ACROSS UNKNOWN

ACROSS UNKNOWN 1
SOUTH AMERICA
BY

A. HENRY SAVAGE-LANDOR
WITH 2 MAPS, 8 COLOURED PLATES, AND 260 ILLUSTRATIONS
FROM PHOTOGRAPHS BY THE AUTHOR

IN TWO VOLUMES

HODDER AND STOUGHTON

LONDON NEW YORK TORONTO

SOUTH AMERICA 2
 The Project Gutenberg eBook of Across Unknown South America, by A. Henry Savage-Landor.

The Author.

Printed in 1913
Copyright in the United States of America
by A. Henry Savage-Landor

THIS WORK IS DEDICATED

to

LONDON NEW YORK TORONTO 3

 The Project Gutenberg eBook of Across Unknown South America, by A. Henry Savage-Landor.

THE PEOPLE
of the

GREAT BRAZILIAN REPUBLIC

CONTENTS
VOL. I

Chapter Paragraph Description Pp.

  PREFACE v-xiii
  CONTENTS xv-xviii
  LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xix-xxiv
I The Heart of Brazil—Brazil, its Size and its Immense Wealth—Rio de
Janeiro—Brazilian Men of Genius—São Paulo—The Bandeirantes—The Paulista
Railway 1-25
II Coffee—The Dumont Railway 26-37
III On the Mogyana Railway 38-51
IV The Terminus of the Railway—An Unpleasant Incident—The Purchase of
Animals—On the March with the Caravan 52-68
V Travelling across Country—A Musical Genius—Valuable Woods—Thermal Springs 69-85
VI Inquisitiveness—Snakes—A Wonderful Cure—Butterflies—A Striking Scene 86-101
VII In the City of Goyaz 102-117
VIII Fourteen Long and Weary Days—Disappointment—Criminals as Followers 118-131
IX The Departure—Devoured by Insects 132-148
X Fishing—Termites—The Great Araguaya River 149-159
XI The Tucano—Fish of the Araguaya River—A Bad Shot—A Strange Sight 160-178
XII Geological Speculation—Beautiful Pasture-land 179-195
XIII The River Barreiros—A Country of Tablelands 196-206
XIV The Bororo Indians 207-223
XV Bororo Superstitions—The Bororo Language—Bororo Music 224-241
XVI Bororo Legends—The Religion of the Bororos—Funeral Rites 242-263
XVII The River Das Garças—Majestic Scenery 264-279
XVIII The Salesian Fathers—A Volcanic Zone 280-291
XIX The Paredão Grande—A Cañon—A Weird Phenomenon—Troublesome Insects 292-310

THE PEOPLE 4
 The Project Gutenberg eBook of Across Unknown South America, by A. Henry Savage-Landor.

XX Wild Animals—An Immense Chasm—Interesting Cloud Effects 311-327

XXI A Beautiful Lagoon—Strange Lunar Display—Waves of Lava—Curious
Grottoes—Rock Carvings—A Beautiful Waterfall 328-343
XXII In Search of the Highest Point of the Brazilian Plateau—Mutiny—Great
Domes—Travelling by Compass—A Gigantic Fissure in the Earth's Crust 344-358
XXIII The Jangada River—Demented Descendants of Slaves—Appalling
Degeneration—Giant Monoliths—The River Roncador—Gigantic Natural
Gateways—The Discovery of Fossils 359-376
XXIV A Swampy Valley—Impressive Scenery—"Church Rock"—Escaping before a Forest
Fire—The Rio Manso—Difficulties of marching across Virgin Country—Beautiful
Rapids 377-398
XXV The Blue Mountains—The Cuyabá River—Inaccurate Maps—A Rebellion in
Camp—Infamy of Author's Followers—The Lagõa dos Veados and the Seven
Lakes—Falling Back on Diamantino—Another Mutiny—Slavery—Descending from
the Tableland 399-432

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
VOL. I

Page
Photogravure
The Author
Frontispiece
Rio de Janeiro, showing the beautiful Avenida Central 4
Rio de Janeiro as it was in 1903 8
Dr. Pedro de Toledo, Minister of Agriculture, Brazil 12
Senador Alcindo Guanabara, a great Literary Genius and Patriot of Brazil 16
The Municipal Theatre, Rio de Janeiro 20
Baron de Rio Branco 24
Dr. Passos 28
A Beautiful Waterfall at Theresopolis 32
Antonio Prado's Coffee Estate 32
The Station and Shed of the Goyaz Railway, Araguary. Mr. Luiz Schnoor and his
48
two Engineers
Typical Trees of the Brazilian Forest, Goyaz. The Stem devoid of Branches and
48
Foliage up to a great Height
Author departing from Morro da Meza, showing style of Costume worn during the
56
Expedition
Alcides and Filippe the Negro 56
Goyaz Railway in Construction: the Cut leading to the Paranahyba River 64

VOL. I 5
 The Project Gutenberg eBook of Across Unknown South America, by A. Henry Savage-Landor.

