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Ideal Amino Acid Profile
For Piglets
October 2013
Table of Contents
Preface
...........................................................................................................................
3
Amino Acids in Pig Nutrition
.......................................................................
4
Nutritional Systems
.............................................................................................
5
Methodology
.............................................................................................................
6
Tryptophan
..................................................................................................................
8
Valine
.............................................................................................................................
10
Isoleucine
..................................................................................................................
13
Leucine
........................................................................................................................
15
Histidine
......................................................................................................................
16
Phenylalanine and Tyrosine
.......................................................................
17
Ideal Amino Acid Profile
...............................................................................
18
Low Crude Protein Diets
.............................................................................
20
Conclusion
...............................................................................................................
22
References
...............................................................................................................
23
Ideal Amino Acid Profile
For Piglets
AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S. | 3
Recent advances and update of
the amino acids profile for piglets
The increasing availability of crystalline amino acids (AA), as L-Tryptophan and L-Valine, has
definitely changed the piglet feed structure and the way to deal with the nitrogen nutrition
issue for these animals. Recently, the availability of L-Valine has been a breakthrough in
feed formulation since it allows to match the requirement of this strong limiting AA, and to
efficiently move from a formulation based on dietary crude protein (CP) to a formulation
based on each essential AA. This increasing practice all over Europe results in a drastic
decrease of the dietary CP levels and is the insurance to supply a feed in which AA needs
are met with a high degree of precision. This technic enables the improvement of nitrogen
efficiency while maintaining the performance of pigs. In these formulas, 7 AA are co-limiting
and the dietary AA profile reaches an optimal balance to optimize the growth performance
and the economic value of the feed.
Implementing an optimized AA nutrition needs prerequisites on the knowledge of AA
requirements. Getting this information is crucial to answer the animal need but also to
determine what the limiting AA in each particular situation is. The most limiting AA in a diet
represents indeed the axis of progress of the formula and of the overall technico-economic
performance. In the past 5 years, AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S. (AEL) has implemented
various research programs to fill the gap of knowledge concerning the next limiting AA for
piglets. A masterpiece of this program has been the work of Gloaguen (2012) about Valine,
Isoleucine, Leucine, Histidine, Phenylalanine, Tyrosine and dietary protein reduction in piglets.
These new outcomes, together with the other works supported by AEL in Europe, are now
integrated in our recommended Ideal Amino Acid Profile for piglets. In the present document,
the focus is made on the recent advances concerning Tryptophan, the branched-chain AA
and the next limiting AA. Data about Lys, Met and Thr are based on previous works (van
Milgen and Le Bellego 2003, Sve 1994).
This document is a synthesis and more detailed information is available in the reference
list. The objective is to make the link between the scientific data and their implementation
in piglets feeds to formulate diets which have to support efficiently the growth of variable
population of animals.
tienne Corrent, Aude Simongiovanni,
ric Le Gall and Loc Le Tutour.
Preface
4 | Ideal Amino Acid Profile For Piglets
Amino Acids in Pig Nutrition
Determining the indispensable
amino acids requirements and the next
limiting dietary amino acids
Twenty AA are the building blocks of proteins. Each AA is encoded in the DNA as codons,
which enables the protein synthesis. All AA are critical to life and nine of them are either
not synthesized at all or only in small quantities by pigs (Table 1). They must therefore be
supplied through the diet and are called indispensable (or essential by usage) amino acids
(IAA or EAA). In practice, it is of great importance to control that the minimum requirements
of the IAA are met, even more when dietary CP is reduced.
Essential Amino Acids (AA): AA involved in the biological functions that are necessary
for life supplied through the diet or synthesised de novo by animals
Indispensable AA Semi-dispensable AA Dispensable AA
AA that cannot be synthesised
de novo or at a suffcient
rate to maintain associated
biological functions
AA that can be synthesised
de novo but could become
indispensable in specifc situations
when the synthesis is not
suffcient to cover the requirement
AA that can be synthesised
de novo by the animal
in a suffcient rate
Lysine (Lys) Glycine (Gly)
Threonine (Thr) Serine (Ser)
Methionine (Met) Cysteine (Cys) Proline (Pro)
Tryptophan (Trp) Alanine (Ala)
Valine (Val) Aspartate (Asp)
Isoleucine (Ile) Asparagine (Asn)
Leucine (Leu) Glutamate (Glu)
Histidine (His) Glutamine (Gln)
Phenylalanine (Phe) Tyrosine (Tyr)
Arginine (Arg)
Table 1: Usual classification of the 20 amino acids encoded directly by the genetic code for pigs.
With the feed-use AA avail-
able on the market it is possi-
ble to formulate diets without
minimum constraint on the
CP level in which at least 7
AA are co-limiting: Lys, Thr,
Trp, Met (and Cys), Val and
the next one which deter-
mines the resulting dietary
CP level (Figure 1). Thus,
determining AA requirements
aims also at identifying the
next limiting AA in local sit-
uation which then depends
on the local feedstuffs used.
0
100
Lys Thr Met
+ Cys
Trp Val Ile Leu His Phe
+Tyr
Supply and source of dietary AA in % of the AA requirement
Amino Acids from feedstuffs Amino Acids from Feed-use AA
L
-
L
y
s
L
-
T
h
r
D
L
-
M
e
t
L
-
T
r
p
L
-
V
a
l
Figure 1: Example of the 7 co-limiting AA in a piglet for-
mula in which dietary crude protein is reduced, taking into
account requirement of EAA, and using feed-grade AA.
AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S. | 5
Nutritional Systems
Evaluating amino acids supply:
Total vs digestible AA,
Apparent vs Standardized digestibility
The first and only direct way to estimate AA contents in feedstuffs is to analyze samples using
specific methods. Total AA contents can be measured with a good precision usingreference
methods. The repeatability and reproducibility levels are at least similar to those of proximal
analyses. Regressions equations based on total Nitrogen (N) are also available and give an
accurate prediction of the total AA contents (Bulletin 32, AEL).
Thetotal AA supplied from feedstuffs cannot be entirely absorbed by the animals digestive
tract. The amount of each AA that can be absorbed depends on the type of raw material
used and on the AA under consideration. The most effective way to formulate feeds for pigs
is thus by using the digestible AA values rather than the total ones. This results in a more
accurate supply to meet animal requirements and a better economic solution.
Knowledge of thedigestibility of each AA in each raw material is therefore essential for the
adequacy of the dietary supply of AA (Figure 2). The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) is a
first attempt to estimate the AA available for pigs. It represents the difference between the
intake and the ileal outflow (excreta). However the ileal outflow contains also endogenous
losses with large quantities of endogenous protein and AA. This system can be corrected
by considering the basal endogenous losses to give a more accurate value of the feedstuffs
digestibility: The standardized ileal digestibility (SID).
T
o
t
a
l
A
I
D
S
I
D
0
100%
74%
81%
AID: Apparent ileal digestibility
SID: Standardized ileal digestibility
Undig: Undigestible fraction
EL: Endogenous losses
Undig Undig
Excreta
{
EL
EL
Total AA supply
AID: Total - Excreta
SID: Total - (Excreta - EL)
Figure 2: Representation of the digestibility systems used in pigs.
Example based on the Lys digestibility of wheat (INRA, 2004).
For instance, the EvaPig
.
[1.0.1.4]. 2008.
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