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a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
2
(a + b + c)
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
:
26-4: Sea X = fA
1
; A
2
; : : : ; A
n
g un conjunto de subconjuntos de f1; 2; : : : ; 36g ;
de tres elementos distintos cada uno, tal que
i) A
i
\ A
j
6= ? para todos i; j:
ii) la interseccin de todos los elementos de X es el conjunto vaco.
Demostrar que n 100: Cuntos conjuntos X hay si n = 100?
1
Problema 2 da IX Competicin Matemtica Mediterrnea 2006.
Memorial Peter OHalloran.
Sexa P un punto interior do tringulo ABC e sexan
2 1
B A ,
2 1
C B ,
2 1
A C paralelas trazadas por P
aos lados AB , BC , CA respectivamente, onde
1
A ,
2
A son puntos do lado BC ,
1
B ,
2
B puntos do
lado AC , e
1
C ,
2
C puntos do lado AB .
Demostrar que a rea do hexgono
2 1 2 1 2 1
C C B B A A maior ou igual ca dous terzos da rea de
ABC .
Solucin de Bruno Salgueiro Fanego (Viveiro, Lugo; Espaa)
Denotarase a rea como [ ] K .
Proposicin: [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] ( )
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2
1
2
1
C PC B PB A PA ABC C C B B A A + + + = .
Demostracin:
Ao ser a rea dun paralelogramo o dobre da de calquera dos tringulos que teen dous dos seus
lados consecutivos nel (e o terceiro lado a correspondente diagonal), resulta que
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] ( ) [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
+ + = + + =
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2
1
2
1
2
1
PA CB PC BA PB AC ABC A CB C BA B AC ABC C C B B A A
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] ( ) { } [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] ( )
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2
1
2
1
2
1
C PC B PB A PA ABC C PC B PB A PA ABC ABC + + + = + + = .
Corolario: O problema dado equivalente ao problema proposto 90 desta revista. Ademais, dase
a igualdade se e s se P o baricentro de ABC .
Demostracin:
[ ] [ ] ABC C C B B A A
3
2
2 1 2 1 2 1
oposicin Pr
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] ( ) [ ] ABC C PC B PB A PA ABC
3
2
2
1
2
1
2 1 2 1 2 1
+ + +
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] ABC C PC B PB A PA
3
1
2 1 2 1 2 1
+ + .
Logo mbolos dous problemas son equivalentes. Engadindo esto ao feito de que, na solucin do
problema proposto 90 desta revista foi probado que a igualdade se daba se e s se P era o
baricentro de ABC , resulta que o problema dado est resolto e nel tamn se dar a igualdade nese
nico caso.
VIII Olimpiada Matemtica
de Centroamrica y El Caribe
Panam, 2006
Primer Da
1 de agosto
Problema 1
Se consideran los enteros positivos
S
d
D 1 Cd Cd
2
C Cd
2006
;
con d D 0; 1; 2; : : : ; 9. Halle la ltima cifra del nmero
S
0
CS
1
CS
2
C CS
9
:
Problema 2
Sean y
0
dos circunferencias de igual radio con centros O y O
0
respectivamente. y
0
se cortan
en dos puntos y A es uno de ellos. Se escoge un punto B cualquiera en . Sea C el otro punto de
corte de la recta
!
AB con
0
y D un punto en
0
tal que OBDO
0
es un paralelogramo. Demuestre que
la longitud de CD es constante, es decir, no depende de la eleccin de B.
Problema 3
Para cada nmero natural n, se dene f.n/ D
n C
p
n C
1
2
IN
CN
D
IA
IC
Duracin: 4 horas y 30 minutos.
Cada problema recibe un mximo de 7 puntos.
Problemas para os mis novos (REOIM, n 24)
24.1. Demostrar que para todo nmero natural 1 > n , o nmero
4 144 11 L L ,
onde a cifra 1 aparece n veces, e a cifra 4 aparece n 2 veces, irracional.
Solucin de Bruno Salgueiro Fanego (Viveiro, Lugo; Espaa)
Denotarase como
n n 2
4 1 (que indica que primeiro aparece a cifra 1, que se repite n veces e que
despois vn a cifra 4 , que se repite n 2 veces) o radicando do enunciado, e anlogas notacins
para outros nmeros que aparecern na seguinte solucin:
Proposicin 1: ( )
n
n
n n
1 2 10 4 1
2
2
+ = .
Demostracin:
Atendendo escritura en base 10 do radicando e frmula da suma de varios termos dunha
progresin xeomtrica, a que ( ) ( ) 1 2 4 3
2 2 3
+ = + x x x x e a que
n n n
n
1 9 9 1 10 1 10 = = =
resulta que
1 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1
2
10 1 10 1 10 1 10 1 10 4 10 4 10 4 4 4 1
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + =
n n n n n
n n
K K
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] 4 10 3 10
9
1
4 10 10 4 10
9
1
1 10
10 10 10
1 10
1 10 10
4
2 3
2 2 3
2 1 3 1 2
+ = + =
=
n n n n n
n n n
( ) ( ) ( )
n
n n n
1 2 10 1 10
9
1
2 10
2 2
+ = + = .
Corolario 1:
n n 2
4 1 irracional se e s se
n
1 irracional.
Demostracin:
Pola proposicin 1, ( ) ( )
n
n
n
n
n n
1 2 10 1 2 10 4 1
2
2
+ = + = ; como 2 10 +
n
racional e o
produto dun racional por outro nmero real irracional se e s se dito nmero o , est probado
este corolario 1.
Proposicin 2:
n
1 non un cadrado perfecto.
Demostracin:
Por reducin ao absurdo: Se existise m natural tal que
2
1 m
n
= , dividindo m entre 4 teranse un
cociente c e un resto r tales que r c m + = 4 e { } 3 , 2 , 1 , 0 r . As,
Por tanto,
( )
( )
= + = + +
= = +
= +
=
=
3 , 1 4 1 2 4
2 , 4 1 4
1 , 1 4
0 , 4
1
r se c c
r se c c
r se c
r se c
n
, logo 0 1
n
( ) 4 md (se r par) ou
1 1
n
( ) 4 md (se r impar).
Pero iso contrad o feito de que 3 3 27 4 3 08 1 1
2 2
+ = + =
n n n
( ) 4 md , contradicin que proba
esta proposicin 2.
Corolario 2:
n
1 irracional.
Demostracin:
Por reducin ao absurdo: Se
n
1 fose racional, entn
s
r
n
= 1 para algns naturais r e s ,
podendo supoerse ademais que ( ) 1 , = s r sen mis que factorizar r e s e simplificar o mximo de
factores primos do numerador e denominador da fraccin
n
1 .
As,
2
2
1
s
r
n
= , logo
2 2
1 r s
n
= , co cal
n
1 divide a
2
r .
Sexa
k
k n
p p p
2
1
2 1
1 = K a factorizacin de
n
1 en produto de primos
i
p , con
i
naturais,
0 >
i
. Pola proposicin 2, non pode ocorrer que tdolos
i
sexan mltiplos de 2 (pois nese caso
( )
2
2
1
2 2
2
2
1
2
1
2 1 2 1 2 1
1
k k k
k k k n
p p p p p p p p p = = = K K K , un cadrado perfecto), logo
algn dos
i
, sexa este
0
i
, non mltiplo de 2 .
Como
n
1 divide a
2
r e
k
k n
p p p
2
1
2 1
1 = K , con
i
p primos, tense que tdolos
i
i
p
dividen a
2
r ; en particular,
0
0
i
i
p tamn, logo
0
i
p divide a
2
r e polo tanto
0
i
p divide a r . Desto ltimo e do
feito de que
0
i
p primo, dedcese que
0
i
p un dos factores na factorizacin de r en produto de
primos, co cal existen
0
i
e t naturais, sendo 0
0
>
i
o expoente que lle corresponde ao primo
0
i
p en tal factorizacin, con t p r
i
i
=
0
0
1
0
0
2 1
1 = K K divide a
2
2
2
0
0
t p r
i
i
= , con
i
p primos, logo
0 0
2
i i
; como
0
i
non mltiplo de 2 , desta desigualdade dedcese que
0 0
2
i i
< .
