COMO: A Computational Fluid

Dynamics Model For Predicting

Boiler Flow And Combustion
Authors:
S.A. Dudek
Z. Chen
A.N. Sayre
Babcock & Wilcox Power
Generaton Group, Inc.
Barberton, Ohio, U.S.A.
Presented to:
33rd Internatonal Technical
Conference on Coal Utlizaton
& Fuel Systems
Date:
June 1-5, 2008
Locaton:
Clearwater, Florida, U.S.A.
Technical Paper
BR-1810
Babcock & Wilcox Power Generation Group 1
COMO: A Computational Fluid Dynamics Model For
Predicting Boiler Flow And Combustion
S.A. Dudek, Z. Chen and A.N. Sayre
Babcock & Wilcox Power Generation Group, Inc.
Barberton, Ohio, U.S.A
Presented at:
33rd International Technical Conference on Coal Utilization & Fuel Systems
Clearwater, Florida, U.S.A.
June 1-5, 2008
BR-1810
Abstract
This paper describes a computational fuid dynamics and
combustion model that simulates the numerous interacting
processes that occur within a boiler burning pulverized
coal and operating at steady state. The processes modeled
include three-dimensional turbulent gas fow, particle mo-
tion, heterogeneous and homogeneous chemical reactions,
and radiative and convective heat transfer.
The model is routinely used as a cost-effective tool to
assist in the design of boiler equipment and in the diagno-
sis and resolution of boiler operating problems. It is useful
because the effects of modifying operational parameters
or the physical arrangement of equipment can be quickly
evaluated.
A recently completed simulation for a pulverized coal-
fred boiler demonstrates the models capabilities and its role
in the design process. Individual burner and overfre air port
sub-models were created to generate fow boundary condi-
tions for the furnace model. Boiler simulations were used
to more fully optimize the overfre air arrangement, produc-
ing improved mixing, a more uniform gas fow distribution
within the furnace, and a more uniform distribution of gas
temperature heading into the convection pass.
Introduction
The use of a computational fuid dynamics (CFD) model
provides detailed boiler equipment performance predictions
that cannot be obtained solely through experience, traditional
performance predictions, or feld measurements. Experi-
ence and traditional performance predictions are not able to
predict the three-dimensional distributions of the fow feld,
gas species, and temperature throughout a boiler as a model
can. Field measurements provide actual performance data
but are limited to a few locations from which interpretations
must be made. Additionally, it is typically not practical to
evaluate multiple hardware design options (such as pressure
part changes) using feld measurements.
These are some of the reasons why CFD has become more
prevalent in the power generation industry. With tighter
emission limits, it is important to utilize all available tools
to maximize the effectiveness of combustion equipment.
As one of these tools, modeling provides complementary
information to an engineering design team to help bridge the
gap between previous experience and a new design. It can
accelerate the evaluation of design parameters, allowing a
more thorough examination of the design space, which im-
proves confdence in the fnal design. Design optimization
is more likely when modeling results are used in conjunction
with experience, traditional performance predictions, and
feld measurements.
Babcock & Wilcox Power Generation Group, Inc.,
an operating group of The Babcock & Wilcox Company
(B&W), has a unique CFD modeling capability within the
fossil power generation industry. The substantial investment
in CFD modeling made by B&W over the past twenty-fve
years has resulted in the COmbustion MOdel, COMO
SM
,
which is general-purpose fow and combustion modeling
software. COMO is an advanced, mature design tool that is
routinely used to analyze and assist in the design of complex
confgurations, from concept burner designs and staged low-
NO
x
combustion systems to windbox and selective catalytic
reduction (SCR) systems. The diversity of the COMO mod-
eling software has been proven through unique applications
such as large-particle ash capture, cyclone furnaces, coal
2 Babcock & Wilcox Power Generation Group
gasifcation, and oxy-combustion, as well as for stoker-
fred power boilers, Kraft process recovery boilers, and the
full spectrum of pulverized-coal boilers: tangentially-fred,
single-wall-fred, and opposed-wall-fred.
COMO has been successfully used over many years for
the modeling of gas fow and combustion within boilers fr-
ing pulverized coal. During the last decade, it has produced
hundreds of simulations for more than 50 coal-fred boilers.