Author's Caravan crossing a Stream 64

Characteristic Types of Brazilians of the Interior. (Notice the Degenerate Faces and
68
Development of Goitre)
A Typical Village of the Province of Goyaz 68
Picturesque Ox-carts of Goyaz 76
A Home in Central Brazil 80
A Clever Automatic Pounding Machine 80
Brazilian Pack-saddles 88
A Typical Village. (The Higher Building is the Church) 88
Author's Caravan about to cross the River Corumba 96
Burity Palms 96
The President of Goyaz and his Family. (Giant Cactus in the background) 100
The Main Square of Goyaz City, showing Prison and Public Library 108
Some of the Baggage and Scientific Instruments used by Author on his Expedition 108
Author's Six Followers 112
View of Goyaz City from Sta. Barbara 120
Author's Men packing Animals 120
Some of Author's Pack Animals 128
Author's Caravan across the Immense Prairies of Matto Grosso 144
The Araguaya River (looking North) 152
The Araguaya (looking South) 152
Caraja Indian of the Upper Araguaya River 160
Typical Flat-topped Plateau of Central Brazil 168
One Night's Fishing on the Araguaya 168
The Paredãozinho 176
Typical Scenery of Matto Grosso 176
Volcanic Scenery of Matto Grosso (Chapada in foreground) 184
Peculiar Formation of Central Plateau 184
Curious Domes of Lava with Upper Stratum of Earth, Sand and Ashes 192
Great Undulating Campos of Matto Grosso 192
Typical Brazilian Plateau, showing Work of Erosion 200
On the Plateau of Matto Grosso (Alcides in foreground) 200
A Fine Bororo Type on a Visit To Author's Camp 208
Bororo Men, showing Lip Ornament 216
Bororo Men 216
Bororo Indians 224

VOL. I 6
 The Project Gutenberg eBook of Across Unknown South America, by A. Henry Savage-Landor.

Bororo Men (the Aprons are not actually worn) 228

Bororo Warriors 232
Bororo Warriors 232
The Horrors of Photography: Bororo Children 236
Bororo Chief rattling Gourds filled with Pebbles, in order to call Members of his
238
Tribe (Coloured Plate)
Bororo Child showing strong Malay Characteristics 240
Bororo Girls 244
Bororo Girls (side view) 244
Bororo Women, showing Method of carrying Children 248
Bororos showing Formation of Hands 248
Bororo Women 252
Bororo Women 252
Bororos Thrashing Indian Corn 256
A Bororo Blind Woman 256
Bororo Children 260
Bororo Women 260
Isolated Conical Hills with Tower-like Rocky Formations on Summit 268
The Endless Campos of Matto Grosso 268
Geometrical Pattern on the Surface of a Flow of Lava (caused by Sudden
272
Contraction in Cooling)
The Observatory at the Salesian Colony. (Padre Colbacchini in the Foreground) 280
Bororo Women and Children 280
Strange Formation of Volcanic Rock 288
Volcanic Cavities (Matto Grosso) 288
A Vertical Mass of Solid Rock of a Brilliant Red Colour 292
The Paredão Grande (Matto Grosso) (Coloured Plate) 294
The Paredão Grande, showing Vertical Rocks with Great Arches 300
Mushroom-shaped Rocks of Volcanic Formation 308
A Great Earthquake Fissure in the Terrestrial Crust (Matto Grosso) 308
Strange Geometrical Pattern of Lava over Giant Volcanic Dome 316
Author's Troop of Animals wading across a Shallow Stream 324
Central Cluster of Trees and Palms in a Cuvette (Matto Grosso) 332
A Giant Wave of Lava 332
Strange Rock-Carvings of Matto Grosso 336
Weird Lunar Effect witnessed by Author (Coloured Plate) 340

VOL. I 7
 The Project Gutenberg eBook of Across Unknown South America, by A. Henry Savage-Landor.