Entn ( )
2
2
2 2
1
2
0
0
0
0
2 1
1 t p r s p p p p s
i
k
i
i n k i
= = = K K ,
co cal, dividindo entre
0
0
i
i
p os dous membros da igualdade, obtense que
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
2 1
t p p p p p p s
i i
k
i i
i k i i
=
+
+
K K e como 0 2
0 0
>
i i
, resulta que o primo
0
i
p
deber dividir a
k
i i
k i i
p p p p p s
1
1
1
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
2 1
+
+
K K ; ao ser tdolos
i
p , con
0
i i , primos
diferentes do
0
i
p , s queda a posibilidade de que
0
i
p divida ao natural
2
s do produto anterior;
polo tanto,
0
i
p
debe dividir a s .
Polo tanto,
0
i
p divide a r e
0
i
p divide a s , co cal
0
i
p debe dividir ao mximo comn divisor de r
e s , que 1. Pero esto ltimo imposible, porque
0
i
p un nmero primo. Esta contradicin
finaliza a demostracin deste corolario 2, que era o que se peda probar.
Nota: Unha demostracin similar a esta vale para probar que, dados u e v naturais tales que v
non sexa unha u potencia dun nmero natural, o nmero
u
v irracional.
Jose Carlos Garca Barro
Problemas para los mas jovenes (24.2).
Un conjunto M de cuatro n umeros naturales se dice ligado, si para todo elemento x M,
al menos uno de los n umeros x 1 y x + 1 pertenece a M.
Sea U
n
el n umero de subconjuntos ligados del conjunto {1,2,. . . ,n}.
a) Calcular U
7
.
b) Determinar el menor n umero n tal que U
n
2006.
Solucion:
Denotemos por K
n
al subconjunto {1, 2, , n}. Entonces K
7
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}.
Calculamos en primer lugar el n umero de subconjuntos ligados de K
7
que contienen al n umero 1.
Por denicion de ligado, obligatoriamente cada uno de estos subconjuntos debe contener al 2.
Si tambien contiene al 3, entonces el cuarto n umero debe ser el 4, pues si fuese uno mas grande, ni
el anterior ni el posterior perteneceran al subconjunto y este no sera ligado.
Si no contiene al 3 y s al 4, el cuarto n umero debera ser el 5, por el mismo razonamiento anterior.
Una vez contados todos aquellos subconjuntos ligados que contienen al 1, seguimos con todos
aquellos que no contienen al 1 empezando con los que poseen al 2, y as sucesivamente (hasta que
solo nos queden cuatro n umeros) siguiendo el mismo esquema de razonamiento.
Para K
7
se obtiene la siguiente tabla, en la que se muestran todos los subconjuntos ligados, con sus
elementos ordenados de menor a mayor.
Empezando por 1 Empezando por 2 Empezando por 3 Empezando por 4
{1, 2, 3, 4} {2, 3, 4, 5} {3, 4, 5, 6} {4, 5, 6, 7}
{1, 2, 4, 5} {2, 3, 5, 6} {3, 4, 6, 7}
{1, 2, 5, 6} {2, 3, 6, 7}
{1, 2, 6, 7}
Deducimos, pues, U
7
= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10.
Para resolver el apartado b), conjeturamos U
n
= 1 + 2 + 3 +. . . + (n 4) + (n 3) =
(n 3)(n 2)
2
.
Y, en efecto, podemos construir una tabla analoga a la anterior:
Empezando por 1 Empezando por 2 . . . Empezando por n 3
{1, 2, 3, 4} {2, 3, 4, 5} . . . {n 3, n 2, n 1, n}
{1, 2, 4, 5} {2, 3, 5, 6} . . .
. . . . . . . . .
{1, 2, n 1, n} {2, 3, n 1, n} . . .
n 3 subconjuntos n 2 subconjuntos . . . 1 subconjunto
Solo nos queda calcular n para que U
n
2006.
2006 U
n
=
(n 3)(n 2)
2
(n 3)(n 2) 4012 n
2
5n 4006 0.
Resolviendo la ecuacion de segundo grado, obtenemos n 66.
Jose Carlos Garca Barro
Problemas para los mas jovenes (24.3).
Se considera el triangulo isosceles ABC con AB = AC. Sea D el punto medio del lado BC,
M el punto medio del segmento AD y N el pie de la perpendicular trazada desde D a BM.
Demostrar que ANC = 90
o
.
Solucion:
Demostremos en un principio que los triangulos AMN y CDN son semejantes.
El angulo CDN coincide con el angulo AMN, pues una recta forma con otra un angulo igual al que
forman sus respectivas perpendiculares (observar que CDAM, al ser AM la altura del triangulo sobre
la base CB, y DNMN, por construccion).
Ademas, los lados AM, MN son proporcionales a CD, DN, respectivamente.
Llamando h a la altura AD, y a a la base CB, tenemos, por un lado,
AM
CD
=
h/2
a/2
=
h
a
,
y, por otro lado, al ser MDN y MBD triangulos semejantes por tener sus angulos iguales,
MN
DN
= tan MDN = tan MBD =
h/2
a/2
=
h
a
.
As, los triangulos AMN y CDN son semejantes y, por tanto, los angulos ANM y CND son
iguales. Finalmente, obtenemos
ANC = MNC +ANM = MNC +CND = DNM = 90
o
.
Problema 120
Propuesto por el editor
Demostrar que el cuadrado del diametro del circulo circunscrito al triangulo Iormado
por las rectas
2 2
2 0,
1 0,
ax hxv bv
lx mv
+ + =
+ + =
es
( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2 2
2
2 2
4
2
a b h l m
am hlm bl
+ +
+
.
Solucin de Daniel Lasaosa Medarde, Pamplona, Navarra, Espaa.
Sea un triangulo cualquiera de vertices A, B, C, radio de la circunIerencia circunscrita R
y area S. Entonces, es conocido por el teorema del seno que
( ) sen
2 4
BC CA C
BC CA AB
S
R
= = ; ( )
2
2 2 2
2
2
2
2 4
BC CA AB BC CA AB
R
S S
= =
.
Si a=b=0, la primera ecuacion se convierte en xv=0, con lo que x=0, v=0 son rectas que
contienen a dos de los lados del triangulos. Sus vertices serian los cortes de estas dos
rectas con la tercera, es decir, (0,0), (0,1/m) y (1/l,0). El triangulo es rectangulo en
(0,0), luego el diametro de su circunIerencia circunscrita es igual a la hipotenusa:
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
4
4
1 1
2
2
2
a b h l m
h l m
l m
R
m l l m
hlm
am hlm bl
+ +
+
+
= + = = =
+
.
En el caso en el que a y b no sean ambos nulos, siempre podemos elegir que a sea no
nulo intercambiando los papeles de x e v. Ademas, siempre podemos elegir a positivo,
multiplicando ambos miembros de la primera ecuacion por 1. Tenemos entonces dos
casos distintos:
i) si b tiene el mismo signo que a y h
2
<ab, entonces podemos tomar
2
a
t u = = ,
2
2
h ab h
v
a
= ,
2
2
h ab h
w
a
+
= ,
en cuyo caso se tiene que
2 2
2
2
a
t u a + = = ,
2 2
2 2
h ab h h ab h
tw uv h
+
+ = + = ,
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
h ab h h ab h
ab
w v b
a a
+ +
+ = = = ,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 tx wv ux vv t u x tw uv xv w v v ax hxv bv + + + = + + + + + = + + .
