Industrial Crops and Products 44 (2013) 542548

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Industrial Crops and Products
! o u r n a l " o # e p a $ e % & & & ' e l s e v i e r ' c o # ( l o c a t e ( i n d c r o p
)ractionation and c"aracteri*ation o+ p",sicoc"e#ical and structural +eatures o+ corn
stal- "e#icelluloses +ro# ,ello& li.uor o+ active o/,$en coo-in$
0ian12in S"i
a,

3 4iu15in 6an$
a
3 5u 5in
b,

3 5in1Cai Pen$
a
a
State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou !"#$", Guangdong
Province, China
b
School of Energy %esearch, &ia'en University, &ia'en (#!"", )u*ian Province, China
a r t i c l e i n + o
+rticle history,
7eceived 20 0ul, 2012 7eceived in revised +or# 20 Septe#ber 2012
8ccepted 22 Septe#ber 2012
Key-ords,
9e#icelluloses
Corn stal-
6ello& li.uor
8ctive o/,$en
e$radation
a b s t
r a c t
:"e
"e#icell
ulosic
+ractions
&ere
obtained
b,
$raded
et"anol
precipitat
ion +ro#
t"e
,ello&
li.uor o+
active
o/,$en
coo-in$'
:"e c"e#ical co#position3 structural +eatures3 and
t"er#al stabilit, &ere inves1ti$ated b, a
co#bination o+ 9P8;C3 <PC3 ):1I7 spectra3 =>7
spectra and :<' Su$ar anal,sis su$$ested t"at t"e
/,lose &as pri#ar, su$ar unit in t"e "e#icellulosic
+ractions and t"e +inal residue contained "i$"
a#ounts o+ uronic acids' :"e <PC results s"o&ed
t"at onl, 5'31? "e#icelluloses in t"e li.uor
s"o&ed "i$" #olecular &ei$"t (243824 $(#ol)3 t"e
re#ainder o+ t"e "e#icellulosic +ractions &ere
si$ni+i1cantl, de$raded durin$ t"e coo-in$ process
and presented lo& #olecular &ei$"t (202045@4
$(#ol)' :"e corn stal- "e#icellulosic +ractions &ere
co#posed o+ (1 A 4)11d1/,lop,ranos,l
bac-bones3 but t"e side c"ains attac"ed to t"e
/,lop,ranos,l units &ere diverse3 dependin$ on
t"e precipitation process' In addi1tion3
"e#icelluloses &it" in+re.uent side c"ains &ere
#ore t"er#all, stable and could be precipitated
&it" a lo& concentration o+ et"anol'
B 2012 ;lsevier 2'V' 8ll ri$"ts reserved'
!. /ntroduction
:"e depletion o+ +ossil +uel and t"e concern
o+ environ#ental protection "ave pro#pted t"e
researc" +or alternative and sustain1able ener$,
resources +ro# t"e lin$o1cellulosic bio#ass'
:"e source o+ bio#ass can be divided into t&o
do#ains (0e$uiri# and :rouve3 200C)' :"e +irst
do#ain is t"e $ro&in$ o+ ener$, crops to $ener1
ate electricit, and produce bio+uel' :"e second
consists on t"e use o+ or$anic +raction o+
#unicipal &astes as &ell as residual #ate1rial
+ro# +orestr, to a$riculture3 suc" as &ood3
st
ra
&'
Si
n
c
e
1
C
@
0
s3
bi
o
#
a
s
s crops "ave attracted
increasin$ interest in
ener$, supplied because
t"e, can satis+, a relevant
part o+ t"e ener$,
de#and and at sa#e ti#e
reduce CD
2
e#ission
(Pen$ et al'3 2012)' Corn
stal- is an a$riculture
residue and "as a "u$e
potential to bio#ass
conversion due to t"e
"i$" production' It "as
been partl, used +or
producin$ use+ul
c"e#icals in C"ina3 but
t"e scale is s#all3
and t"e tec"ni.ues
can cause serious
environ#ental
pollution (Pan$ et al'3
2012)'
+bbreviations, E3 (1 A 4)1
<lcp8)F 83 1l18rafF G3 41