The main strength of the model is its ability to compare
relative changes in combustion effectiveness between dif-
ferent scenarios. Combustion effectiveness is evaluated
based on mixing uniformity, gas temperature distribution,
oxygen distribution, and carbon monoxide distribution and
concentration at the furnace and model exits.
This paper describes the capabilities of the COMO mod-
eling software and provides an example of its use for a 600
MW, opposed-wall, pulverized coal-fred boiler.
Model description
B&Ws computational fuid dynamics and combustion
modeling software, COMO, simulates the numerous interact-
ing processes that occur within a combustion system burning
pulverized coal and operating at steady state (Fiveland, et
al., 1984; Fiveland, 1996; LaRue, et al., 2006; Sarv, et al.,
2008). The processes modeled include three-dimensional
turbulent gas fow, particle motion, heterogeneous and
homogeneous chemical reactions, and radiative and con-
vective heat transfer. The capabilities of the program are
summarized schematically in Figure 1 and are described in
the sections below.
The COMO modeling software uses the fnite-volume
method with a body-ftted unstructured mesh containing
a mixture of element shapes for geometric fexibility. Ac-
curacy of the solution is enhanced without overwhelming
computer resources by using local mesh refnement, either
on specifc volumetric regions or through the use of solution-
adaptive mesh refnement in regions of high gradients (e.g.,
turbulent jets, diffusion fames, etc.).
Gas fow To obtain the three-dimensional steady-state
gas fow distribution, the density- (or Favre-) averaged
Navier-Stokes equations (Cebeci and Smith, 1974) are
solved using the SIMPLE algorithm (Patankar, 1980). A
standard k- model (Launder and Spalding, 1974) is used for
turbulence closure. The gaseous products from the coal and
the aerodynamic drag of the particles are included as sources
in the mass and momentum balances of the gas phase.
Particle fow Dilute particle fow can be represented
with either an Eulerian or Lagrangian model, or both mod-
els can be used simultaneously. Typically, for a pulverized
coal boiler, the smaller particles are transported with the gas
fow without slip and are therefore modeled in an Eulerian
fashion. The larger particles will not necessarily follow the
gas fow and are treated in a Lagrangian fashion.
For the Eulerian particle model, the Favre-averaged gas
transport equations are modifed to include dilute particle
fow (Crowe and Smoot, 1979).
The Lagrangian particle model (Crowe, 1979) calculates
particle aerodynamics and turbulent dispersion for the pul-
verized coal particles transported through the boiler. The
continuous distribution of particle sizes produced by the pul-
verizer is modeled by a small number of discrete particle bins
(typically between ten and twenty). The dense distribution
of particles leaving the burner are modeled by a prescribed
number of particle streams (typically many thousands), with
each stream characterized by an initial position, particle size,
mass fow rate, velocity, and temperature. The fight history
of each stream through the furnace is determined by grav-
ity, the aerodynamic drag force from the furnace gas, and
turbulent dispersion. A stochastic particle dispersion model
(Milojevic, 1990) is used to simulate the effect of turbulent
fuctuations in the gas velocity on the instantaneous motion
of the particle.
As coal particles are heated by radiation and convec-
tion, they are modeled as sequentially undergoing drying,
devolatilization, and char oxidation. The particle diameter is
assumed constant during the drying stage. During devolatil-
ization, the particle diameter is modeled as increasing pro-
portionally (using an empirical swelling factor) to the extent
of devolatilization. During char oxidation, it is assumed that
the char density remains constant while the particle diameter
is reduced through a burning mode. Weight loss and density
variations affect the gravitational and aerodynamic forces
on each particle. Moisture, volatile species and char com-
bustion products that evolve from the particles during fight
are added to the conservation equations of the gas species
to ensure overall material and energy balances.
Conserved species Conservation equations are
solved for each gas species and each elemental species of
each Eulerian particle size group. Source terms in these
equations are produced from homogeneous and heteroge-
neous reactions.
Heterogeneous chemistry Combustion processes
that convert the coal to ash encompass three stages: drying,
devolatilization, and char oxidation. These processes are
modeled by several global chemical reactions:
Fig. 1 Capabilities of COMO for pulverized coal-fred
boilers.