Pero entonces las ecuaciones tx+wv=0 y ux+vv=0 deben satisIacerse simultaneamente
para que se satisIaga la primera ecuacion dada, con lo que esta no deIine dos rectas, sino
un punto (el origen), y no queda deIinido un triangulo, con lo que no tiene sentido
deIinir el diametro de su circunIerencia circunscrita.
ii) si b tiene signo opuesto al de a (con lo que ab<0), o si b es nulo, o si a y b tienen el
mismo signo pero h
2
ab, entonces dando a t un valor real cualquiera y deIiniendo
a
u
t
= ,
2
h h ab
v
t
= ,
( )
2
t
w h h ab
a
= + ,
se tiene pues que existen reales t, u, v, w tales que
tu a = ,
( )
2 2
h h ab
vw b
a
= = ,
2 2
2 tv uw h h ab h h ab h + = + + = ,
( ) ( )( )
2 2 2 2
2 ax hxv bv tux tv uw xv vwv tx wv ux vv + + = + + + = + + .
Se tiene pues que la primera ecuacion deIine las rectas tx+wv=0, ux+vv=0, que
conIluyen en el origen, que es uno de los vertices del triangulo (C sin perdida de
generalidad). Los otros dos vertices son las soluciones de los sistemas
1
0
l m x
t w v
=
,
1
0
l m x
u v v
=
.
Llamando
1
y
2
a los determinantes de las matrices respectivas de ambos sistemas, se
tiene, sin perdida de generalidad, que los otros dos vertices A y B tienen coordenadas
1 1
,
w t
A
,
2 2
,
v u
B
.
Se tiene entonces que las longitudes de los lados son:
2 2
2
2
1
t w
CA
+
=
,
2 2
2
2
2
u v
BC
+
=
,
( ) ( )
( )( )
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 1 1 2
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2
2 2
2 2
1 2
.
m tv uw l uw tv w v u t
AB
l m tv uw
= + = +
+
=
Ademas, el cuadrado del doble del area se puede escribir como
( )
2
2
2
1 1 2
2 2
1 2
2 2
4
w t
tv uw
S CA CB
v u
= = =
.
Se llega entonces a
( )
( )( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2 1 1 2
2
2 2
1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
1 2
2
2
.
l m tv uw
u v t w
BC CA AB
R
S
tv uw
u v t w l m
+
+ +
= =
+ + +
=
Pero
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2 4 4 ,
u v t w t u v w t v u w tu vw tu vw tv uw
a b ab h a b h
+ + = + + + = + + +
= + + = +
( )( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1 2
2 lw mt lv mu l vw m tu lm tv uw l b m a lmh = = + + = + ,
con lo que
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2 2
2
2
2 2
4
2
2
a b h l m
R
am hlm bl
+ +
=
+
,
q.e.d..
Jose Luis DazBarrero
Applied Mathematics III
Universitat Polit`ecnica de Catalunya
Jordi Girona 1-3, C2, 08034 Barcelona. Spain
jose.luis.diaz@upc.edu
Problema xxx. Propuesto por Jose Luis Daz-Barrero ( Barcelona,
Espa na)
Calcular la suma
n=1
n
(1)
n+1
+F
n1
F
n+1
2
2n
siendo F
n
el nesimo n umero de Fibonacci denido por F
0
= 0, F
1
= 1
y para todo n 2, F
n
= F
n1
+F
n2
.
Solucion por el autor de la propuesta
Teniendo en cuenta la identitdad de Cassini: F
n1
F
n+1
F
2
n
= (1)
n
(puede probarse facilmente por induccion) la suma propuesta puede
escribirse en la forma
n=1
nF
2
n
2
2n
(1)
Para sumar (1) necesitamos probar que
n=0
F
2
n
x
n
=
x(1 x)
1 2x 2x
2
+x
3
, |x| <
3
5
2
(2)
En efecto, supongamos que
n=0
a
n
x
n
=
x(1 x)
1 2x 2x
2
+x
3
,
entonces
n=0
a
n
(1 2x 2x
2
+x
3
)x
n
= x(1 x).
Igualando ceocients de potencias d eigual grado, resulta a
0
= 0, a
1
=
a
2
= 1, y a
n
= 2a
n1
+ 2a
n2
a
n3
, para n 3. Puesto que,
F
2
n
= (F
n1
+F
n2
)
2
= 2F
2
n1
+ 2F
2
n2
(F
n1
F
n2
)
2
= 2F
2
n1
+ 2F
2
n2
F
2
n3
,
entonces a
n
= F
2
n
satisface la recurrencia precedente y las tres condi-
ciones iniciales. Ademas las rces de la c ubica 12x2x
2
+x
3
= 0 son
1,
3+
5
2
y
3
5
2
con lo que la serie (2) converge cuando |x| <
3
5
2
.
1
Ahora para obtener (1) aplicamos el operador x
d
dx
a ambos lados de
(2) y resulta
n=0
nF
2
n
x
n
=
x(1 2x + 4x
2
2x
3
+x
4
)
(1 +x)
2
(1 3x +x
2
)
2
.
Finalmente, haciendo x =
1
4
en la expresion precedente, obtenemos
n=1
nF
2
n
2
2n
=
148
125
y hemos terminado.
2
Problema 122
Sean a; b; c los lados de un tringulo acutngulo ABC con semipermetro s:
Demostrar que
3 3 3
16
sec sec sec
9
a b c
A B C
s s s
+ +
Solucin.
Al ser el tringulo acutngulo, cos A, cos B, cos C y sus inversos son positivos.
Por la desigualdad de las medias,
3 3 3
3
3
3
sec sec sec
cos cos cos
a b c abc
A B C
s s s s A B C
+ +
(1),
como
2
2
a b c a b c s
s s s s s
+ +
+ + = = = ,
3
abc a b c
s s s s
= es el producto de tres nmeros positivos con
suma constante y es sabido que alcanza su mnimo cuando son iguales; por tanto
3
3
3
8
27
27
8
abc a
s
a
= = (2).
De otra parte desde la desigualdad clsica
3
cos cos cos
2
A B C + + y de nuevo por la desigualdad
de las medias aplicada a los nmeros positivos cos A, cos B, cos C, resulta
3
3
cos cos cos 3 cos cos cos
2
A B C A B C + + ,
que se puede escribir
3
3
1 3
cos cos cos 6
2 cos cos cos
A B C
A B C
(3) ;
llevando (2) y (3) a (1)
3 3 3
8 16
sec sec sec 6
27 9
a b c
A B C
s s s
+ + =
y hemos terminado.
Nota. El signo = del enunciado es vlido si y slo si el tringulo es equiltero ya que todas las
desigualdades manejadas se convierten en igualdades si y slo si el tringulo es equiltero.
Cristbal Snchez-Rubio
I.E.S. Penyagolosa, Castelln.
Problema 123
Propuesto por Laurentiu Modan, Bucarest, Rumana
i) Hallar el cardinal (), N
*
, del conjunto de los numeros de ciIras, que se escriben
solamente con ciIras pares.
ii) Hallar el cardinal (), N
*
, de los numeros de ciIras, que se escriben solamente
con ciIras impares.
iii) Hallar N
*
de tal manera que ()+(), sea cuadrado perIecto.
iv) Sea (), N
*
, el cardinal del conjunto de los numeros de ciIras que se pueden
Iormar con los digitos 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Calcular el maximo comun divisor de () y
()+().
v) Hallar N
*
tal que
( )
( ) ( )
( ) 0 mod144
.
Solucin de Daniel Lasaosa Medarde, Pamplona, Espaa.
Nota: he incluido el apartado v) ya que en el enunciado aparecia solo la ecuacion, a la
que he dotado del objetivo que intuyo le queria dar originalmente el proponente.
i) De las ciIras de cualquier tal numero, todas pueden tomar valores 0,2,4,6,8, salvo la
primera, que solo puede tomar valores 2,4,6,8, luego
( )
1
4 5
= .
ii) De las ciIras de cualquier tal numero, todas pueden tomar valores 1,3,4,7,9, luego
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
5 5 9 5
= = + = .
iii) Por el apartado anterior,
( ) ( )
2 1
3 5
+ = ,
que es cuadrado perIecto si y solo si lo es 5
1
, y al ser 5 primo, si y solo si 1 es par,
es decir, si y solo si es impar.
iv) De las ciIras de cualquier tal numero, la primera no puede tomar el valor 0, luego
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
9 10 2 9 2
= = + =
.
