkness 1 sa....myself as a creature driv-
en and dcrided
16
by vani:y; and my eres burned with anguish
and anger. AE
VOCABULARY ~ _
33 sal ver: a trar. typically one made of silver and used in formal
circumstances I 34 fib: an nsignificant oc harmless He I 35
l inger(ed): tOwait around oc movc: around a place slowly and idly I
36 derided: mbjc:ctc:d10 ~itter or contc:mpruous ridkuJe
, ACTUAL ENGLlSH LEVELS:
43
Racing on
TWOWHEE S
Sale is 8 mm
thick (Iength of
a pencil eraser)
Brakes control
speed, can nol
stop bicycle at
racing speed
Time mal bicycle
Used in "time trial" raees on tlat
road; aerodynamic frame; disk
rear wheel improves air flow
II
Stitt soles can take
1,500 lb. (680 kg'01
force without bending
Armstrong in 2004
Tour deFrance
[-~ - - -
Titanium rails O
Leather covar
n
Densefoam
Carbon-liber sh.U
R aclng seal
Strong, Iightweight; riders chaose
shape basad on their anatomy
Weight: 15lb. 16.8kg)
Max. speed:
44 mph (71 kph)
downhill
Up to 20 gears
R uad raeing bieyele
Used in mast of Tour. racing on
open road and climbing mount .
/' -(Ir
Inner tube IWheel
Tire casing
., Standard c1incher tire (abo,e)
Innar tuba 15 sewn rnto rubber grips wheel, is nol glued
casing, which is glued to wheel
in process that takes four days
WORLD- CLASS CYCLlSTS BATTLE IN THE GRUELLING
TOUR DE FRANCE WlTH FINELYTUNED RACING
EQUIPMENT: A LOOK AT CHAMPION LANCE AMSTRONG 'S.
1 world-class: rankcd among th=best or moS( prominem in [he worlJ I 2 grueling: requiring gren effon; cxtrC'mdy arduous or
exhausring 13 time triar race: <1raIX againsl dock: a racC'in which comflCirorscompelC'individualll ror (he fJ.. m:.'i( lime 14 tire: a
hollow haml ()f rubher, nttl"n reinfol'(edwith Abersof orhC'rmaterial. Amxl ,lrtlllndthe Olllcr edgeora "t'~dc's whcd andfillell with ,:om-
prcssed.airI5 stiff: fbnor h.ard; no( easilyben( or movedI6 sole(s): (heundmde of J . shO<'.boo(, or o(her piecC'of rootwear. S():llC'd-
mes excluding the hed 17 c1incher tire: the norm;] l)'PC'ofbic)'clC' TiR'.wilh a sep.nareinner rube 18 gripes): ro holdvery tighdy 19
gears: whcelwork omsisling of a ccnnecred.sct of TOt.a[inggcan bywhich fmee istramlllirt:edor lllutiOll or torljllC ismangoo
- ~
Do you have any doubrs abour English? Don't worry, rhis
secrion is whar you've been wairing for! J usr drop us your
quesrions ro acrualenglish@redusers.com.
Readers
J
QUESTIONS
People lrom Actual English. You have
probiJbly read thlS but once more
won't hurt/ Congratulatlons on Ihe
magazine" I am a teacher 01 En;llsh
m a small City m the Nonheast 01
Argentma It's great to have the
chance lo read and leam so appea-
Img and up-dale an/cles!
I know I have to be briel so thlS /5 my
doubl. Is It possible Chal chere IS
new Irend.among naC/veEnglish spe-
akers lo use persons as the plural 01
pef50n not onl)' In formal context5
7
Thanks a10C!
Anglica Maidana
ReSistenCia. Chaco, Argentina
People VS. Persons
This is a very interesting question and
a great opportunity to discuss this
tapie, since many of our readers may
ignore the dlfference between these
two terms.