Babcock & Wilcox Power Generation Group 3
Wet Coal Dry Coal + H
2
O
Dry Coal Volatile Gas + Char
Char + O
2
CO + CO
2
+ H
2
O + Ash
As the coal particle absorbs heat by radiation and convec-
tion, the moisture in the particle evaporates, leaving dried
coal. A further increase in the coal temperature causes pyro-
lytic reactions that form volatile gases and char. The volatile
composition depends on the coal elemental composition,
but typically includes species such as CH
4
, SO
2
, CO
2
, and
H
2
O. Coal devolatilization is modeled using two competing
chemical reactions (Kobayashi, et al., 1977), with the volatile
yields depending on coal composition (Neoh and Gannon,
1984). Combustion of the char proceeds at an effective rate
determined from the apparent chemical kinetic rate and the
rate of oxygen diffusion to the surface of the char particle.
Char combustion produces gaseous products CO and CO
2
,
leaving inert ash and unburned carbon.
Homogeneous chemistry Combustion of the volatile
gas is characterized as a two-step process. In the frst step,
volatile gases are assumed to react with oxygen to form
carbon monoxide and water:
Volatiles + O
2
CO + H
2
O
This reaction is very fast and the combustion rate is con-
trolled by the rate of turbulent mixing, as predicted by the
eddy dissipation model (Magnussen and Hjertager, 1976),
which is used to calculate the volatile reaction rate.
The second step involves the moist oxidation of CO:
CO + (1/2) O
2
CO
2
The combustion rate for this step is limited by the
minimum of the global reaction kinetic rate (Howard, et
al., 1972) and the rate of turbulent mixing (Magnussen and
Hjertager, 1976).
Energy The energy balance includes convection and
radiation, and it accounts for the gas phase, the particles (Eu-
lerian, Lagrangian, or both), the walls, and the tube banks.
The discrete ordinates method (Fiveland, 1988) is used to
solve the radiative transport equation for an absorbing, scat-
tering medium in an enclosure. Radiation properties of the
participating gases (CO
2
, H
2
O, CO, SO
2
) are calculated with
Edwards Exponential-Wide-Band model (Edwards, 1976),
and absorption and scattering by particles are calculated with
Mie Theory (Van De Hulst, 1957).
The gas energy balance is achieved using the inlet en-
thalpy defned for the incoming air streams and the Eulerian
particles as well as gaseous products (water vapor, volatiles
and char combustion products) from the Lagrangian par-
ticles. Gases exchange heat by radiation and convection
with the walls and entrained particles. The Eulerian particle
temperature is identical to the gas temperature, and energy
sinks and sources associated with the Eulerian particles are
included in the fuid energy balance equation.
The Lagrangian particle energy balance is solved sepa-
rately but is coupled with the gas phase. Particles exchange
heat with the gas phase by radiation and convection. Particle
convective heat transfer with the gas is dependent upon the
relative velocity between the particle and the gas, with the
heat transfer coeffcient including the effect of mass transfer
from the particle (the blowing effect). The thermodynamic
effects of heterogeneous reactions are also included in the
energy balance equation.
Boundary conditions are applied for radiation and con-
vection heat transfer to the furnace membrane walls and
tube banks of the convection pass, and for conduction heat
transfer through ash deposits and tube walls to the water or
steam inside the tubes. Surface temperature and heat fux are
calculated from a balance of energy for each surface element.
Convective heat transfer to tube banks is calculated using
correlations for turbulent cross fow over tube bundles, while
radiative heat transfer to tube banks is modeled by adding
a contribution to the absorption and scattering coeffcients
in the tube regions. Tube banks are treated as a continuum
since it is computationally expensive to resolve individual
tubes within the boiler mesh.
Nitrogen oxides (NO
x
) model COMO contains
a global NO
x
model that can predict both the formation
and reduction of NO
x
. During devolatilization, fuel-bound
nitrogen is assumed to form HCN and NH
3
. These species
react with the fue gas and are either oxidized to form NO
x

or reduced to form N
2
(de Sote, 1975). The formation and
destruction of thermal NO
x
is described by the modifed
Zeldovich mechanism (Bowman, 1975). Nitrogen released
from the burning of char is assumed to form N
2
and NO.
Because the concentrations of NO
x
pollutants are typically
several orders of magnitude lower than that of the other
combustion species, the pollutant solution mechanism can
be de-coupled from the combustion solution and solved after
the combustion solution is converged.