Al ser () multiplo de ()+(), este ultimo es su maximo comun divisor es, es decir,
( ) ( ) ( ) { } ( ) ( )
1
mcd , 9 5
+ = + = .
v) Se tiene por el apartado anterior que
( )
( ) ( )
1 5
9 2 144 2
= =
.
El miembro de la derecha sera multiplo de 144 obviamente si y solo si 2
5
es entero, es
decir, si y solo si 5. Luego
( )
( ) ( )
( ) 0 mod144
si y solo si 5.
Problema 125
Si a; b; c son estrictamente positivos, demostrar que
( )
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
1
3 3
a b b c c a
abc a b b c c a
+ +
+ +
Solucin.
Aplicando la desigualdad MAG a los nmeros
2 2 2
, , a b b c c a ; obtenemos
2 2 2
3 3 3 3
3
a b b c c a
a b c
+ +
que operada queda en la forma
2 2 2
3 a b b c c a abc + + (1)
multiplicando los dos miembros de (1) por abc y despejando abc resulta
( )
2 2 2
3
abc a b b c c a
abc
+ +
que es la desigualdad de la izquierda.
Si ahora multiplicamos los dos miembros de (1) por
2 2 2
a b b c c a + + y dividimos por 9 resulta
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
9 3
a b b c c a abc a b b c c a + + + +
y extrayendo la raz cuadrada resulta la desigualdad de la derecha:
( )
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
1
3 3
a b b c c a
a b b c c a
+ +
+ +
Problemas 116 bis, 126-130
Problema 116 bis (correccin), propuesto por Doru Popescu Anas-
tasiu (Slatina, Rumania) y Miguel Amengual Covas (Cala Figuera,
Espaa)
Sean x e y nmeros reales tales que
p
x
2
3x +
p
y
2
3y = 1:
Demostrar que
x
2
+ y
2
< 2 (x + y) + 15:
Problema 126 (propuesto por Laurentiu Modan, Bucarest, Ruma-
nia)
Sea (x
n
) la sucesin denida por
x
0
=
1
2
; x
1
= 1; x
n+1
= 5x
n
6x
n1
+ 3 2n:
Calcular el lmite
lim
n!1
1
3
n
+
1
2
2n
x
n
Problema 127 (propuesto por Cristbal Snchez Rubio, Benicasim,
Espaa)
En un tringulo de lados a; b; c y rea S; llamamos ngono medio, Q
n
; a la
media aritmtica de las reas de los tres n agonos regulares construidos sobre
cada lado.
Demostrar que
S
Q
n
p
3 tan
n
n
;
con igualdad si y slo si el tringulo es equiltero.
Problema 128 (propuesto por Luis Gmez Snchez Alfaro, El Callao,
Per)
Se considera un ngulo agudo > 0 dividido en n partes iguales y se toma en
un lado del ngulo un punto P
0
cuya distancia al vrtice O de sea igual a 1. A
partir del punto P
0
se determinan puntos P
1
; P
2
; P
3
; : : : ; P
n
en los lados sucesivos
de los n ngulos formados, tales que todos los segmentos P
i1
P
i
; i = 1; 2; : : : ; n,
formen un ngulo agudo con la recta OP
i1
y que los segmentos OP
i
sean
sucesivamente crecientes.
Calcular el lmite de la longitud del segmento nal OP
n
; cuando n tiende a
innito.
Problema 129 (propuesto por Alex Sierra Crdenas, Medelln,
Colombia)
1
Calcular
lim
n!1
Z
2
0
sin2nx
sinx
dx:
Problema 130 (propuesto por el editor, y dedicado a la memoria
de D. Jos Ramn Fuentes Miras, autor del problema)
Determinar una funcin holomorfa que verica las siguientes condiciones:
1) est denida y es holomorfa en el primer cuadrante compacto, salvo en el
punto 1 + i; donde tiene un polo de primer orden con residuo 1.
2)sobre el eje real toma valores reales, y sobre el imaginario, imaginarios
puros.
3) es regular en el punto del innito, y f (1) = 0:
(propuesto en la Ctedra de Anlisis matemtico IV, Facultad de Ciencias
de Madrid, junio de 1965)
2
DIVERTIMENTOS MATEMTICOS 26
Sobre George Plya (1887-1985)
(O, si se quiere, comentario al libro de Gerald L.Alexanderson The
random walks of George Plya, M.A.A. 2000)
Del 22 al 28 de julio de 2006 se celebr en Cambridge (UK), la
Conferencia de la World Federation of National Mathematics
Competitions, en la que el que suscribe present a la audiencia
(mayoritariamente no iberoamericana) la Revista Escolar de la OIM.
Estar en Cambridge y no visitar la librera de la Cambridge University
Press hubiera sido imperdonable, y en esa visita adquir el libro arriba
mencionado. Gerald L. Alexanderson, profesor de la Universidad de
Santa Clara, en California, conoci personalmente a Plya y ha escrito
una magnfica biografa, en 12 captulos, con una completa
bibliografa de Plya y 14 Apndices, escritos por Kai Lay Chung, R.P.
Boas, Jr., D.H. Lehmer, Doris Schattschneider, R.C. Read, M.M.
Schiffer, Alan H. Schoenfeld.y el propio G. Plya, pues se
reproducen 4 de sus artculos.
Yo no conoc en persona a Plya, pero desde mis ya lejanos tiempos
de Ayudante Becario en la Escuela de Formacin del Profesorado de
Grado Medio (1964-65) o a mi Profesor Tutor, mi admirado y querido
D. Jos Ramn Pascual Ibarra, citar en muchas ocasiones a Plya y
a D. Pedro Puig Adam como los modelos de Profesor a seguir.
Naturalmente, las obras de Plya How to solve it, Matemticas y
razonamiento plausible y La dcouverte des mathmatiques
figuran en mi biblioteca desde entonces, y han sido y son siempre
una fuente inagotable de ideas para utilizar en clase. Tambin,
naturalmente, el libro de problemas por antonomasia, Aufgaben und
Lehrstze aus der Analysis, de George Plya y Gabor Szeg, al que
est dedicado todo el captulo 5 de libro que comentamos.
Plya es un ejemplo del investigador matemtico de primer orden
que tambin fue admirado y respetado por su contribucin a la
enseanza de las matemticas a travs de sus escritos sobre la
resolucin de problemas. Plya irradiaba entusiasmo y alegra al
descubrir cosas bellas en las matemticas y compartirlas con otros.
Para l, tanto en sus investigaciones como en su enseanza, el gozo
del descubrimiento lo era todo.
En una entrevista de Albers y Alexanderson (1985), Plya dice: Por
qu soy matemtico? Yo pens: No soy lo suficientemente bueno en
Fsica, y muy bueno en Filosofa. Las matemticas estn en medio.
No obstante, es conocida otra cita suya sobre los filsofos, una
variacin de la descripcin francesa de los egresados de las Hautes
coles: Los filsofos saben de todopero no mucho ms.
A lo largo de su vida, Plya mantuvo relaciones cientficas con los
matemticos ms importantes de su tiempo, y disfrutaba contando
historias y ancdotas sobre ellos. Cuando se le peda que diera un
speech despus de la cena, sola empezar contando lo que haba
odo a Lebesgue: En el Coliseo de Roma, un cristiano fue conducido
a la arena, donde un feroz len iba a comrselo. El cristiano susurr
algo al odo del len, y ste se retir apresuradamente. Un segundo
len, ms feroz incluso que el primero, sali dispuesto a comerse al
cristiano, que hizo lo mismo que antes y con idntico resultado. El
Emperador hizo saber al cristiano que le perdonara la vida si le deca
lo que haba susurrado a los leones. El cristiano contest: En realidad
es bastante sencillo. Slo les dije: Despus de la cena tendris que
dar un speech.
Plya cuenta la siguiente ancdota de Steiner: durante una recepcin
en la corte de Berln, Steiner fue interpelado por uno de los nobles
presentes: Profesor Steiner, he odo decir que usted cuidaba vacas
antes de ser Profesor. Steiner contest: As es, Excelencia. Desde
entonces, si veo un buey lo reconozco en seguida.