'Nhen we consult dietionaries, we find
that the explanations Ihey offer a'e
slightly differen!:
1) Cambridge Dielionary:
Aecording lo Ihis diclionary, a 'person'
15aman, \Noma n or child: its plural
form is 'peo~le' or in formal~ega
contexts, 'persons':
A meal at Ihe restaurant costs abouC
$70 lar lWo people.(inlormal)
Four persons have been charged wiCh
the murder (legal)
Ard the Oxford Dictionary provides a
similar explanation:
USAGE: The words 'people' and
'persons' can both be used as the
plural 01 'pers?n', but trey are not
used in exactly the same way. 'Peapie'
is by far the commoner of the two
words and is used in mast ordinary
ccntexts. 'Persons', on he other hand.
tends to be restrieted to offleial or
formal contexts, as in:
This vehicle is authorized to carry
lwenty persons.
2) Wlkilionary:
Aceording to Wikitionary, 'persons' is
tre plural lorm of 'person', used to
refer to them individually, rather Ihan
as a group. By eonlras\, 'people' is a
collective noun meaning 'a body of
human beings considered generally or
eollectlvely':
Persons are classified as unemployed
ilthey do nol have ajobo
31The American Herilage@ Book of
EngIJ shUsa,e also oflers an
interesting explanation:
As 3 term meaning 'a body 01
perlons sharing a cullure: 'people' is
a singular noun. 115plural is 'peoples':
the many and varied peop/es 01 West
Alrica.
,
But when used lo mean 'human
beings: 'people' is plural and has nc
corresponding singular formo A similar
situalion applies to Ihe term for
'people' in Spanish, Ilalian, Russian,
and many other languages.
Some grammarians have jnsisted that
'people' is a eollective noun Ihal
shculd nol be used as a substilute for
'persons' when referring to a specific
number 01 individuals. ByIhi5 thinking
you should say:
six persons (not peop/e) were
a((ested during the protesto
Bu: 'people' has always been used in
such contexts, and almost no one
bo:hers with Ihe distinction any more.
'Persons' is 5till preferred in legal
contexts, however, as in:
Ve.~jcle5containing fewer than three
persons may not use the left lane
during rush hours.
Only the singular 'person' is used in
cornpounds involvng d specific m~rneral: 'a s;x.person car', 'a two-person show'. But 'people' is used in other compounds:
people mover, people power. The>eexamples are exceptions to the general rule that plUlal nouns cannot be used in such
cornpounds; note that we do not say 'teethpaste' ar 'books-burning'. loSllmllP:
term
people
people
persons
meani ng
a body ,f persons
sharing a culture/
gover nment!nati ona lity
a groupof human beings
human ::leings considered
individually
singular/plural fOl'm
people/peoples
no singular
person/persons
u s age
as a singular/plural
noun meaning 'pueblo'
as a colleetive noun;
as the plural 01person
(in informal conlexls)
as the plural o' 'person' in
le,al/formal conlexts
Now, as regards your questlon, WE have consulted native speakers of American Engllsll and they are not aware of any ne\N
trend. They said Ihal they use and olten Irnd the term '!'ersons' in tormal contexts and generally, rn written language (as in
Ihe case 01 public signsl. However, as languages change, the possrbrlity should nol be conplelely ruled out. I would Irke you
to send us the exarnples tllat you heard ar reae! m arder to analyze them more deeply.
-------------------~
~------------
48
-
Trivia ACTUAL ENLlSH ALL cEV,LS
Where in world arewe?
STRAIN YOUR BRAIN' WITH OUR WORLD-SPAN-
NING2 GEOGRAPHY CHALLENGE
1svain your brain: ro make the grcatCS[possible cffon ro findout an ansYo"er I2
world-spanning: cO\'cring or exrending all over rht world I3dust off: to bring out
or back to usegainI4 in gear: inor jnro astate of J lmost spced, aeti"ity, or etlkiency
"SUOllsarb~111f\!' al,"a1U
:9IU09 '(spuelSl wwl5lJ l.) 0M1alt' aNljl) UN)()
..IP!CJ Ul"4l1O "1CW~ il4IlillJ l"S "lswproo,aIll'J l'O
~,l' opl'J OtO) ~ I5utwo~,,,,\) ~l!ON"to '(auIUl!l
J OI PJ OM U1ll'l ~ UlOJ J ) O(J '[ ',:aJ il4ds!W"H
wat'il!3"4l UI-ISN Wlruw 9r Siilj()ap 61
II p;tlvotSISUIl'l~ i\l U!pue~!CJ l..~was
UCJIUICld1OUlpOd) I1Wf'V"Z "(snWljIS! J ~WPUPd
a \ll puaq l! 10iI';lle>aq '!J !ll'd"\ :Stf3MSNV
1. Nhat ocean iseast 01the Panama
(anal port of Balboa?
