Measuring temperature and time of phase changes of water

Water is a molecule made out of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen
atom, Water is also a polar molecule. Polar molecules are those where opposite ends
have opposite electric charges. This molecule is also the universal solvent; meaning it
can dissolve sugar, acids, salts, etc. It can also dissolve some proteins and even DNA,
which is why Water is called the basis of life. Water has also unique properties, like
cohesion and adhesion, temperature moderation and ability to dissolve other
substances. Cohesion is the tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick to one
another, so for example you could have a chain of water molecules going by the Xylem
of the plants roots that would be Cohesion. Adhesion in the other hand is the tendency
of different type of molecules to stick to one another, so you could have many different
molecules traveling in the roots of the plants. Temperature moderation means that
water has the ability to absorb warmer heat from environment and release the stored
heat to the air. Water can also absorb and release heat with just changing its own
temperature a little. Water absorbs heat when a Hydrogen bond brakes, in the opposite
heat is released when a hydrogen bond forms. A Hydrogen Bond is when the negative
oxygen atom is attracted to the positive end of the Hydrogen atom. Water is the
universal solvent that is why water being a solvent has the ability to dissolve solutions
which are liquid homogenous mixtures of substances. A homogenous mixture is that in
which phases cannot be distinguished like Chocolate Milk. In contrast a Heterogenous
mixture is that in which phases can be distinguished, like rice and beans.Human beings
cannot live without water; it is the most necessary resource including food and air for
human beings. A living organism needs water more than any other substance, one of
the reasons Earth can be habitable is because of the abundance of water. Any kind of
cell is surrounded by water, and the cell itself is around 70-95 % of water. That is why
water is the biological medium on Planet Earth.
Water can be liquid, solid, or a gas, as Water vapor. Meaning water can go
through three of the four states of Matter. In each state of matter being those liquid,
solid, or a gas water has different Kinetic Energy and Intermolecular Froces between
the particles. Kinetic Energy is the energy an object, molecule, etc, posseses due to its
motion. Intermolecular Forces are the total sum of all forces between to molecules.
Solids, Liquids, and Gases have different types of Kinetic Energy and Intermolecular
Forces. Solids have a low Kenitc Energy because their particles are really close by,
thats why they vibrate but they have a high Intermolecular force because partciles are
really close to each other so there is a lot of atraction. Liquids have a higher Kenitc
Energy because they are less close together therefore they require more energy to
move around that is why liquid molecules slide past each other, but liquids have a lower


Intermolecular force between particles because they are farther appart from each other
so there is not much attraction between particles. Gases in the other hand have the
higher Kenitc Energy of all states of Matter because its particles are so far appart they
need a lot of energy to move around making the particles of Gases bounce each other,
Gases have zero Intermolecular Forces because the particles are very loose so they do
not have attraction. In this experiment we started with ice. Ice had a different
temperature than the water inside the beaker Crushed Ice was placed. Waters phase
changes can occur at different temperatures like when water evaporates occurs at 100
C, waters normal boiling point. While when water is freezing its freezing point its at 0
C. In this experiment we saw waters phase changes. A Phase Change is a change in a
state of Matter. Some examples of Phase Changes are melting/ freezing point,
Boiling/condensing, sublimation and Evaporation. Melting is when a substance
changes from Solid to Liquid, Freezing is when a Gas, or a Liquid become solid
because its particles require less Kenitc Energy therefore they start vibrating. Boiling
point is when Water starts to evaporate meaning it has reached 100 Degree Celsius ,
Condensing is when a gas changes to liquid, Sublimation is when it skips a the phase
change of liquid and it directly changes from a gas to a solid,ex: dry ice. Finally
Evaporation is when liquid changes to gas.
2. Purpose: Build a phase change graph for water
Hypothesis: If the ice is placed into water with another temperature, then the
ice will melt because the water inside the beaker is warmer that that of Ice, and once
Ice is melted it would have more Kinetic Energy because it becomes liquid therefore
it abosrves more energy and less Intermolecular forces. Then once the ice is liquid
water, it would evaporate because the energy source is the heating that is making
the particles of the water go faster meaning it gains more Kenetic Energy and looses
all the Intermolecular Forces because it starts to become a Gas.
3. Experimental Design:
Independent
Variable