Durante su primera estancia en Stanford, en los aos cuarenta, Plya
form parte del Tribunal de los exmenes orales de licenciatura. En
una ocasin, pidi al examinando que diera la definicin de la
curvatura de Gauss en trminos del rea de una aplicacin esfrica
mediante las normales. El examinando protest, argumentando que
l no haba estudiado nada de eso.pero Plya insisti en que lo
intentase en el encerado: No est prohibido aprender algo en un
examen!
Es bien conocida la relacin entre Hardy, Littlewood y Plya en
Cambridge y Oxford (1924), que dio lugar al famoso libro
Inequalities. Tambin es conocida la aficin de Hardy al cricket. En
una ocasin, Hardy propuso a Plya que escribieran sendos equipos
de cricket, con la condicin de que los jugadores del equipo de
Hardy empezaran todos por HA, y los de Plya por PO. stos son los
dos equipos:
Hayward (T) Poincar (H)
Hannibal Porsenna
Haydn Pontius Pilate
Hakon Poe
Hamilton (Sir WR) Poisson
Hardy (T) Potiphar (Sra. De)
Hafiz Poincar (R)
Hapsburg (R von) Poushkin
Harmodius Pond
Hamlet Poinsot
Hadamard Polycrates
En la poca en la que Plya visit Cambridge, Hardy y Littlewood
estaban intentando modificar el famoso Tripos Examination (que
duraba tres das), porque se proponan problemas muy difciles pero
que no eran relevantes para las investigaciones matemticas. Hardy
convenci a Plya para que hiciera el examen. Estaba seguro de que
Plya lo hara mal y as se demostrara que un joven y prominente
matemtico del Continente tendra dificultades con esos artificiales y
complicados problemas. Pero Hardy se equivoc.si Plya hubiera
estado inscrito oficialmente en el Tripos, hubiera sido nombrado
Senior Wrangler, es decir, estara entre los mejores!
La caminata aleatoria (random walk) es uno de los muchos temas
descubiertos o estudiados por Plya. Durante la Feria Mundial de
Nueva York de 1965, en el pabelln de IBM se exhiba un modelo
para simular en qu consiste, y aparecan de forma destacada los
nombres de los 7 principales investigadores del tema: Albert Einstein,
Enrico Fermi, Norbert Wiener, Andrei Kolmogorov, John von
Neumann, George Plya y Satnislaw Ulam. Plya, cuando lo vi, dijo:
Me gusta estar en esa compaa.
En el eplogo de este excelente libro, cuya lectura recomiendo
vivamente, se cita esta conversacin entre Paul Erds y George
Plya, en el 97 cumpleaos de ste ltimo. Erds le dijo que
celebraran a lo grande su centenario. Plya le contest: tal vez yo
quiera cumplir 100 aos, pero no 101, porque la vejez y la estupidez
son muy desagradables.
Martos, Jan, agosto de 2006
Francisco Bellot Rosado
Comentario de pginas web (26)
La pgina web de Peter Winkler
http://www.math.dartmouth.edu/~pw/
lvaro Begu, desde Nueva York, me ha facilitado la direccin
electrnica de la pgina web de Peter Winkler, Profesor de
Matemticas y Computer Science en Dartmouth, Hannover, New
Hampshire.
Al impresionante currculo del Prof. Winkler (fue investigador Senior
en el Clay Institute en 2005) se aade su inters por los problemas
elementales que resume en 7 Puzzles que usted crea no haber
odo correctamente, ahora con soluciones, una charla dada en la
Sexta reunin en homenaje a Martin Gardner. Recomiendo
vivamente a los lectores de la REOIM que entren en esta pgina y
procuren sacar de ella todo el provecho posible. Y, desde luego,
que disfruten con estos 7 puzzles (yo los calificara de problemas, y
muy serios) aun antes de leer sus soluciones.
Valladolid, septiembre de 2006.
Francisco Bellot
First Announcement and Call for Proposals
The Mathematics Education into the 21
st
Century Project
together with
The University of North Carolina Charlotte
& the Hilton Charlotte University Place Hotel
are proud to announce our
9th International Conference
Mathematics Education in a Global Community
September 7 12, 2007
Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
in cooperation with
The Third World Forum
MUED, Wholemovement
The Hong Kong Institute of Education
and Major Sponsors Autograph
The Mathematics Education into the 21
st
Century project, in partnership with The
College of Education and the Center for Mathematics, Science & Technology Education,
University of North Carolina Charlotte, welcomes you to our International Conference on
"Mathematics Education in a Global Community" from September 7-12, 2007 in
Charlotte, North Carolina, USA. The conference will open with an evening welcome
reception on Friday, Sep 7 and finishes with lunch on Wednesday, Sep 12. There will be
an additional social programme for accompanying persons. The chairman of the Local
Organising Committee is Associate Professor Dr. David K. Pugalee. For ALL further
conference details and updates please email arogerson@inetia.pl (NOT
arogerson@vsg.edu.au - please delete this from your address book!).
Our conferences are renowned for their friendly and productive working atmosphere
and are attended by innovative teachers and mathematics educators from all over the
world for example 25 countries were represented at our last conference! This
conference follows on from our eight previous Project Conferences held in the following
beautiful places: next to the pyramids in Cairo in 1999, in the historic splendour of the
Holy Land in J ordan in 2000, a magical country retreat in Poland 2001, where the Great
Barrier Reef meets the rain forest in Australia 2001, on the beautiful coast of Sicily in
2002, in the historic capital of Moravia, Brno, Czech Republic in 2003, in a beautiful spa
town in Poland in 2004, and in Malaysia overlooking the Straits of J ohor and Singapore
Island in 2005.
The Conference is organised by the Mathematics Education into the 21st Century
Project - an international educational initiative whose coordinators are Dr. Alan
Rogerson (UK/Australia/Poland) and Professor Fayez Mina (Egypt). Since its inception
in 1986, the Mathematics Education into the 21st Century Project has received
support and funding from many educational bodies and institutions throughout the world.
In 1992 UNESCO published our Project Handbook "Moving Into the 21st Century" as
Volume 8 in the UNESCO series Studies In Mathematics Education.
The Mathematics Education into the 21st Century Project is dedicated to the
improvement of mathematics education world-wide through the publication and
dissemination of innovative ideas. Many prominent mathematics educators have
supported and contributed to the project, including the late Hans Freudental, Andrejs
Dunkels and Hilary Shuard, as well as Bruce Meserve and Marilyn Suydam, Alan
Osborne and Margaret Kasten, Mogens Niss, Tibor Nemetz, Ubi DAmbrosio, Brian
Wilson, Tatsuro Miwa, Henry Pollack, Werner Blum, Roberto Baldino, Waclaw
Zawadowski, and many others throughout the world.
Information about our project and its future work can be found on the following
webpages.
Our Project Home Page, which leads directly to the Charlotte Conference First
Announcement pdf: http://math.unipa.it/~grim/21project.htm
http://math.unipa.it/~grim/21_malasya_2005.doc Information on Malaysia 2005
http://math.unipa.it/~grim/egypt.pdf Egypt Conference site
http://math.unipa.it/~grim/jourdain J ordan conference site
http://math.unipa.it/~grim/cairms Australia conference site
http://math.unipa.it/~grim/palermo2002 Sicily Conference site
http://dipmat.math.unipa.it/~grim/21_project/21_brno_03.htm Brno Conference site
http://math.unipa.it/~grim/21_project/21_ciechocinek_04.htm Ciechocinek Conference
Filippo Spagnolo, of Palermo University, is webmaster for the above sites.
Felix Rieper has compiled a photo album of the Ciechocinek Conference at
http://www.ph-heidelberg.de/wp/filler/ciecho04/index.htm
Krys Bestry is webmaster for our Polish Superkurs Home Page and National Planning
Meetings webpage http://superkurs.republika.pl/ (in Polish - but with pictures!)