Advanced models The above sections describe the
COMO sub-models that are used for the pulverized coal
boiler application described in this paper. However, the
modeling software also contains a number of advanced
models. These include: a realizable k- model for tur-
bulence (Shih, et al., 1995); the eddy dissipation concept
model for homogeneous reactions (Magnussen, 1981); the
Chemical Percolation Devolatilization (CPD) model for
coal devolatilization (Fletcher, et al., 1990); the CBK model
for heterogeneous char reactions (Hurt, et al., 1998); a soot
model for pulverized coal combustion (Brown and Fletcher,
1998); and a combustion model for char-ash deposits on the
furnace walls.
Additional model development is ongoing in many areas
to more accurately model boiler performance. For example,
incorporation of a reduced NO
x
mechanism is in progress,
which is expected to better describe the formation and de-
struction of NO
x
and to better predict NO
x
emissions from
utility boilers.
4 Babcock & Wilcox Power Generation Group
Model application for a pulverized coal-
fred boiler
The COMO modeling software is routinely used to
simulate the fow and combustion within pulverized coal-
fred boilers. As an example of its use, a model has been
generated for a wall-fred, pulverized coal radiant boiler
fring bituminous coal, with a nominal full load generating
capacity of 600 MW, operating at steady state.
Boiler description The furnace is 60 ft wide, 51 ft
deep, and approximately 167 ft tall. There are 3 elevations
of B&W Dual-Register burners on both the front and rear
walls, each row with 7 burners, for a total of 42 burners.
Six pulverizers supply coal and primary air to the burners,
with each pulverizer serving seven burners at a particular
elevation. The existing overfre air (OFA) system, small and
outdated by todays standards, consists of single-zone non-
swirling ports, located on the front and rear walls above the
top burner elevation. The boiler geometry was discretized
using a homogeneous hexahedral mesh, in a similar manner
to the mesh shown in Figure 2 (which is for the proposed
combustion system).
Objective To help the customer reduce NO
x
emissions,
B&W is installing a new low-NO
x
combustion system con-
sisting of forty-two B&W DRB-4Z Ultra Low-NO
x
burners
in combination with an OFA system using ten B&W Dual-
Zone NO
x
ports. The new burners will be custom designed
to ft in the existing burner locations, and the OFA ports will
be at the same elevation as the current OFA system.
Modeling has been used to study the combustion perfor-
mance of the existing unit and the proposed low-NO
x
com-
bustion system. Modifcations in the proposed OFA system
arrangement and operation were evaluated by comparing the
mixing effectiveness of each variation.
Case summary The COMO modeling software was
used to create steady-state simulations of the fow, heat
transfer, and combustion processes within the boiler for the
current confguration as well as the proposed B&W low-
NO
x
combustion system, both operating at full load with
all burners in service.
Input to the model included the coal and air fow rates,
the ultimate analysis of the coal, rate parameters for coal
devolatilization and char oxidation, wall and tube bank heat
transfer conductance, and pressure loss coeffcients for the
tube banks. Some of these values are shown in Table 1.
Current confguration and operation For the current
confguration model, the operating conditions and coal
analysis corresponded to recent plant operation. The plant-
measured values for primary air, coal fow, and overfre air
were used, and the burner secondary air was back-calculated
using the measured excess O
2
level. The burner-zone stoi-
chiometric ratio was 1.06, with 12% of the secondary air
supplying the OFA ports. Further details of the operating
conditions for this case are shown in Table 1. The boiler
computational mesh for the current confguration contained
approximately 476,000 elements, which included additional
refnement in the burner and OFA port regions.
Including the detailed burner geometry within the fur-
nace model would result in an excessive number of mesh
elements. Therefore, the furnace model began at the burner
throat, and the velocity distribution at the burner exit was
mapped to the burner inlets in the furnace model. To deter-
mine the velocity distribution at the throat, a COMO fow
model of a single dual-register burner was run, as shown in
Figure 3. For the current single-zone OFA ports, a uniform
velocity profle was assumed.
Fig. 2 Computational mesh on boiler surface for proposed
low NOx combustion system. Full mesh and enlarged view
of OFA ports (upper inset) and burner (lower inset).
