I nternational J ournal of Engineering Trends and Technology (I J ETT) Volume 4 I ssue 8- August 2013

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 3576

Performance Analysis of PAPR Reduction
Techniques Based on PTS and GA-SLM
Prof. Mukesh Tiwari
#1
, Prof. Jaikaran Singh
*2
, Mr. Lokendra Vishwkarma
#3

#
Assoc. Professor, ECE & RGPV
Shri Satya Sai Institute of Science & Technology
Sehore (M.P) India



Abstract AnSLM (Selective Mapping) is an effective algorithm
to reduce PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio) in
OFDM(orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) signal
without distortion. This paper describe, a comparative analysis
of genetically optimized Selective mapping (GA-SLM) and
Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS) techniques.The proposed
algorithm has lower complexity compares with GA-SLM.
Moreover, it has advantages in enhancing the signal transmission
rate and decreasing the PAPR of OFDM signals.


Keywords SLM, PAPR, PTS, OFDM, Genetic Algorithm.
I. INTRODUCTION
Recently, a global convergence has occurred for the
use of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) as an emerging technology for high data
rates. When applied in a wireless environment such
as radio broadcasting, it is usually referred to as
OFDM. In OFDM a large number of parallel
narrow-band subcarriers are used instead of a single
wide-band carrier to transport information, which
makes it robust against large delay spreads by
preserving orthogonality in the frequency domain.
Although coherent addition of multiple
subcarrier amplitudes and phases from the OFDM
system results high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
(PAPR). The efficiency of system is reduced due to
large PAPR as it limits the range of linear operation
of power amplifiers in transmitters. It also increases
the complexity of analog-to-digital and digital-to-
analog converters in wireless digital systems.
Several researches on PAPR reduction
have been published in the literature.In order to
reduce the PAPR of OFDM systems, the authors in
[1] shows a genetically optimized PTS technique to
reduce the PAPR of OFDM signals.Some other
methods [2][8] have been studied for a few years.
The researches[4][6] reduce the computational
complexity for the SLM scheme. The authors in [7]
reduce the computational complexity for the PTS
scheme. The researches [4][7] maintain the
original BER of OFDM systems but require a large
number of computational complexity and side
information.

PAPR of OFDM System

In an OFDM system having N number of
subcarriers, the discrete time transmitted signal is
given by:


(1)
For

Where,

are input symbols modulated
byPSK orQAM, and is an over-sampling factor
to simulatethe behaviour of continuous signals. The
PAPR of the transmitted signal in (1), defined as
the ratio of the maximum to the average power,
which is expressed as:

PAPR = =10

dB
(2)
Where denotes expectation operation.

Selective mapping (SLM)

In the SLM technique, the transmitter generates a
set of sufficiently dissimilar candidate data blocks,
all representing the similar information as the
original data block, and selects the most favourable
for transmission. A block diagram of the SLM
technique is shown in Figure 2. Each data block is
I nternational J ournal of Engineering Trends and Technology (I J ETT) Volume 4 I ssue 8- August 2013

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 3577

multiplied by U different phase sequences, each of
length N, = [ , , , .. ]
T
u = 1,
2, ,U, resulting in U modified data blocks.To
comprise the unmodified data block in the set of
modified data blocks, we set as the all-one
vector of length N.






Figure1: Block Diagram for OFDM transmitter with SLM Technique

Let us indicate the modified data block for the u
th
phase sequence as:

D
(u)
= [ , , , .. ]
T

u = 1, 2, , U, after applying SLM to X, the multi-
carrier signal becomes


(3)

Among the modified data blocks D
(u)
, the one with
the lowest PAPR is Selective for transmission.
Information about the Selective phase sequence
needs to be transmitted to the receiver as side
information. Consequently, the reverse operation is
performed to recover the original data block at the
receiver.

Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS)

Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS) technique has
been proposed by Muller and Hubber in 1997 [9].
This proposed method is based on the phase
shifting of sub-blocks of data and multiplication of
data structure by arbitrary vectors. This method is
flexible and effective for OFDM system. The main
purpose behind this method is that the input data
frame is divided into non-overlapping sub blocks
and each sub block is phase shifted by a constant
factor to reduce PAPR.
PTS is probabilistic method for reducing the
PAPR problem. It can be said that PTS method is a
modified method of SLM. PTS method works
better than SLM method. The main advantage of
this scheme is that there is no need to send any side
information to the receiver of the system, when
differential modulation is applied in all sub blocks.
Transmitting only part of data of varying sub-
carrier which covers all the information to be sent
in the signal as a whole is called Partial Transmit
Sequence Technique.