See also: http://www.vsg.edu.au/egypt99/ for more information about our project and
its work. For the Brno conference there is a local Website in Czech and English at
http://www.math.muni.cz/matheduconf.sept2003
The Mathematics Education into the 21
st
Century Project has the following National
Representatives: Dr. J ean Michel Hanna Egypt, Dr. Reda Abu-Elwan Oman, Assistant
Professor Othman Alsawaie UAE, Professor Noor Azlan Ahmad Zanzali Malaysia,
Professor Angel Balderas Mexico, Dr. Ren Berthelot France, Dr. Cinzia Bonotto Italy,
Gail Burrill USA, Professor Indira Chacko Zimbawe, Prof Dr.Erik De Corte Belgium,
Prof. Dr. Franco Favilli Italy, Professor Gunnar Gjone Norway, Professor Doctor
Gunter Graumann Germany, Pam Hagen Canada, Dr. Marjorie Henningsen Lebanon,
Dr. Hanan Innabi J ordan, Professor George Malaty Finland, Prof Dr. Ivan Meznik
Czech Republic, Willy Mwakapenda Malawi/South Africa, Dr. Maria Luisa Oliveras
Spain, Chris Ormell UK, Assoc Prof Lionel Pereira-Mendoza Singapore, Dr. Medhat
Rahim Canada, Dr. Fatimah Saleh Malaysia, Dr. Maher Y. Shawer USA, Professor
Anthony Sofo Australia, Dr. Filippo Spagnolo Italy, Teresa Vergani Portugal, Professor
Derrick Young South Africa, Professor Wacek Zawadowski Poland.
SuperCourse
Our latest International Initiative - SuperCourse - began work in 2001 and now has
writing teams and writers throughout the world. Our First International Conference for
SuperCourse was held in June/J uly 2001 in Zajaczkowo, Poland. National Polish
SuperCourse meetings have been held every year after 2002 in Ciechocinek, Poland.
Work is ongoing internationally for SuperCourse. A Resources Book in English and in
Arabic has already been published by the SuperCourse Arabic Group in Cairo. Two years
draft text books have been completed in Poland in J anuary 2003 and testing has been
done throughout 2003/7 in Poland and in Germany, Hungary and the UK as part of a
European Union Comenius Project. We look forward to continuing this work with our
writing teams in 2007.
Charlotte, NC, USA 2007 Conference Committees
International Program Committee
Chairman
Dr. Alan Rogerson, International Coordinator of the Mathematics in Society Project (Poland).
Prof Khaled Abuloum, University of J ordan (J ordan).
Professor Roberto Baldino, UNESP (Brazil).
Dr. Andy Begg , University of Waikato (New Zealand).
Dr. Donna F. Berlin, The Ohio State University (USA)
Prof. Dr. Werner Blum, University of Kassel (Germany).
Professor Ubiratan D'Ambrosio, Campinas/UNICAMP, (Brazil).
Professor Bruno D'Amore, University of Bologna (Italy).
Professor Dr. Tilak de Alwis, Southeastern Louisiana University (USA)
Prof Dr William Ebeid, Emeritus Professor, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University (Egypt).
Professor Paul Ernest, University of Exeter (UK).
Prof. Dr. Gabriele Kaiser, Hamburg University (Germany).
Dr. Madeleine J . Long, American Association for the Advancement of Science (USA).
Prof Dr Fayez Mina, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University (Egypt).
Prof Nicolina Malara, University of Modena (Italy)
Prof Dr M. Ali M. Nassar, Director of Planning Center, Institute of National Planning (Egypt).
Professor Lionel Pereira Mendoza, Associate Professor, NIE (Singapore).
Professor Angela Pesci, University of Pavia (Italy)
Prof. Medhat Rahim, Lakehead University, Faculty of Education (Canada).
Professor Filippo Spagnolo, University of Palermo, Sicily, (Italy).
Professor Dr. Alicia Villar Icasuriaga, IPA, Montevideo, (Uruguay)
Dr. Arthur L. White, The Ohio State University ( USA)
Professor. Wacek Zawadowski, Siedlce University (Poland).
Local Organizing Committee
Chairman:
Associate Professor Dr. David K. Pugalee, (dkpugale@email.uncc.edu)
Patsy (Patricia) Douville, University of North Carolina Charlotte (pdouvill@email.uncc.edu)
Sally Adkin, North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics (adkin@ncssm.edu)
Laura Brinker, University of South Carolina (LBrinker@gwm.sc.edu)
Vic Cifarelli, University of North Carolina Charlotte (vvcifare@email.uncc.edu)
Cos D Fi, University of North Carolina at Greensboro (cdfi@uncg.edu)
Susan Friel, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (sfriel@email.unc.edu)
Adam Harbaugh, University of North Carolina Charlotte (apharbau@email.uncc.edu)
Timothy Hendrix, Meredith College (Hendrixt@meredith.edu)
Karen Hollenbrands, North Carolina State University (karen_hollebrands@ncsu.edu)
Corey Lock, University of North Carolina Charlotte (crlock@email.uncc.edu)
Carol Malloy, UNC Chapel Hill (cmalloy@email.unc.edu)
Henry Neale, Charlotte Country Day School/UNC Charlotte (neale@ccds.charlotte.nc.us)
Ron Preston, East Carolina University (PRESTONR@MAIL.ECU.EDU)
Sid Rachlin, Association of Mathematics Teacher Eductors, President, (rachlins@ecu.edu)
David Royster, National Science Foundation (droyster@email.uncc.edu)
Norma Royster, Cabarrus County Schools/UNC Charlotte (nroyster@carolina.rr.com)
Bill Scott, Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools (bill.scott@cms.k12.nc.us)
Olof Steinthorsdottir, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (steintho@email.unc.edu)
Hollylynne Stohl Lee, North Carolina State University (Hollylynne@ncsu.edu )
CALL FOR PROPOSALS
The Mathematics Education into the 21
st
Century Project is an international FORUM
for the interaction of both researchers and teachers. Innovation is our immediate concern
and this also includes special interests: maths for living, humanizing maths education,
equity and ethnomathematics, the effective use of new educational technology in the
classroom, adopting new paradigms.....etc. Our accumulated and current experiences are
represented by seven volumes of conference proceedings (in addition to our UNESCO
handbook). There are more than 40 years of research-in-action behind our project's work
- including the vast didactic innovations of SMP and other UK projects in the 1960s,
national initiatives in Germany, Holland, Scandinavia, Australia, Brazil, etc in the 1970s
and 1980s, and many other major innovative projects in the world. Our Project has tried
to learn as much as possible from as many people as possible with the aim of
IMPLEMENTING these innovative ideas in all our work, culminating now in
SuperCourse. Those who have read the seminal works of Polya, Kuhn, Lakatos,
Wittgenstein and Freire will see how much our Project owes to those creative thinkers for
its scientific underpinning.
Our project's very positive approach to communication and collaboration
represents a central objective of the conferences - to put teachers and researchers in
contact and to recruit both to our international SuperCourse work. That is why we do not
restrict our conference ONLY to research papers, we are dedicated to INNOVATION,
and this often includes many significant new ideas and classroom experiences from
teachers.
The major goals of the Conference are:
(a) to share innovative, unique and creative solutions for enacting reform in the areas of:
educational research in teaching and learning, educational technology, curriculum
development, mathematics teacher preparation and development, school organization &
policy, classroom practices and issues of equity and ethnomathematics
(b) to document and widely disseminate ideas presented at the conference
(c) to initiate new and creative solutions to endemic problems
The Program Committees for the Conference invites mathematics teachers, university
faculty members and national and regional coordinators and administrators from all
countries to submit proposals for inclusion in the Conference Program.
We welcome proposals that deal with all aspects of innovation in mathematics, statistics
and computer education, especially those helping to make mathematics more "alive",
more "realistic" and more "accessible" in the future. Your proposal could take the form
of a paper or workshop on
problem solving
use of technology
new ways of assessment
ways of dealing with cultural differences
overcoming gender and social barriers
improving the curriculum
teacher preparation and ongoing development
policy initiatives
school organization
classroom practices
using statistics in everyday life
effectively utilizing new paradigms in teaching and learning
rich learning tasks
applications of mathematics and modelling in the real world
computer graphics
If you wish to present a paper or workshop please send an abstract of less than one
page indicating what area of mathematics education your topic falls under and in what
specific way your paper/workshop will relate to the theme of the conference. The official
language of the conference (and of the proceedings which will be printed before the
conference) will be English.
