Prepared by Lori T. Lay and Roger T.

Shigehara EMC TID-001

EMAD, OAQPS, EPA Rev. March 20, 1989
EMISSION MEASUREMENT CENTER
TECHNICAL INFORMATION DOCUMENT
DERIVATION OF ) ) H
@
INTRODUCTION
The term ) H given in Equation 1 below is determined during the calibration
@
of the orifice meter in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method
5 sampling train. The purpose of this document is to explain the
derivation of this term.

2
0.0319 ) H u(t + 460) 2 X
f f
w
) H = K K Eq. 1
@
f f
P (t + 460)J V P
b o w
DERIVATION
The flow rate through an orifice meter is defined by the following
equation:

T ) H
m
Q = K Eq. 2
m m
f
% P M
m m
where:
Q = volumetric flow rate through the orifice meter, cfm.
m

K = orifice meter calibration constant, [(in. Hg)(lb-mole)]/
m
[(ER)(in. H 0)].
2
T = absolute orifice meter temperature, ER.
m
) H = orifice meter pressure differential, in. H 0.
f
2
P = absolute orifice meter pressure, in. Hg.
m
M = molecular weight of gas flowing through the orifice meter,
m
lb/lb-mole.
Instead of using the orifice meter coefficient K , the term ) H was derived
m @
to reflect the general sampling conditions of sampling trains and orifice
meter designs with a calibration constant that could be related to the
desired flow rate. For example, a ) H of 1.84 means that the orifice
@
pressure differential ) H would be about 1.84 when sample gas is flowing
through the orifice meter. The reference conditions for ) H were chosen to
be 0.75 dcfm of air at 68EF and 29.92 in. Hg. Using Equation 2, ) H is
@
EMC TID-001 EMC TECHNICAL INFOMATION DOCUMENT PAGE 2
Prepared by Lori T. Lay and Roger T. Shigehara EMC TID-001
EMAD, OAQPS, EPA Rev. March 20, 1989
then defined as:
Q 2 P M
@ @ @
) H = Eq. 3
@
f
K T
m @
2
where the subscript "@" represents the reference conditions of 0.75 dcfm
of air at 68EF and 29.92 in. Hg.
Substituting the values for the reference conditions (except M ) into
@
Equation 3, the following is obtained:
(0.75 ) (29.92) M M
2
@ @
) H = = 0.0319 Eq. 4
@
f
528 K K
m m
2 2
Now, the relationship between Q and the volumetric flow rate through the
m
wet test meter (Q ) is as follows (the subscript "w" refers to the flow
w
rate conditions at the wet test meter):
P Q P Q
m m w w
= Eq. 5
f f
T T
m w
Substituting Equation 2 into Equation 5 and solving for K :
m
2

P K T ) H P Q
m m m w w
=
T / P M T
m m m w
M T P Q
m m w w
2 2
K = Eq. 6
m
2
) H T P
w m
2
In the Method 5 calibration set-up, the pressure at the orifice meter and
the wet test meter are at barometric pressure. Thus, P = P = P , Equation
w m b
6 simplifies to:
M T P Q
m m b w
2
K = Eq. 7
m
2
) H T
w
2
Substituting Equation 7 into Equation 4:
0.0319 M ) H T
@ w
2
) H = Eq. 8
@
f f
M T P Q
m m b w
2
EMC TID-001 EMC TECHNICAL INFOMATION DOCUMENT PAGE 3
Prepared by Lori T. Lay and Roger T. Shigehara EMC TID-001
EMAD, OAQPS, EPA Rev. March 20, 1989
Since air is being used to calibrate the orifice, M = M . In addition,
@ m
Q = V /2, which is the volume measured by the wet test meter divided by
w w
time, and T is the same temperature measured at the outlet of the dry gas
m
meter, i.e., T = T . Furthermore, T = t + 460, and T = t + 460. Making
m o w w o o
these substitutions in Equation 8 yields:

2
0.0319 ) H u(t + 460) 2 X
f f
w
) H = K K Eq. 1
@
f f
P (t + 460)J V P
b o w

where:
) H = ) H that gives 0.75 dcfm of air at 68EF and 29.92 in. Hg, in.
@
H 0.
2
0.0319 = constant, (0.75 )(29.92)/(68 + 460).
f 2
) H = orifice meter pressure differential, in. H 0.
f
2
t = wet test meter temperature, EF.
w
2 = time, min.
f
P = barometric pressure, in. Hg.
b
t = outlet temperature of dry gas meter, EF.
o
V = volume measured by the wet test meter, cf.
w
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Code of Federal Regulations. Title 40, Part 60. U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D.C. July 1, 1987.
2. Shigehara, R.T. Adjustments in the EPA Nomograph for Different Pitot
Tube Coefficients and Dry Molecular Weights. In: Stack Sampling
Technical Information - A Collection of Monographs and Papers, Vol.
III. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Publication No. EPA-450-
2-78-042c. October 1978. pp. 48-49.
3. Smith, W.S., R.M. Martin, D.E. Durst, R.G. Hyland, T.J. Logan, and
C.B. Hager. Stack Gas Sampling Improved and Simplified with New
Equipment. Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution
Control Association, June 11-16, 1967, Cleveland, Ohio. APCA Paper
N. 67-119.