A Giant Quadrangular Block of Rock 344

Rock-Carvings in Matto Grosso 344
A Picturesque Waterfall on the S. Lourenço River 352
A Cañon of Matto Grosso 356
How Author's Animals rolled down Trailless Ravines 360
Hideous Types characteristic of Central Brazil. Two Women (Left) and Two Men
364
(Right)
Author's Caravan marching across Trailless Country 368
The Roncador River 368
Fossil Skull of a Giant Animal discovered by Author (Side View) 376
Fossil Skull of Giant Animal (seen from Underneath) 376
A Grand Rock ("Church Rock") 384
Church Rock (Side View) 384
Quadrangular Rocky Mountain connected by Natural Wall of Rock with the
388
Vertical-sided Range in Background
Quadrangular Rocky Mountain showing Rocky Wall connecting it with the
392
Neighbouring Range
Author's Caravan in the Heart of Matto Grosso 392
A Giant Dome of Lava 396
Campos and Chapada of Matto Grosso 396
Marvellous Scenery of the Central Brazilian Plateau. "Church Rock" standing in the
400
Centre (Coloured Plate)
A Street of Diamantino 404
The Dogs of the Expedition 404
Matto-Grosso Girl, a Mixture of Portuguese, Indian and Negro Blood 412
Brazilian Child, a Mixture of Portuguese and Negro 412
Map showing Author's Route 432
Map showing the Arinos and Arinos-Juruena Rivers 432

VOL. I 8
 The Project Gutenberg eBook of Across Unknown South America, by A. Henry Savage-Landor.

The Mouth of the Putamayo River.

CONTENTS
VOL. II

Chapter Paragraph Description Pp.

  CONTENTS iii-viii
  LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix-xvi
I The River Arinos—A Rickety Canoe—Mapping the River—The Siphonia
Elastica—Rubber and its Collection—An Enormously Rich Country—A German
in Slavery 1-15
II Hoisting the British Flag—An Escaped Slave—A Dilemma—Benedicto—The
Lutra Brasiliensis—The Seringueiros—A Marvellous River—Rapids 16-32
III Dangerous Navigation—Eddies—Whirlpools—An Extraordinary Creature—The
Man X—Pedro de Toledo Island—An Interesting Rodent 33-50
IV Oleo Pardo Trees—Beautiful Palms—The River Bottom—Swarms of
Butterflies—Millions of Bees—A Continuous Torture 51-61
V 62-75

CONTENTS 9
 The Project Gutenberg eBook of Across Unknown South America, by A. Henry Savage-Landor.