Deadlines
Abstracts should be sent by email only to arogerson@inetia.pl as soon as possible and
not later than October 31, 2006.
All Final Papers and Workshop Summaries should be sent by email to arrive as soon as
possible and not later than June 30, 2007.
All accepted proposals will be eligible for presentation in the conference programme and
inclusion in the pre-conference printed proceedings and the post-conference online
proceedings.
Please note that papers can only be included in the final program and printed in the
Proceedings if received from participants who have already registered for the
conference and have paid the full registration fee.
All paper and workshop presenters will be given a minimum of 30 minutes in the
conference programme to describe their innovative practice(s) and highlight how they
have worked in their respective countries and professional settings. Each presentation
should be structured as follows: (1) Statement of the problem or obstacle that spurred the
innovation; (2) description of the solution/innovation; (3) description/evidence of the
extent to which the innovation was successful with respect to the targeted
problem/obstacle; and (4) possibilities for transfer to different environments. After
individual sharing is completed, there will be open discussion facilitated by a session
moderator/chairman.
Format for ALL submitted papers and workshop summaries
The paper must be in the form of a Microsoft Word (or rtf) Document sent by email
attachment. (faxes or posted hard copies cannot be accepted nor pdf or other
formatted files)
Papers MUST be single spaced, Times New Roman font, size 12 and must NOT be
longer than 6 pages (please do not send papers in smaller fonts to try to avoid this
condition!) Please make sure there are NO editing or correcting programs still active.
Please ensure there are NO MACROS, NO headers, NO Footers and NO page numbers.
ALL non-text items in the paper (diagrams, graphs, etc) MUST be included in the body
of the text in the appropriate places. PLEASE check, BEFORE you send it, that your
paper prints out correctly using Microsoft Word (we have had problems with this in the
past). Please ensure that your document is virus free by using anti-virus scans. Please do
NOT send multiple copies of your paper, there should be only one final MS Word (or rtf)
version.
(PLEASE BE SURE TO FOLLOW THESE INSTRUCTIONS PRECISELY,
OTHERWISE YOUR PAPER WILL BE RETURNED TO YOU FOR
CORRECTION)
Conference Venue
All working sessions for the conference will be held in the excellent facilities at the
College of Education and the Center for Mathematics, Science & Technology Education,
The University of North Carolina Charlotte. The beautiful campus comprises seven
professional colleges offering 83 bachelors degrees, 59 masters degrees, and 16
doctoral programs with more than 800 full-time faculty. The University charter was
first granted in 1965 as part of the University of North Carolina system. There are
currently about 21,000 students attending undergraduate and graduate programs. For
more information on the history and mission, please visit http://www.uncc.edu
Conference Hotel
All Conference Accommodation will be in the Hilton Charlotte University Place Hotel,
and each full working day special buses will take participants to and from the UNCC
campus for conference sessions. The Hilton Charlotte University Place Hotel was
recently rated one of the five best hotels in Charlotte and follows our tradition of using
hotels with comfortable and relaxing surroundings, allowing us to work better together
and enjoy the positive atmosphere generated by meeting so many colleagues from all
over the world. The Hilton Charlotte University Place Hotel is in a beautiful location
in its own grounds, but is close to a shopping and restaurant complex for daytime
shopping and evening entertainment. See www.charlotteuniversity.hilton.com for further
details.We have block booked accommodation at the hotel at a special conference rate so
please register as soon as possible as places may be limited. DO NOT contact the hotel
directly as all conference room bookings can only be made using the registration
form below.
ABOUT Charlotte AND TRAVEL TO the USA
Charlotte
Charlotte, North Carolina is the 20
th
most populous city in the United States. The city is
nicknamed the Queen City, in honor of the wife of King George III. Charlotte is one of
the fastest growing US cities and is the countries second largest banking center. For
further information about this fascinating city, see http://www.visitcharlotte.org/
Charlotte Douglas International Airport is a Hub airport in the USA which
means that many direct flights from all over the world arrive there without the need to
change planes in the USA. From the airport a public taxi can take you directly to the
conference hotel. The fare for this journey is about $30. We will investigate bus transport
and let you know later.
Visa Requirements
These vary from country to country and it is of paramount importance that you check
the up to date requirements for your passport and visa with the appropriate USA
Government information service for your country. There is useful information at :
http://www7.nationalacademies.org/visas/Traveling_to_US.html#P21_453
In many countries it may be necessary for you to contact, and later visit personally, the
nearest USA Embassy or Consulate to obtain a visa. Please start enquiries NOW if you
are planning to come so you will have enough time to do all of the formalities later.
Please email us immediately if you require a letter of invitation, but please note that such
letters may only be sent to participants who have already registered and paid the
registration fee.
Conference Organisation
Provisional Conference Programme
Day Time Events
Friday Sep 7
Hilton Hotel
12.00-19.00 Hotel and Conference
Registrations
Friday Sep 7
Hilton Hotel
19.00 Welcome Reception (drinks
and hot and cold appetizers)
Saturday Sep 8 UNCC 9.00 17.30 First full working day
UNCC 18.00 - Reception - UNCC
Sunday Sep 9 UNCC 9.00 17.00 Second full working day
Monday Sep 10 9.00 18.00 Full day Excursion
Tuesday Sep 11 UNCC 9.00 17.00 Third full working day
Wednesday Sep 12 9.00 12.00 Final sessions and closing.
Wednesday Sep 12 12.00 Departures
The Conference Working Sessions will include:
Plenary Speeches & Plenary Forum/Round Table
Paper Presentations
Working Group Meetings
Workshops
Open Forum of Ideas
Special presentations from local teachers and mathematics educators.
Plenary Speakers
There will be Plenary Speeches by Prof. Dr. Noor Azlan Ahmad Zanzali, Faculty of
Education, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) and by Douglas Butler, iCT Training
Centre (Oundle School), co-creator of Autograph - one of our Major Sponsors.
Other Plenary Speakers will be announced later.
David Royster of the National Science Foundation and Director of the Center for
Mathematics, Science & Technology Education at UNC Charlotte, has kindly agreed to
chair a special Plenary Forum on Mathematics Education in North Carolina and the
USA, with contributions from local and national mathematics educators.
Working Groups
Working Groups will be small and focused on a specific Topic. To ensure that this works
well the Working Group Leader will circulate beforehand a Position Paper to summarise
the present state of the art in that Topic and to guide and stimulate the constructive
discussions. After the conference each Working Group will produce a summary paper
which will be circulated before our next Project Conference to continue progress in each
Working Group.
Workshops
We are planning to hold as many hands-on workshops as possible. Please let us know if
you would like to hold a workshop, what topic you will present, and how this will fit into
the conference theme. Please let us know as soon as possible as the number of workshops
may be limited.
Open Forum of Ideas
Part of the first day of the conference will be devoted to an open "Forum of Ideas" in
which ALL participants are invited to display their materials and software in all
languages in a continuous exhibition throughout the conference area. This has been the
theme for our first day of previous conferences so we are repeating the successful
formula! If you would like to exhibit/display in the Open Forum of Ideas PLEASE bring
as much material and software as possible of yours or others (preferably visual) and
we will provide space to display it. Please bring your own PC if you wish to display
sample software. Posters are also welcome. The objective of the session is to provide a
smorgersboard of the best things available around the globe in an open continuous
session that allows all participants to circulate and visit and talk to the presenters that
interest them most. Please make sure you inform us on the Registration Form if you
require exhibition space.
Our Major Sponsors
The Conference wishes to thank our continuing Major Sponsor Autograph who will be
exhibiting their excellent educational technology throughout the conference and also
holding hands-on workshops. The Conference will also be featuring the innovative
CASIO Graphic Calculators and especially CLASS PAD 300 - a hand-held
calculator/computer with many new inbuilt features and programmes which will be
useful in the classroom in the teaching of mathematics. Other Major and minor sponsors
will be announced later.