Time in minutes
Dependant Variable

Temperature in
Degree Celsius
Constants

Surface Water: 150
ml
Tap Water: 200 ml
Amount of water

Control Group

Theorical Phase
Changes of water (0
Degree Celsius,
100 Degree
Celsius)



List of materials:
1 beaker of 500 ml
1 thermometer
1 bag of crushed ice (not too crushed)
1 heating pan (teacher provides one)
Water
Safety materials:
approns

4. Procedure
1. Fill a 600 ml beaker with 150 ml (approx). Of crushed ice.
2. Complete with tap water up to 200 ml
3. Record temperature every minute or two minutes. (the thermometer I used
recorded every two minutes)
4. After all ice is molten record five more temperature measures.
5. Place beaker in hot plate. Dry beaker completely to avoid any injuries, or
breaking of beaker.
6. Keep recording the temperature until half the water has evaporated.
7. Build a data chart.
8. Build a GRAPH time vs. temperature

5. Result/Analysis:
TIME TEMPERATURE(in Celsius)
0 5.0
2 4.0
4 4.0
6 4.0
8 4.0
10 1.5
12 1.0
14 1.0
16 1.0
18 1.0
20 1.0
22 1.0
24 1.0


26 1.0
28 1.0
30 1.0
32 1.0
34 2.1
36 (When placed in Heating device) 4.0
38 19.0
40 25.0
42 55.0
44 83.0
46 91.0
48 96.0
50 96.0
52 96.0
54 96.0


Graph

Analysis
In this graph we can see that as time increases temperature increases as well. Being a
increasing linear graph. When time ranges from 0 to 32 (in the graph is where you can
see there is a strait kind of purple line) It is an indication that water had reached one of
its phase change because it is stays at the same temperature for many minutes.
Starting as Ice at 5 Degree Celsius and decreased as time passed to 1 Degree Celsius,
and as stated before stayed constant in 1 Degree Celsius for a long period of time. So
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

i
n

D
e
g
r
e
e

C
e
l
s
i
u
s

Time in minutes
Time and temperature of water
phase changes

Temperature


Ice melted to Liquid water. Then we can see that once the beaker was placed in the
heating pan and time passed, temperature started to increase again very fast. Finally it
reaches to be a gas, but it does not evaporate because it stays at a temperature 96
Degree Celsius for a long time until we finish de experiment.
Conclusion
The purpose of this experiment was to build a phase change graph for water.
Meaning that in the graph people could see how water changed of phases ( solid,
liquid, or gas) as the temperature depending on the time changed. My major findings in
this experiment were that when water started as ice, the temperature of ice was colder
than that of the water in the beaker were the ice was placed. Therefore ice started to
melt slowly as time passed because water in the beaker was warmer, but Ice did not
melt that easily, we helped Ice by stirring it a little bit with the thermometer. And that
stirring took place as the source of Energy. Also once ice was completely melted I
understood that Ice gained more Kinetic Energy because it changed of phase to liquid
when as shown in the graph it stayed constant for many minutes in 1 Degree Celsius. It
was an indication that Water had went through its first phase change,gaining more
Kinetic Energy from the surrounding water, but the Intermolecular forces decreased
because now the particles were not that closely together therefore they werent that
attracted to each other. After that we placed the beaker with liquid water in a heating
pan were, as every two minutes passed the temperature started to raise very fast
because the water started to get warmer as timed passed. Water started to rise past the
thirty six minutes of the experiment very fast. Starting at 4 Degree Celsius and then
going to 19 Degree Celsius as you can see in the graph is just when the line begins to
rise. That was an indication that Water had started to go through the third phase
change, that being gas. Waters temperature kept rising as the time increased very fast,
until it achieved the state where the temperature was the same meaning it was already
in the Gas state. Because water state constant for minutes in 96 Degree Celsius.
Waters Kinetic Energy was the highest because the particles were more separate from
each other so they requried more energy to move around, bouncing each other. The
Intermolecular Forces also changed decreasing to zero because particles were so far
appart they were not attracted. My hypothesis was supported by the data because as I
stated If the ice is placed into water with another temperature, then the ice will melt
because the water inside the beaker is warmer that that of Ice, and once Ice is melted it
would have more Kinetic Energy because it becomes liquid therefore it abosrves more
energy and less Intermolecular forces. Then once the ice is liquid water, it would
evaporate because the energy source is the heating that is making the particles of the
water go faster meaning it gains more Kenetic Energy and looses all the Intermolecular
Forces because it starts to become a Gas. That was exactly what happened in our
experiment because since the beginning of the experiment water started as ice that was