e.uatorialF E,l(8ra3 t"e
#olar ratio o+ /,lose to
arabinoseF E,l(Gra3 t"e
#olar ratio o+ /,lose to
uronic acidsF =d3 not
detectableF o'd'3 oven dr,
&ei$"t'

Correspondin$
aut"ors at% State He,
5aborator, o+ Pulp and
Paper ;n$ineerin$3 Sout"
C"ina Gniversit, o+
:ec"nolo$,3 <uan$*"ou
510I403 <uan$don$
Province3 C"ina' :el'% J8I
020 2223I@1CF +a/% J8I
020 2223I@1C'
E0'ail addresses,
s"i!ianbin1022K12I'co
# (0'12' S"i)3
lulinK/#u'edu'cn (5'
5in)'
0C2I1IIC0(L see +ront #atter B 2012
;lsevier 2'V' 8ll ri$"ts reserved'
"ttp%((d/'doi'or$(10'101I(!'indcrop'2012'0C'02I
P
ul
pi
n
$
is
o
n
e
o+
c
o
n
v
e
nt
io
n
al
#
et
"
o
d
s
o+
pretreat#ent pro1cess o+
bio#ass conversion' 2ut
pulpin$ and paper
production "as lon$ been
reco$ni*ed as a
si$ni+icant point source o+
pollution' Since t"e
develop#ent o+ #odern
pulp #ills3 t"e reduction o+
e++lu1ents "as been one o+
t"e #ain tar$et in
i#provin$ t"is tec"nolo$,
(5Mpe* et al'3 2001)' :"e
environ#ental pressures
"ave con+ronted t"e
pulpin$ and paper
industr,' :"is industr, "as
responded b, developin$
pulp bleac"in$ process
t"at use non1c"lorinated
c"e#1icals suc" as
o/,$en3 ",dro$en
pero/ide3 and o*one
(5Mpe* et al'3 2001F
<a#elas et al'3 2005F
N"an$ et al'3 2005)' :"e
conventional coo-in$
process3 suc" as3 sod and
-ra+t coo-in$3 "as
been #odi1+ied
(9uan$ et al'3 2008F
<on*Ole*1<arcPa et
al'3 2010F <arcia et
al'3 2011F 5oacutepe*
et al'3 2011)' 2ut
suc" approac"es still
cannot +unda#entall,
solve t"e pollution
caused b, t"e
coo-in$ c"e#icals'
In an e++ort to
reduce t"e pollution3
an active o/,$en
coo-in$ process
involvin$ solid al-ali
+ro# corn stal-s &as
developed b, our
$roup (S"i et al'3
2012F 6an$ et al'3
2012)3 in &"ic" clean
active o/,$en (D
2
and 9
2
D
2
) and solid
al-ali (>$D) &ere
added as coo-in$
c"e#icals' :"e D
2
and 9
2
D
2
"ave been
used in t"e total
c"loride +ree (:C))
bleac"in$ s,ste#
due to "i$" activit, to
t"e residual li$nin in
pulp (Sal#ela et al'3
2008F ;$QRs et al'3
2012)' >an, t,pes o+
solid al-ali also "ave
been applied in trans1
esteri+ication reac1
tions3 biodiesel3 and
ot"er industries
(Cantrell et al'3 2005F
;biura et al'3 2005F
Eie et al'3 200IF
Villaverde et al'3
200CF Sun et al'3
2010)' 2ut t"ere is no
publis"ed paper
about t"e coo-in$
pro1cess involvin$
active o/,$en and
solid al-ali as a
pretreat#ent o+
bio#ass conversion'
In t"e active o/,$en
coo-in$ process3
active
1.02. Shi et al. 3 /ndustrial Crops and Products 44 (2013) 542548 543
o/,$en &as used to re#ove t"e li$nin3 and solid al-ali &as
applied +or protectin$ t"e carbo",drate +ro# carboni*in$
and ",drol,*in$' Co#parison &it" conventional coo-in$
processes3 t"e pollution caused b, t"e coo-in$ c"e#icals
can be co#pletel, eli#inated in t"e active o/,$en coo-in$
process' In practice3 no +ro&*, $as and e++luent containin$
"i$" consistenc, al-ali &ere discarded to t"e environ#ent
a+ter coo-in$' >oreover3 t"e solid al-ali3 "e#icellu1loses3
and li$nin could be rec,cled +ro# &ea- al-aline (p9 ca'
8'0) ,ello& li.uor' 8+ter coo-in$3 it &as +ound t"at 85'5?