Displays & Exhibition
There will be a resources display and commercial exhibition throughout the conference.
Please get in touch immediately if you wish to display educational or commercial
materials, as space is limited.
The Conference Working sessions will all be held in The College of Education
and other campus buildings, University of North Carolina Charlotte. All conference
accommodation will be in the nearby Hilton Charlotte University Place Hotel and
buses will be provided on full working days to transport all participants for the short
journey to and from the hotel to the University.
The Conference Excursion will be on Monday, Sep 10, and will (probably) be to
the nearby famous Blue Ridge Mountains. Pre- and post- conference side tours and trips
can be arranged to other places in North Carolina and the USA. More information will be
available later.
Pre- and Post-Conference Tours
As far as possible you should make your own private arrangements for tours before or
after the conference. If you need local help, however, we can put you in touch with a
local travel agent who may be able to assist you.
General Information
Visas will almost certainly be required for entry to the USA, please consult in good
time your Travel Agent and/or your local Consulate or Embassy to check the entry
requirements in your case.
Health & Personal Insurance Neither the conference nor theHotels are responsible for
health or personal insurance. We strongly advise all participants to ensure that they have
arranged adequate personal travel and health insurance while abroad. Your travel agent
will be able to advise you.
Climate and Clothing: The weather in early September is likely to be very pleasant, but
bring an umbrella or waterproof jacket just in case.Temperatures in September average a
high of 28C (82F) and a low of 17C (63F). The average September rainfall is
97.3mm (3.83 in.).
Electricity The electric current in the US is 110-120V, 60Hz. AC. Please ensure you
have a correct adapter, especially for your computer.
Banking and Currency: Money may be exchanged at the airport, in hotels and in banks,
Major credit cards are accepted in most shops and hotels.
Registration
There will be a special all-inclusive conference fee which covers both the full
conference registration fee and accommodation for five nights.
All-Inclusive Conference Fee
Early-bird (until Oct 31, 2006): 630US$ (Twin Share/Double) 920US$ (Single)
After Oct 31 to July 1, 2007: 660US$ (Twin Share/Double) 950US$ (Single)
From July 1, 2007: 690US$ (Twin Share/Double) 980US$ (Single)
This fee includes:
five nights accommodation (bed and continental breakfast) Sep 7-12
two welcome receptions on Friday (Hilton) and Saturday (UNCC)
all conference documents, including proceedings
five lunches on Sep 8- 12
2 tea/coffee breaks each working day and 1 tea/coffee break on Wednesday, Sep 12.
full day excursion including lunch on Monday, Sep 10
special gala dinner on Tuesday, Sep 11
(Please note the above fee only includes two evening welcome receptions and one dinner
on Tue Sep 11
th
, you are free to sample the Hilton and other local restaurants on other
evenings)
The Accompanying Person fee: 655 US$ (twin share/double)
This includes
- five nights twin share/double accommodation (bed and continental breakfast) Sep 7-12
- two welcome receptions, full day excursion including lunch, and a special Gala Dinner
- other tours to be announced later
Accommodation
All participants should make ALL their reservations and accommodation bookings
ONLY on the registration form below AND NOT DIRECTLY WITH THE HOTEL
because the conference rooms are blocked for us at a specially reduced rate.
For a few days before and after the conference these special room rates will ALSO be
available for all participants, but only if you make these bookings when you register.
The cost for extra nights before and after the conference are:
Single Room 120US$ per person per night (WITHOUT breakfast)
Twin share or double rooms: 60US$ per person per night (WITHOUT breakfast)
Please include these in the overall fee payment if you are planning to stay before or
after the conference.
Participants travelling alone who wish to twin-share (or triple or quadruple share) a room
with other participants should request this in the form below. While we will do our best
to meet all such requests, this cannot be guaranteed if the rooms are not available and
single rate may apply. All reservations and room requests will be handled on a first-
come first-served basis. All accommodation requests will be acknowledged within a
week. We reserve the right to accommodate participants in other nearby hotels (at the
same rate) in the event that the Conference Hotel rooms are all full.
Please note significantly reduced accommodation costs are available for participants
able and willing to occupy 3 or 4 person bedrooms.
In addition there are luxury suites available at an extra cost of $20US per night, please
specify you want such a suite and include these costs in the registration form below
Conference Fee for Participants NOT requiring Accommodation NOR
Bus Transport
Early-bird (until Oct 31, 2006): 290US$
Nov 1 to July 1, 2007: 320US$
From July 1, 2007: 350US$
Full Conference Registration Form Charlotte 2007
Use email Reply to send or attach the completed form below, OR ONLY if email is not
available send by registered airmail to: Dr. A. Rogerson, ul LISTOPADOWA 1/45,
60-153 POZNAN, Poland,. All emails will be acknowledged, please re-send if you do
not hear from us after a week.
Phone number in Poland for urgent or emergency messages ONLY is:
(international code) +48-61-6620528(Tel/FAX) and +48-604426763 (Mobile)
PLEASE ONLY USE THE FORM BELOW AND COMPLETE ALL SECTIONS
for registration, reserving accommodation and presenting papers.
First Name:
Family Name:
Male/Female:
Title:
Affiliation/Organisation/Institution:
Full postal address (including country and zip code):
e-mail:
Phone:
Fax:
Name(s) of accompanying person(s): .
I would like to present a paper/workshop with the title:
I would like to have a twin share room with another participant Yes/No
OR
I would like to share a room with (name)
Please choose either twin bed or double bed room....
OR
I would like a single roomYes/No
OR
I am interested in triple/quadruple sharing if possible ..............Yes/No
I would like to reserve a suite at an extra cost of $20 a night.....................Yes/No
Arrival Date
Departure Date
Total Number of nights required
Flight Arrival in Charlotte Date Flight Arrival Time
Flight Departure from Charlotte Date Flight Departure Time
Full Names of all accompanying persons resident in the hotel are as follows:
...............
Payment Details
We regret payment by credit card is NOT possible..
PLEASE DO NOT SEND CASH NOR TRAVELLORS CHEQUES BY POST!
(1) I wish to register for the conference at the appropriate Registration Fee ....
(2) I wish to register accompanying persons for a total cost of ...
TOTAL COST (add up (1), (2), above)
An electronic transfer/bank draft/money order (circle one) for the above amount was
sent on (date) ... drawing on MY account number .. in the name of
.......................................................................... at the bank
(please give full details of YOUR account and bank please)...........................................
Please give us the fullest possible details of your payment so that its arrival can be
checked and verified ASAP.
Please send total fee in US$ to:
Name of Account: ALMA
Number of Account: 43124032201111000035346872
Name of bank: Pekao SA IVo Poznan
Address of bank: Pl. Wolnosci 17, 61-739 Poznan, Poland
Swift Code: PKOPPLPW
International IBAN code: PL43124032201111000035346872
****The recommended method is by electronic (SWIFT) transfer******
(Please note the above account details ARE correct and WORK if your bank clerk
does not understand this, ask the manager or talk to someone more experienced!)
Any cheques or drafts in US$ should be sent ONLY by registered airmail post to
ALMA -Dr. A. Rogerson, ul LISTOPADOWA 1/45, 60-153 POZNAN, Poland, with
the cheque, draft made out to Alan Rogerson-ALMA (NOT the Mathematics
Education into the 21
st
Century Project).
Please note this form of payment is ONLY possible until the end of June 2007 because
cheques/drafts take at least 6 weeks to process.
There is also a surcharge to process cheques which is either 3% of the cheque value OR
$17US (whichever is larger). PLEASE note you should include this surcharge in the
cheque you are sending otherwise it will be subtracted from your registration fee.
Refund Policy
Cancellation of registration must be in writing or email to the address above. If the
notification of cancellation is before May 1, 2007 fees will be refunded, but reduced by
10% or more to cover administration and bank charges. Please note that after May 1,
2007 no refund will be possible, but the Conference Proceedings will be mailed to you
by surface mail.
We look forward to hearing from you and to meeting and working with
you ! Please get in touch if you have any questions or problems.
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