Genetic Algorithm

A genetic algorithm is a probabilistic search
technique that computationally simulates the
process of biological evolution. It mimics evolution
in nature by frequently altering a population of
candidate solutions until an optimal solution is
found.














Figure 2: Genetic algorithm evolutionary cycle

The GA evolutionary cycle starts with a randomly
selected initial population. The changes to the
population occur through the processes of selection
based on fitness, and alteration using crossover and
mutation. The application of selection and alteration
leads to a population with a higher proportion of
better solutions. The evolutionary cycle continues
until an acceptable solution is found in the current
generation of population, or some control parameter
such as the number of generations is exceeded.
The steps in the typical genetic algorithm for
finding a solution to a problem are listed below:

X Output Data
Data
Source
Partitioning
into Blocks
and Serial
to Parallel
Conversion
X
(1)
B(1)
X
(2)
B(2)
X
(U)
B(U)
IFFT
IFFT
IFFT
Select
one
with
the
lowest
PAPR
Po A
genetic
algorithm is
a
probabilisti
c search
technique
that
computatio
nally
simulates
the process
of
biological
evolution.
It mimics
evolution in
nature by
frequently
altering a
population
of
candidate
solutions
until an
optimal
solution is
found.
pulation


Genetic
Operations

Evaluation

Selection

Parents
Pairs

Score

Offspring Decoded
Strings

I nternational J ournal of Engineering Trends and Technology (I J ETT) Volume 4 I ssue 8- August 2013

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 3578

Create an initial solution population of a
certain size randomly
Evaluate each solution in the current
generation and assign it a fitness value.
Select good solutions based on fitness
value and discard the rest.
If acceptable solution(s) found in the current
generation or maximum number of
generations is exceeded then stop.
Alter the solution population using
crossover and mutation to create a new
generation of solutions.
Go to step 2.

II.PROPOSED ALGORITHM
GA-SLM

In order to obtain more effective reduction in
PAPR,the SLM scheme would select one sequence
after IFFT modules, thus it need N IFFT modules,
which makes system highly complicated.
According to [10], the more random the sequence is,
the smoother the frequency spectrum will become.
Thus in order to reduce the complexity of this
system, we propose an improved algorithm which is
called Selective Mapping with Genetic Algorithm.
The principle of GA-SLM can be expressed as
followed:











Figure3:Block diagram of GA-SLM principle

This scheme selects one sequence with the best
randomness before IFFTmodules, thus only one
IFFT module is necessary, saving the complexity of
the system.
The specific process of the GA-SLM scheme is
represented as followed. Suppose the input random
sequence B is:

B = (x
1
, x
2
, x
3
,.......,x
N
)

Where the number of subcarriers is N, x
n
(1 nN),
which is either 0 or 1. The BPSK is adopted to
modulate the input signal sequences as:

B = (x
n,1
, x
n,2
, x
n,3
,......., x
n,N
)(1 n U)

B
n
is composed of 1 and -1, GA-SLM selects one
sequence which has the best randomness as the
output. In this scheme the key point is judge the
extent in randomness of the sequence:

1. Judging the nature of randomness of B
n

sequences. The closer the number of 1 and -
1 is, the more random the sequence is,
supposing:

S
n
=

(1 n U)

Where S
n
> 0 represents the numbers of 1 that
is greater than -1, S
n
< 0 stands for the
opposite scenario. The S
n
approaches 0, the
randomness of the sequence increases.

2. Judging the numbers of B
n
sequences
oscillation which is adding the number of
sequences transitions first, and then compare
it with half of the sequences width. Suppose:

T
n
= -

(1 n U)
Then when the T
n
is smaller, the nature of
random of the sequence is better.