Great Islands—The Trinchão Fish—A Fisherman's Paradise—Alastor

Island—Plentiful Rubber—The Civilized Man's Idea of the Tropical Forest—The
War-Cries of the Indians—Swarms of Bees and Butterflies
VI The Tapirus Americanus—Striking Scenery—The Mate Tree—Photography in
Camp—Brazilian Way of Reasoning—A New Christopher Columbus—The
Selection of our Camps—Beautiful Fruit—A Large Tributary 76-91
VII Ideal Islands—Immense Figueira Trees—The "Spider Monkey"—Great Variety of
Fish in the Arinos—The Rocky Gateway into Diabolical Waters—Shooting
Dangerous Rapids—Cutting a Way through the Forest—A Nasty Rapid—Plentiful
Fish 92-111
VIII Magnificent Basins—Innumerable Rapids—Narrow Escapes—The Destructive
Sauba Ants—Disobedient Followers—A Range of Mountains—Inquisitive
Monkeys—Luck in Fishing—Rocky Barriers—Venus 112-128
IX Dogs—Macaws—Crocodiles—A Serious Accident: Men flung into a
Whirlpool—The Loss of Provisions and Valuable Baggage—More Dangerous
Rapids—Wonderful Scenery—Dangerous Work—On the Edge of a Waterfall—A
Risky Experience—Bravery of Author's Brazilian Followers—A High Wind from
the North-East—A Big Lake 129-150
X The Point of Junction of the Arinos and Juruena Rivers—Elfrida Landor
Island—Terrible Days of Navigation—Immense Islands—An Old Indian Camp—A
Fight between a Dog and an Ariranha—George Rex Island—A Huge Sucuriú
Snake 151-164
XI A Family of Ariranhas—Attacked by them—Three Nasty Rapids—Beautiful Sand
Beaches—Exciting Experiences—Going down a Thundering Cataract—Alcides'
Narrow Escape—A Night's Work in the Midst of a Foaming Rapid in order to
rescue the half-submerged Canoe—Filippe's Courage—Visited by a Snake 20 ft.
long 165-181
XII A Tiny Globular Cloudlet warning us—Tossed in a Merciless Manner—Saved by
Providence—Vicious Waters—A Diabolical Spot—A Highly Dangerous
Crossing—A Terrible Channel—More Bad Rapids—On the Verge of a Fatal Drop
down a Waterfall—Saved in Time—A Magnificent Sight—The August Falls—A
Mutiny—The Canoe, weighing 2,000 lb., taken across the Forest over a Hill-range 182-206
XIII A Double Whirlpool—Incessant Rapids of Great Magnitude—A Dangerous
Channel—Nothing to Eat—Another Disaster 207-219
XIV In the Hands of Providence—A Mutiny—Another Mutiny—Foodless—Hard and
Dangerous Work—A Near Approach to Hades—Making an Artificial Channel
among Thousands of Boulders—An Awe-inspiring Scene—The Fall of S.
Simão—A Revolt 220-234
XV Mutiny and Threats—Wasted Efforts—Awful Waters—The Canoe escapes in a
Violent Rapid—Another Mutiny—The Canoe recovered—An Appalling
Vortex—The Fall of S. Simão—Cutting an Artificial Channel in the Rocks 235-248
XVI At Death's Door—Mundurucu Indians—All Author's Followers poisoned by Wild 249-265
Fruit—Anxious Moments—Seringueiros—A Dying Jewish Trader—The Mori
Brothers—A New Hat—Where the Tres Barras meets the Arinos-Juruena—The

VOL. II 10
 The Project Gutenberg eBook of Across Unknown South America, by A. Henry Savage-Landor.

Canoe abandoned
XVII A Fiscal Agency—Former Atrocities—The Apiacar Indians—Plentiful
Rubber—Unexploited Regions—Precious Fossils thrown away by Author's
Followers—A Terrific Storm—Author's Canoe dashed to pieces—The Mount St.
Benedicto 266-277
XVIII Starting across the Virgin Forest—Cutting the Way incessantly—A Rugged, Rocky
Plateau—Author's Men throw away the Supplies of Food—Attacked by
Fever—Marching by Compass—Poisoned—Author's Men break down—Author
proceeds across Forest endeavouring to reach the Madeira River—A Dramatic
Scene 278-298
XIX Benedicto and Filippe show Courage—Confronted with a Mountainous
Country—Steep Ravines—No Food—Painful Marches—Starving—Ammunition
rendered useless by Moisture—The "Pros" and "Cons" of Smoking—A Faint
Hope—A Forged Tin which should have contained Anchovies—Curious Effects of
Starvation upon the Brain—Where Money is of no avail—Why there was Nothing
to eat in the Forest—The Sauba Ants—Sniffed by a Jaguar—Filippe tries to
commit Suicide 299-320
XX Benedicto and the Honey—Constantly collapsing from Exhaustion—A Strange
Accident—Finding a River—People's Mistaken Ideas—Sixteen Days of
Starvation—An Abandoned Hut—Repairing a Broken-down Canoe—Canoe
founders—A Raft constructed of Glass 321-338
XXI The Launching of the Glass Raft—Accidents—The Raft sinking—Saved—Our
First Solid Meal—Its Consequences—The Canuma and Secundury
Rivers—Marching back across the Forest to the Relief of the Men left behind—A
Strange Mishap—A Curious Case of Telepathy 339-364
XXII Baggage Saved—The Journey down the Tapajoz River—Colonel
Brazil—Wrecked—From Itaituba to the Amazon—Benedicto and the Man X are
discharged 365-385
XXIII Santarem to Belem (Pará)—The Amazon—From Belem to Manaos—The
Madeira-Mamore Railway 386-404
XXIV Attacked by Beri-beri—A Journey up the Madeira River to the Relief of Filippe the
Negro and Recovery of Valuable Baggage left with him—Filippe paid off—A
Journey up the River Solimões—Iquitos 405-418
XXV From Iquitos to the Foot of the Andes up the Rivers Ucayalli, Pachitea and
Pichis—The Cashibos or "Vampire Indians" 419-438
XXVI Across the Andes—The End of the Trans-continental Journey 439-457
XXVII The Peruvian Corporation Railway—The Land of the Incas—Lake
Titicaca—Bolivia—Chile—The Argentine—A Last Narrow Escape—Back in
England 458-476
APPENDIX Some of the Principal Plants of
Brazil—Mammals—Birds—Fish—Reptiles—Vocabularies 477-496
  INDEX 497-504

