1.

Pre rolandic arery supplies the aea of secondary area or association are:

Patient will loose t he ability in planning

Will not be able to retrieve past motor movements

Will not be able to perform gross movements

slow speech

lsost of capacity of spoken language

they struggule to get certain words out, such as the names of objectd, places and people

the content of speech is usually stripped down to simple elements and only contains basic nouns

the writing ability is often similarily affected

some one with brocas aphasia will not be able to understand spoken languages to some degree, but
have difficulty understanding grammar.

ability to read is usually affected

BLOOD SUPPLY: cortical branches of MCA.

Leison in the frontal lobe, in the inferior frontal gyrus


The lesion is and epidural Hemmorrage- Hyperdense

This is direct trauma or or blpw to the pterion damaging th MMA- Middle meningeal artery.

endosteal layer to bone allow the layers to seoerate from eac other

The shape is biconvex

Spreads to sutres, therefore cannot cross sutures and then start spreading vertically of brain
producing biconvex.

Lucid interval between the initial loss of conscious at the time of impact and a delayed decline in
mental status, consciousness may be a variable presentation.

Presents with
headache
Nausea/ vomiting
Seizures
Neurological defects (eg visual field cuts, aphasia, weakness, numbness)

As a result of ICP this can also lead to herniation

Viral Meningitis

Colour- No change
Volume Rare
Protein content slight increase
Glucose- no change
Cells- Macrophages and lymphocytes

Bacterial Meningitis

Colour- cloudy
Volume-can happen
Protein content increases
Glucose-decreased
Cells- poly-neutrophils

Fungal Meningitis

Colour-cloudy
Volume- rare of mild increase
Protein content-mild increase
Glucose-slight decrease
Cells- Macrophages Lymphocytes and Eosinophil

Tubercular Meningitis

Colour cloudy
Volume- can happen
Protein content increase
Glucose decreased
Cells Macrophages and Lymphocytes


Frontal Lobe

Precntral Gyrus contains the prmary motor aeerea which is responsible for skiled movements, and
exicution, control also gross movements

sup frontal gyrus Oremotor area or secondary area or association planning retrieving past motor
and controls gross movements

Brocas Area for Sppech and grammar

Frontal eye movements- voluntary eyes movements
cntrols 3 4 6 CNS
involuntary does not initiate frontal eye filled

Pre frontal cortex/ Area

Seen in himan binegd and is tfor all congnitive higher funtions

like reasiing abtract thinking logic judgemnt memory

controls emotion from limbic system

when the are is gone the oatients will have volatile movements


Middle Frontal gyrus

Inferir frontal gyrus

PARIETAL LOBE

Poscentral gyrus

orimary sensory area

perception or fell
somatic sensory
present sesation

Secondary Sensory Arrea

Assist other areas

Parital Lobe

Superior Parietal lobe
Association somatic area

Links present touch with past memories

Inferior Parital Lobe
upper I/1 Angular connects viual area with wrenker's area helps in writing reeding and calculations
and identifying parts f the body like the fingers

OCCIPITAL LOBE

Is responsible for vision
Inferior- superior viual field
Superir- Inferior Visual field

the optic tract contains fibres fro ipsilateral temporal hemiretina and th counterlateral nasal
hemirentina. In projects to the ipsilateral lateral geniculate body, pretectal nuclei, amd superor
coilliculus. transscetion causes heminopia

A fibres

alpha- a motor neurons
motor skeletal muscle
Lower motor neuron found in spinal cord
active movements

Beta- sensory- touch, pressure, vibration
fine crude touch Alpa (beta) are firing ( when commented)

Gamma
moto fibres
Responsible for medication of tone
Passive movements- analysing tone of muscle

Delta sharp localiszation pain (sharp), crude pain and temp touch

B fibres

preganglionic symp Autonomic Fibres: Thoracic and Lumbar segments.

Preganglionic Parasymphathetic Autonomic Fibres: Brain stem and sacral spinal cord

C Fibres

Pain (Deep pain) diffuse dull nagging throbbing aching pain

-postganglionic autonomic fibres
- Directly supply Gland ----> Organ
Outflow- is preganglionic fibres from CNS- PNS


This suppose to be non encapsulated:

Free nerve endings-axon terminals
extensively distributes- Pain touch Temprature
unmylienated made of modified schwann cells

Merkiels Disc- Touch (crude)
Axon terminals
tip of axon expanded

merkel's disc is in contact with cells called tactile cells/ Markel's cells, when triggered causes a
depolarization

Hair Follicle- Crude Touch

axon terminals wrap around hair follicles, every time the hair follicle is moved the action potential
will fire


Encapsulated receptors

Messiener's Corpuscle- Fine touch

Pacianian Corpuscle- Vibration can be tested with a tuning fork

Ruffins'corpusule/ end organs (stretch)

Neuromuscular Spindle containing neurons and muscular compnents
Nervous tissue- axon terminals
Muscle- modified mule fibres (receptors) intrafusal fibres

Intrafusual fibres is of two types- ucker Line fibres and Nucler bag fibres

Neurotendinous spindle: Golgi tendon organs

Is a f orm of Cerebral Hypoplasia
4th ventricle dilation
CSF accumulation in the post cranial fpssa- posterior cranial cyst