solid therefore the Kenetic energy was low and the Intermolecular Forces were high due
to the particles arrangement, then by the stirring, it started to melt until it reached liquid
water but at a constant temperature which was 1 Degree Celsius. The Intermolecular
Forces of water in the liquid state were lower that those of solid state and the Kinetic
energy of liquid water was higher that that of solid state because the particles were no
not that close to each other so they had more space to move around and slide past
each other. Then water started to increase in temperature as time passed because it
was heated in a pan and eventually it started to became a gas at 96 Degree Celsius
because it started to evaporate, gaining more Kinetic Energy and loosing all of its
Intermolecular Froces because the particles were bouncing each other, therefore they
were very fart appart form each other. As I developed this experiment I compared,
argued, and talked with my peers of Chemistry and lead to the conclusion that
temperature in Degree Celsius depended on time in minutes, and as time passed
temperature rised. Meaning that as temperature rised water was going through its
phase changes. Solid, Liquid, and a Gas. And you could see that it changed from phase
to phase because it mantained a long period of time in one temperature measurment. At
the same time the Kinetic energy and the Intermolecular Forces changed because
water changed its state of matter. Many peers agreed with me because they ended with
similar graphs, and similar explanations for how water changed of phases. As a final
statement my information varied in the use of words, and ideas but the content was very
similar to my parner in the Chemistry Lab eventhough we worked individually. Some
possible explanations that I have for the findings I obtained could be that temperature
in Degree Celsius being dependant of time in minutes were the result of the phase
changes of water. Meaning that as seen in the graph waters phase changes depend on
how the temperature rises or lowers, depending on time. That is why starting as solid
water was very cold but when placed in a different temperature water which is less cold
than ice, it melts. But it melts also because we stirred around the thermometer that
provided more energy for the particles in the ice, so they melted faster. Therefore as
stated before, the Kinetic and Intermolecular forces changed because it changed from
solid to liquid. Water also changed because of the change in temperature in Degree
Celsius that at first lowerd as time passed. Then Water changed from liquid to a Gas, as
it started to Evaporate thanks to the help we provided by placing the beaker in the
heating pan, that served as the energy source for waters molecules to start to move
faster, aquirring more Kineting Energy and less Intermolecular forces. That is when it
changed to a Gas, and stayed at a constant temperature as shown in the graph. As final
word, water changed because it aquirred, and lost Intermolecular Forces and Kinetic
energy as temperature frist lowerd then rised as time passed, and water changed of
phases due to that. Some recommendations I have for further study is to study better
the movement, Kinetic energy, and Intermolecular forces of the compound, substance,
etc, you are going to create the experiment. By that I mean that students should know


or at list research about the topic they are going to experience with so the lab itslef is
easier and its is more effective. In further experiments also try to know better the
molecule in itslef, water. Also, some recommendations I have for improving the
experiment is to have at least ten more minutes of information so that your graph looks
more efficient and more precise. At the same time try to fallow as much as you can the
procedure your teacher provides to you, because you will end up with a preciser
experiment.
Works Cited
Chemistry, A. (n.d.). Kinetic and Intermolecular Forces definition. Retrieved September 19, 2011, from
http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryglossary/a/kineticenergy.htm
Eli Pareja, M. F. (2011). Chemistry. Chemistry , 1-15.
Gil, J. (2010). Lecture on Water as a the basis of Life. Water is the essential molecule that sustains life , 3.
Physics, H. (2000, August). Water Phase Changes. Retrieved September 17, 2011, from
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/watice.html
Thoffman, B. (n.d.). Overview: the molecule that supports life. Retrieved September 18, 2011, from
http://www.pc.maricopa.edu/Biology/thoffman/Common181/03WaterAndTheFitnessOfTheEnvironmen
t.6.pdf