VOL. II 11
 The Project Gutenberg eBook of Across Unknown South America, by A. Henry Savage-Landor.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
VOL. II

Page
The Mouth of the Putamayo River (Coloured Plate) Frontispiece
Rubber Tree showing Incisions and the Collar and Tin Cup for the Collection of the Latex 4
Coagulating Rubber into a Ball 4
Balls of Rubber outside a Seringueiro's Hut 8
Method of pressing Rubber into Cakes, the Alum Process of Coagulation being used 8
The Upper Arinos River 12
The Arinos River above the Rapids 12
The First Rocks in the Arinos River 20
Enormous Globular Rocks typical of the Arinos River 20
A Rocky Barrier in the River 24
A Picturesque Double Waterfall on the Arinos River 24
An Island of the Arinos River 28
Vegetation on an Island in the River Arinos 28
Preparing the Canoe to descend a Rapid 36
A Cataract on the Arinos River 36
A Rapid on the Arinos River 44
Taking the Canoe through a Narrow Channel 44
A Formidable Vortex 64
Going down a Violent Rapid in a Narrow Channel 64
The Result of Half an Hour's Fishing on the Arinos-Juruena 84
Leading the Canoe down a Rapid by Rope 92
Characteristic Rocky Barrier across the Arinos River (Author's Sextant in Foreground) 92
Whirlpool at End of Rapid 100
In Shallow Water 100
Fishing on the Arinos: a Jahu 104
Fish of the Arinos River 104
A Fine Cataract on the Arinos-Juruena River 108
Preparing the Canoe prior to descending a Rapid 112
A Nasty Rapid 112

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 12
 The Project Gutenberg eBook of Across Unknown South America, by A. Henry Savage-Landor.

A Giant Central Wave emerging from a Narrow Channel 116

A Dangerous Rapid 120
Taking the Canoe and Part of the Baggage down a Narrow Passage among Rocks 120
The Canoe being led down a Rapid 124
Crocodile about to attack one of the Dogs of the Expedition. Photographed by Author at a
128
Distance of Three Metres (Rio Arinos-Juruena)
Terrifying Rapid shot by Author and his Men in their Canoe 132
Author's Men shooting a Crocodile 136
A Cataract in the River Arinos 140
Author's Canoe among Great Volcanic Rocks 140
Preparing to descend a Rapid 144
A Cataract in the Arinos River 144
Lake formed where the Arinos and Juruena Rivers meet 148
Going through a Rapid 148
Author's Canoe going down a Cataract 152
The Immense Waves encountered by Author in emerging from the Channel, in the Rapid of
156
the Inferno. (The Canoe with its Occupants shot up Vertically in the Air)
A Giant Sucurí Snake with Entire Deer contained in its Digestive Organs 160
An Easy Rapid 164
Going through a Narrow Channel 164
A Dangerous Vortex 168
Preparing the Canoe to go down a Rapid 168
A Narrow Passage in the Arinos River 172
Treble Vortex. (The Water revolved in Three Different Directions in Succession) 172
At the August Falls 176
Author and His Men in Water up to their Necks for an Entire Night endeavouring to save their
178
Canoe, which in shooting a Rapid had become stuck between Rocks (Coloured Plate)
The Salto Augusto from Above 192
The Upper Terrace of the August Waterfall 184
Interesting Geological Formation below the Salto Augusto 188
The Salto Augusto (Upper Terrace) 192
Foliated Rock below the August Falls 196
The Wooden Railway constructed by Author in order to take the Canoe Overland for Two and
200
a Half Kilometres at the August Falls

VOL. II 13
 The Project Gutenberg eBook of Across Unknown South America, by A. Henry Savage-Landor.