3. Removing the sequences that has a smaller
period, As the sequences with short period
usually have a high PAPR, we need to
exclude them, suppose:

W
n,1
=

(1 n U)
W
n,2
=

(1 n U)


PTS SLM

Input
Sequences
B1

BPSK

B2

BPSK
. . . . . . . . . .
BU

BPSK
B

Bn

Output
Sequence
s

Map
ping
S/p

IFFT

Sele
ct
the
best
sequ
ence
Bn
with
GA
I nternational J ournal of Engineering Trends and Technology (I J ETT) Volume 4 I ssue 8- August 2013

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 3579

In the PTS technique, input data block X is
partitioned in M disjoint sub-blocks

such that

and the sub blocks are combined to
minimize the PAPR in the time domain. The times
oversampled time domain signal of
, , is obtained by taking the IDFT
of length on concatenated with zeros.
These are called the partial transmit sequences.
Complex phase factors are
introduced to combine the PTSs. The set of phase
factors is denoted a vector . The
time domain signal after combining is given by

(4)
Where .
The objective is to find the set of phase factors that
minimizes the PAPR. Minimization of PAPR is
related to the minimization of:











Figure 4: Block diagram of Partial Transmit Sequence method

Figure 5: Block diagram of PTS-SLM scheme

III. SIMULATION AND RESULTS



Figure 6: PAPR v/s CCDF graph of original signal



Figure 7: PAPR v/s CCDF graph in selective mapping method




Figure 8: PAPR v/s CCDF graph in RS-SLM

X
Data
Source
Partitioni
ng into
Blocks
and
Serial to
Parallel
Conversi
on

IDFT
IDFT

+




Divis
ion
into
subbl
ocks
Optimization for b



B
(1
)
B
(2
)
B
(
U
)
X
(U)

X
(2)


X
Data
Source

Partitioning
into Blocks
and Serial to
Parallel
Conversion
Output Data
IFFT
IFFT
IFFT
PARTIAL
TRANSMIT
SEQUENCE
SELE
CTIVE
MAPP
ING
(SLM)
I nternational J ournal of Engineering Trends and Technology (I J ETT) Volume 4 I ssue 8- August 2013

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 3580




Figure 9: PAPR v/s CCDF graph in GA-RS-SLM




Figure10: Comparison of different schemes (showing PAPR
v/s CCDF)

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
PAPR0 [dB]
C
C
D
F

(
P
r
[
P
A
P
R
>
P
A
P
R
0
]
)
V=4


Orignal
PTS

Figure 11: PAPR v/s CCDF graph in Partial transmit sequence
scheme





Figure12: Optimization through Genetic Algorithm

IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the two PAPR reduction schemes,
GA-SLM and PTS are investigated and their
performance is compared. This algorithm is
implemented and tested in the OFDM transceiver
designed using MATLAB.Theperformance
comparison between GA-SLM and PTS is shown in
figures 9&11 which show that GA-SLM is better
than PTS in terms of PAPR reduction capability.
Here, by using SLM hardware cost increased but at
the same time PAPR reduced.

Future research will focus on investigating and
quantifying further the influence of PAPR as a
function of different modulation mapping schemes,
OFDM subcarrier levels, and phasing schemes.

REFERENCE
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[2] S. H. Han and J. H. Lee, An overview of peak-to-average power ratio
reduction techniques for multicarrier transmission, IEEE Wireless
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[3] T. Jiang and Y.Wu, An overview: Peak-to-average power ratio reduction
techniques for OFDM signals, IEEE Transaction on Broadcast, volume-
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[4] C. P. Li, S. H. Wang, and C. L. Wang, Novel low-complexity SLM
schemes for PAPR reduction in OFDM systems, IEEE Transaction on
Signal Processing, volume-58, Issue-5, pp. 29162921, May 2010.
I nternational J ournal of Engineering Trends and Technology (I J ETT) Volume 4 I ssue 8- August 2013

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 3581



[5] J. H. Wen, S. H. Lee, and C. C. Kung, SLM-based data position
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[7] N. T. Hieu, S. W. Kim, and H. G. Ryu, PAPR reduction of the low
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[8] X. B.Wang, T. T. Tjhung, and C. S. Ng, Reduction of peak-to-average
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[9] Muller, S. H., and Huber, J.B., OFDM Reduced Peak to Average Power
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[10] WANG Wen-bo, ZHENG Kan, The OFDM technique of broadband
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