Table 1. Modeling Operating Conditions: Combustion Air and Fuel Summary
600 MW Utility Boiler
Furnace Excess Air (% Theo Air) 16.6 19.0
Burner Zone Stoichiometry 1.06 0.90
Primary Air Flowrate (kpph) 1141 1180
Primary Air / Coal Mixture Temp (F) 165 150
Burner Secondary Air Flowrate (kpph) 3139 2586
(% Total SA) 88.20 68.06
OFA Port Secondary Air Flowrate (kpph) 420.00 1213.50
(% Total SA) 11.80 31.94
Secondary Air Temperature (F) 525 579
Coal Rank High-Vol Bit C High-Vol Bit C
Coal Flow Rate (kpph) 559.100 572.200
Primary Air / Pulverized Coal Ratio (lbm / lbm) 2.041 2.062
Temperature (F) 165.3 150.0
Ultimate Analysis (As Received) (wt %)
Ash 20.37 21.78
Moisture 9.94 8.93
Carbon 54.24 54.21
Hydrogen 3.80 4.04
Nitrogen 1.14 1.00
Sulfur 0.76 0.76
Oxygen 9.75 9.28
Proximate Analysis
Ash 20.37 21.78
Moisture 9.94 8.93
Volatiles 34.37 33.76
Fixed Carbon 35.32 35.53
Dry, Ash-Free Volatile Matter 49.32 48.72
Heating Value (Btu/lbm) 9611 9502
Propos ed
Low-NOx
Combustion Air and Fuel Summary
Current
Configuration

Babcock & Wilcox Power Generation Group 5
Proposed confguration and operation For the pro-
posed low-NO
x
combustion system, the forty-two burners
were replaced (in the identical locations) with B&W DRB-
4Z burners. At the OFA elevation, ten dual-zone OFA ports
replaced the original system. Five ports were used on each
wall to provide full coverage across the entire cross-section
of the boiler. To generate the maximum mixing, these ports
were slightly offset from the burner columns and the interior
ports were directly opposed on the front and rear walls. The
ports were not equally spaced because of structural steel
obstructions. Based on intermediate modeling results that
showed elevated CO concentrations near the front of the
left sidewall and the rear of the right sidewall, the leftmost
front-wall port and rightmost rear-wall port were each placed
slightly closer to the side walls than their counterparts on the
opposing wall. The boiler computational mesh for this case
contained approximately 557,000 elements, which included
additional refnement in the burner and OFA port regions,
as shown in Figure 2.
The model was run at the proposed operation for full-load
with all burners in service. The burner-zone stoichiometric
ratio was 0.90, and furnace excess air was 19%, with 32%
of the secondary air supplying the OFA ports. Further
details of the operating conditions for this case are shown
in Table 1.
The B&W DRB-4Z burners have been modeled often and
as a result a correlation has been previously developed that
specifes the velocity distribution in each zone for prescribed
burner settings. This correlation was used in these models
to defne the velocity distribution at the burner inlets of the
furnace model. The individual OFA ports were modeled,
as shown in Figure 4. The port exit velocity distribution
from each model was then mapped to the port inlets in the
furnace model.
Results and discussion The gas fow distribution
within the boiler is shown in Figure 5 for both cases. For
the current confguration and operation, the burner and OFA
fow both meet midway between the front and rear of the
furnace, forming a column of high-speed upward fowing
gas. However, the jets from the OFA ports do not penetrate
far enough into the furnace to break up this gas stream. For
the proposed confguration and operation, because of the
burner characteristics and the lower secondary-air fow rate
per burner, there is less mass channeled up the center of the
furnace. Furthermore, any upward-fowing gas is mixed
more fully by the OFA air jets, which penetrate much further
than the jets from the current OFA system.
Fig. 3 Flow results for a single dual-register burner in a
600 MW utility boiler (clockwise swirl). Top: streamlines
(green: primary air; blue: inner-zone secondary air; red:
outer-zone secondary air). Bottom: gas speed contours.
Fig. 4 Flow results for a single dual-zone overfre air
port in a 600 MW utility boiler (clockwise swirl). Top:
streamlines (green: inner-zone air; blue: outer-zone air).
Bottom: gas speed contours.
6 Babcock & Wilcox Power Generation Group
The gas temperature distribution within the boiler is
shown in Figure 6. Because of the inadequate penetration
and coverage of the OFA ports for the current confguration,
the hot combustion gases from the burner zone are convected
directly to the upper furnace without mixing with the cooler
overfre air. This causes temperatures in the upper-furnace
that are greater than those predicted for the proposed confgu-
ration and operation, as seen in Table 2. The uneven mixing
also leads to a higher-temperature bias toward the right side
as the gas leaves the furnace. The enhanced mixing ability
of the OFA system of the proposed combustion system has
widespread positive implications for the combustion process.