Formation of Rock below the August Falls 200

Photograph showing the Road cut by Author across the Forest in order to take the Heavy
204
Canoe Overland
Conveying the Canoe across the Forest on Improvised Railway and Rollers 208
Pushing the Canoe Uphill through the Forest. (Notice Men With Heads wrapped owing to
212
Torturing Insects)
Conveying the Canoe, weighing 2,000 lb., over a Hill Range—The Descent 216
Author's Canoe being made to travel across the Forest 220
Distant View showing Both Falls at the Salto Augusto 224
Launching the Canoe after its Journey over a Hill Range 224
A Most Dangerous Rapid navigated by Author and his Men 228
Letting the Canoe jump a Rapid 232
Artificial Canal made by Author and his Men in order to take their Canoe along where the
236
River was Impassable
Rapid through which Author took his Canoe 240
Conveying the Canoe by Hand down a Rapid 244
Canoe being taken along an Artificial Canal made by Author and his Men 248
A Moment of Suspense: Author and his Men in their Canoe going through a Narrow Channel
between Vertical Walls of Rock. The Water forced through from Three Large Arms of the 250
River joining at that Point formed a High and Dangerous Central Wave (Coloured Plate)
Conveying the Canoe through the Forest. (Notice the Side of the Canoe split and stuffed with
252
Pieces of Cloth)
Leading the Empty Canoe down a Dangerous Channel. (Photographed a Few Seconds before
256
the Rope snapped and Canoe escaped)
The S. Simão Waterfall 260
The Huge Canoe being taken through a Small Artificial Canal made in the Rocks by the
264
Author and his Men
Mundurucu Indians 268
Author taking Astronomical Observations on a Sandy Beach of the River Arinos-Juruena 272
Where the Rivers Arinos-Juruena and S. Manoel meet 276
José Maracati, Chief of the Mundurucus, Tapajoz 276
Apiacar Boy 280
Apiacar Indian 280
Apiacar Women 284
Mundurucu Women 288
Apiacar Children 288

VOL. II 14
 The Project Gutenberg eBook of Across Unknown South America, by A. Henry Savage-Landor.

Raft constructed by the Author in order to navigate the Canuma River with his Two
336
Companions of Starvation (Coloured Plate)
Canoe made of the Bark of the Burity Palm 340
Indians of the Madeira River 340
Caripuna Indians 348
Indian Idols of the Putumayo District 348
Trading Boats landing Balls of Rubber, River Tapajoz 352
Itaituba 356
A Trading Boat on the Tapajoz River 360
The S.S. "Commandante Macedo" 360
Colonel R. P. Brazil and his Charming Wife 364
Where the Madeira-Mamore Railway begins 368
Madeira-Mamore Railway, showing Cut through Tropical Forest 368
Bolivian Rubber at Abuna Station on the Madeira-Mamore Railway 372
The Inauguration Train on the Madeira-Mamore Railway 372
Wreck of the "Mamoria" in the Calderão of the Solimões River 376
Indians of the Putumayo District. (Dr. Rey de Castro, Peruvian Consul at Manaos in the
376
Centre of Photograph)
A Street in Iquitos 380
The Launch "Rimac" on the Ucayalli River 380
A Trail in the Andes 384
Campas Indian Children 388
Campas Old Woman and her Son 392
Campas Indian Woman 396
Campas Woman 400
Campas Man, Woman and Child 400
The Ucayalli River 402
The Launch on which Author travelled almost to the Foot of the Andes 402
Campas Family wading across a Stream 404
A Farmhouse on the Andes 404
On the Andes: an Elevated Trail overlooking a Foaming Torrent. (See Arch cut in Rock) 406
La Mercedes 410
The Avenue of Eucalypti near the Town of Tarma (Andes) 410

VOL. II 15
 The Project Gutenberg eBook of Across Unknown South America, by A. Henry Savage-Landor.