2. #hat isme eastemmost U.S. state?
3. Mlat animal are me Canary Islands
named after?
4. Name the U,S, slates that a'e
reetangles.
5. Where would you travel to 'sit
Christmas Island?
MYSTERY CATEGORY
Thesequestions al!have one thing in
{arrmon.
TWIN NAMES
Each of the pairs cf places listed below share a
common name. See if you can name them.
(We've filled in the answer ter No. 1 lO sho\V
you how it's done):
VOCABULARY
1. Russian seaportlRorida city
Answer: St. P etersburg
2. U.S. Virgin Island/Canadian maritime :ity
3. Sea between two contirentsl
rver between two states
4. North P acifie island/North American ri'o'er
5. Atlantic island/long tributary to
Amazon River
6. Russian sea/branch uf t'o.ileRiver
7. Famous b'idge in P raguel Bastan rve'
S. Veniee canal/Arizona eanyon
9. European straitlU.5. slale capital
10. Pacifjearchipelago/U,S, state ca'pital
II the lasttime youthought about geographyvlas in elementaryschool,it's
time to dust off
3
your old atlas and get your brainin gear
4
1
Tostart, we askyouto identify the photos 0110World HeritageSites
shownhere.Thencontinue on lor the rest01the challenge.
1.Cahokia Mounds (1IIinois)
2. Yosemite National P ark (California)
3. Mesa Verde National P ark (Colorado)
4. Istanbul (Turkey)
5. Great Barrier Reef (Australia)
6. Abu Simbel (Egypt)
7. Temple of Heaven (Beijing, China)
8. Quebec City (Quebec)
9. Iguazu Falls (Argentina/Brazil)
'(e~l'(]~
o elldl'l :f!atJ rt9 M<lNeMl!d o llf!d aje SPUf!r;) 'PJ l'WSI9
.01 .{aJ ( .f!~VlIl!I!dl') :a:J lRJ .j PUf!PUe6u3 S<lleJ l'<IilS II,J IS)
1~"6 "PJ t'~'S "sapf\l)' '~I!4.\\"9"'~<lj:J t'~"S"(J Ul'IUO
PUl' ><lQilI10ti! S! WI!I ~ 'ras 6uIJ oJ "4l U! S! pUPJ S!aIIlJ
al\J o)Wol!1")$"~'(P losauUlt"j ptJ f! l'1~ 4lJ ON'ioiI1l!Rda'sIil,o,u
~l :e~ptIl' ln!4V ~~ t3S "4l) fJ 311"E. tp~SlJ n'9.v.lNU!
S! ~ Ul'lPl'Ul') a4\) U4Ol".lS"Z "!j,nQWlad "lS"1 :Stf3!11SNV
Cily guie: derusalem
E very square ,"ch 01 lhe s:ony
ground is cov"ed in blood and
history. hopes and prayers perdition
and redempllon.
BID: Mickey
S urveying his company's success.
Wall Disney noled, '11was al started
by a Mouse",
Music Review: Doors close,,,
S o surviving band members lind a
n e w n a m e .
Health: Dark chocolale
F feding chocolate to a bunch 01
middle'age. overweight people for
weeks on end may nol be as
unheallhy as It seems.
Gadgels: Three TVs worlh
walching
We sampled lhe latest crop and
bring you Ihree 01 the bes!
And moral
NEXTISSUE
Each day, 13,000 people worlcwide contra el the virus I hal causes AJ OS. But tNO deeades after the
disease was first identified, scientists are still struggling to find a vaeeine I hat eould help eontain its spread.