The high-temperature gases convected upward from the
burner zone are mixed well with the overfre air, resulting
in a more uniform and symmetric temperature distribution
heading into the convection pass, as seen in Figure 6, which
leads to better heat transfer in the region.
The carbon monoxide concentration within the boiler is
shown in Figure 7. For the current confguration and opera-
tion, the inadequate penetration of the OFA ports allows
high CO concentrations to persist in the center of the unit,
high into the upper furnace. In addition, the lack of cross-
sectional coverage of the OFA system results in elevated CO
levels along the side walls in the upper furnace, including the
convection pass. The fow-weighted average of CO concen-
tration at the furnace exit (shown in Table 2) is 1420 ppm,
which is consistent with gas measurements taken at similar
units. The CO has been reduced to 237 ppm at the model
exit, and further reduction would be expected prior to any
measurements taken at the economizer outlet or stack.
The CO concentration distribution for the proposed com-
bustion system also displays improvement over the current
confguration. Although there is more CO generated in the
lower furnace since the burners are run at a lower stoichio-
metric ratio (0.9 vs 1.06) to most effectively reduce NO
x
, the
OFA system mostly confnes the high concentrations of CO
to the lower furnace. There is minimal CO that is convected
up the center of the furnace, and the good cross-sectional
coverage of the OFA system signifcantly reduces the CO
levels along the side walls. The fow-weighted averages of
CO concentration shown in Table 2 quantify the improved
performance: 293 ppm at the furnace exit and 81 ppm at
the model exit.
The global NO
x
model predictions for both simulations
are shown in Table 2. For this unit, these provide a qualita-
tive comparison between the cases, but cannot be used as a
quantitative indicator of expected NO
x
emissions.
In summary, the results presented show that the current
OFA system does not provide suffcient jet penetration or
cross-sectional coverage to accomplish adequate mixing.
On the other hand, the OFA confguration of the proposed
low-NO
x
combustion system provides signifcant improve-
ments in jet penetration and cross-sectional coverage. This
results in improved mixing over the current OFA system and
improved combustion performance.
Concluding remarks
B&Ws computational fuid dynamics and combustion
modeling software, COMO, has been developed to simulate
the numerous interacting processes that occur within a boiler
burning pulverized coal and operating at steady state. To
Fig. 5 COMO modeling predictions gas speed contours
at various elevations and vertical planes on a 600 MW
utility boiler.
Fig. 6 COMO modeling predictions gas temperature
contours at various elevations and vertical planes on a 600
MW utility boiler.
Babcock & Wilcox Power Generation Group 7
demonstrate its use as a tool in the design process, the model
was applied to a 600 MW opposed-wall, pulverized coal-
fred boiler, for both the current confguration and operation
and the proposed confguration and operation. The results
clearly demonstrated the superior mixing performance of
the OFA arrangement for the proposed low-NO
x
combustion
system, resulting in more uniform conditions heading into
the convection pass, as well as lower levels of CO. It is
expected that this system will meet the customers need for
NOx reduction, and after the proposed combustion system
is installed, modeling results will be compared with feld
measurements.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge Al LaRue and Wane
Goss for their contributions to the example boiler modeling
work shown here.
Fig. 7 COMO modeling predictions carbon monoxide
concentration contours at various elevations and vertical
planes on a 600 MW utility boiler.
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Table 2. COMO Modeling Predictions: Flow-Weighted Average for Temperature,
Carbon Monoxide, and Nitric Oxide at Various Planes
600 MW Utility Boiler
Arch (F) 2775 2746
Furnace Exit * (F) 2464 2384
Model Exit ** (F) 1574 1554
Furnace Exit * (ppm, dry) 1420 293
Model Exit ** (ppm, dry) 237 81
Furnace Exit * (ppm, dry, 3% O2) 263 214
* The furnace exit is at the upstream portion of the secondary superheater inlet
bank, which is approximately the plane extending vertically from the arch.
Propos ed B &W
Low-NOx S ys tem
Flow-Averaged Quantities
Gas Temperature
** The model exit is slightly downstream of the reheat superheater outlet bank.
Carbon Monoxide Concentration
Nitric Oxide (NO) Concentration
Current
Configuration
8 Babcock & Wilcox Power Generation Group
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