On the Andes 412

A Street of Tarma 412
The Market-Place, Tarma 414
The Highest Point where Author crossed the Andes before Reaching the Railway at Oroya 416
Oroya 420
Oroya, the Highest Railway Station in the World 420
In the Andes at 16,000 Feet above the Sea Level 422
The Highest Point of the Oroya Railway: the Galera Tunnel 422
The Oroya Railway (A Great Spring emerging from the Mountain-side) 424
Beautiful Scenery on the Peruvian Corporation Railway to Cuzco, Peru 424
A. B. Leguia, the President of the Peruvian Republic 426
The American Observatory, Arequipa, and Mount Misti, Peru 428
On the Peruvian Corporation Railway on the way to Cuzco 428
A Beautiful Example of Ancient Spanish Wood-carving, Peru 432
Wonderful Example of Old Spanish Wood-Carving, Peru 434
On the way to Cuzco: Railway Bridge partly carried away by Swollen River 436
Great Sand Dunes along the Peruvian Corporation Railway to Cuzco 438
Inca Bath or Fountain 438
Cuzco: Llamas in Foreground 440
A Famous Inca Wall, Cuzco. (The various Rocks fit so Perfectly that no mortar was used to
442
keep them in Place)
Inca Three-Walled Fortress of Sacsayhuaman, Cuzco 444
The Inca Temple of the Sun, with Spanish Superstructure 446
Inca Doorway, Cuzco 446
Inca Steps carved in a Dome of Rock, Cuzco. (Fortress noticeable in the Distance) 448
The "Round Table" of the Incas 452
Entrance to Inca Subterranean Passages 452
Inca Place of Amusement: a Toboggan Slide of Rock 454
An Inca Grave, Bolivia 454
Inca Remains near Cuzco 456
Where a Stone Fight took place in the Inca Country. (Notice the Innumerable Rocks which
458
have been thrown down the Hill from the High Inca Structure)
Entrance to Inca Subterranean Passages 458

VOL. II 16
 The Project Gutenberg eBook of Across Unknown South America, by A. Henry Savage-Landor.

The Great Inca Ruins of Viraccocha, in Tinta (Cuzco) 460

Inca Pottery, Weapons and Ornaments of Gold and Copper 464
Inca Towers of Sillistayni, Puño (Lake Titicaca) 468
An Inca Statue, Bolivia 468
Lake Titicaca 470
Guaqui, the Port for La Paz on Lake Titicaca 470
On the Andes 474
Llamas in Bolivia 476
Borax Deposits, Bolivia 476

Printed by Hazell, Watson & Viney Ltd., London and Aylesbury.

Transcriber's Notes
Corrections made are indicated by dotted lines under the changes. Scroll the mouse over the word and the
original text will appear.

End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Across Unknown South America, by

Arnold Henry Savage Landor

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ACROSS UNKNOWN SOUTH AMERICA ***

***** This file should be named 22483-h.htm or 22483-h.zip *****

This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
http://www.gutenberg.org/2/2/4/8/22483/

Produced by Michael Ciesielski and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions

will be renamed.

Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you
do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and

Printed by Hazell, Watson & Viney Ltd., London and Aylesbury. 17

 The Project Gutenberg eBook of Across Unknown South America, by A. Henry Savage-Landor.
research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is
subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
redistribution.

*** START: FULL LICENSE ***

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free

distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
http://gutenberg.net/license).

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm

electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm

electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be

used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"

or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an
individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in

Transcriber's Notes 18
 The Project Gutenberg eBook of Across Unknown South America, by A. Henry Savage-Landor.
a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check
the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning
the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived

from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted

with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked
to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm

License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this

electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.net),
you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

Transcriber's Notes 19
 The Project Gutenberg eBook of Across Unknown South America, by A. Henry Savage-Landor.
1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing

access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
that

- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is
owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments
must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."

- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License. You must require such a user to return or
destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
Project Gutenberg-tm works.

- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any

money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
of receipt of the work.

- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm

electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the
Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable

effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right

of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all

Transcriber's Notes 20
 The Project Gutenberg eBook of Across Unknown South America, by A. Henry Savage-Landor.
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a

defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with
the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy
is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of

electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

Transcriber's Notes 21
 The Project Gutenberg eBook of Across Unknown South America, by A. Henry Savage-Landor.
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive

Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit

501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.

Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at
809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact
information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
page at http://pglaf.org

For additional contact information:

Dr. Gregory B. Newby
Chief Executive and Director
gbnewby@pglaf.org

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg

Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide

spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating

charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To
SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
particular state visit http://pglaf.org

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we

have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make

any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including including checks, online payments and credit card

Transcriber's Notes 22
 The Project Gutenberg eBook of Across Unknown South America, by A. Henry Savage-Landor.
donations. To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic

works.

Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm

concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed

editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:

http://www.gutenberg.net

This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,

including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.

Transcriber's Notes 23