li$nin and @3'4? "e#icelluloses &ere re#oved +ro# t"e
ra& #aterial3 and t"e ,ield o+ t"e pulp &as 50'2? (S"i et
al'3 2012F 6an$ et al'3 2012)' :"e above +acts s"o&ed t"at
t"e active o/,$en coo-in$ &as an e++icient and clean
pretreat#ent process o+ bio#ass conversion'
9e#icelluloses are t"e #ost abundant "etero1
pol,sacc"aride in t"e corn stal- cell &all and co#posed o+
various su$ar units and uronic acids (0in et al'3 200C)' 8nd
t"e, &ere de$raded and dissolved in t"e co-in$ li.uor
(called ,ello& li.uor a+ter coo-in$) durin$ t"e coo-in$
process' :o clari+, t"e p",sicoc"e#ical c"aracteri*a1tions
o+ "e#icelluloses in ,ello& li.uor and +urt"er understand
coo-in$ #ec"anis#3 t"e "e#icelluloses &ere precipitated
&it" di+1+erent concentration et"anol and c"aracteri*ed b,
a co#bination o+ destructive and nondestructive #et"ods'
4. 5aterials and 'ethods
4.!. 5aterials
Corn stal- &as supplied b, C"ina 22C8 <roup Corp'3
C"ina' It &as +irst dried in t"e sunli$"t and cut into s#all
pieces (less t"an 10 c#)' :"e #ain co#ponents o+ corn
stal- &ere deter#ined accordin$ to t"e literature (4i et al'3
200I) and :appi standards : 204 c#1C@3 :211102 (:appi3
2002)' It &as +ound t"at t"e co#ponent (&(&) o+ corn stal-
&as cellulose 3C'12?3 "e#icelluloses 23'CI?3 li$nin
21'@3?3 as" @'C5?3 and ben*ene(et"anol e/traction
4'22? on oven dr, &ei$"t (o'd')' 8ll standard c"e#icals
&ere purc"ased +ro# Si$#a C"e#ical Co' (2ei!in$)' Dt"er
c"e#icals used &ere anal,tical $rade'
4.4. 5ethods
4.4.!. The coo6ing operations
:"e coo-in$ operations &ere described in t"e our
previous stud, (Pan$ et al'3 2012F S"i et al'3 2012F 6an$ et
al'3 2012)3 and t"e detailed operations &ere $iven as
+ollo&% 50 $ corn stal- (o'd')3 @'5 $ >$D and 3? &t dosa$e
o+ 9
2
D
2
(based on t"e o'd' o+ corn stal-) &ere placed in a
2 5 stainless3 rotatin$ autoclave at a solid1to1li.uor ratio o+
1%I ($(#5)' 8+ter bein$ sealed3 t"e autoclave &as +illed
&it"1'0 >Pa D
2
' Coo-in$ &as per+or#ed at 1I5
S
C +or 2
"' 8+ter coo-in$3 t"e ,ello& li.uor &as e/truded +ro# t"e
ra& stoc- and stored in a re+ri$erator3 and t"e resultin$
pulp &as &as"ed &it" t"e deioni*ed &ater and t"en dried
in air'
4.4.4. )ractionation of he'icelluloses by the graded
ethanol
:"e sc"e#e +or +ractionation o+ "e#icelluloses b,
$raded et"anol precipitation +ro# t"e ,ello& li.uor is
illustrated in )i$' 1' :"e p9 o+ ,ello& li.uor (185 #5) &as
ad!usted to 1'52'0 &it" 9Cl in a bea-er to precipitate t"e
li$nin' :"e resultin$ li.uor &as centri+u$ed at 5000 rp# +or
10 #in' :"e supernatant &as neutral1i*ed to p9 5'5 &it"
=aD93 t"en poured it into one volu#e o+ C5? et"anol'
:"e precipitation &ere centri+u$ed at
5000 rp# +or 10 #in and +ree*e1dried'
8nd t"e supernatant &as concentrated
to 1003 503 @03 30 #5 at vacuu#3 and
poured into t&o3 t"ree3 +ive3 seven vol1
u#es o+ C5? et"anol3 respectivel,' :"e
rest o+ process occurred as described
above &it"out ad!ustin$ t"e p9' :"e
+inal supernatant &as concentrated to
20 #5 and directl, +ree*e1dried' :"e
"e#i1cellulosic +ractions precipitated
&it" one3 t&o3 t"ree3 +ive3 seven
Yellow liquor 185
ml
Adjustion pH to 1.5-2.0 with
HCl
Supernatant
Linin
!eutrali"ed to pH 5.5 with !a#H$ and
pre%ipitation in one &olumes '5 (
Supernatant
)ree"e-dried
*ellet
Con%entration at redu%ed pressure to 100 ml$
and pre%ipitation in two &olumes '5 ( ethanol
)ree"e-
dried
Supernatant *ellet
Con%entration at redu%ed pressure to +0 ml$ and
pre%ipitation in three &olumes '5 ( ethanol
)ree"e-
dried
Supernatant *ellet
Con%entration at redu%ed pressure to 50 ml$
and
pre%ipitation in ,i&e &olumes '5 ( ethanol
)ree"e-
dried
Supernatant
*ellet
Con%entration at redu%ed pressure to -0 ml$ and
pre%ipitation in se&en &olumes '5 ( ethanol
)ree"e-
dried
Supernatant
*ellet
Con%entr
ation at
redu%ed
pressure
to 20 ml$
,ree"e-
dried
.
C
)ig. !. :"e sc"e#e +or +ractionation o+
"e#icelluloses b, $raded et"anol precipita1tion
+ro# t"e ,ello& li.uor'
volu#es et"anol &ere labeled as C
1
3 C
2
3 C
3
3 C
5
3 C
@
3 respectivel,F t"e +inal
residue &as na#ed 7
C
'
4.4.(. Physioche'ical
characterization of the
he'icelluloses
4.4.(.!. Sugar co'position analysis.
:"e #onosacc"arides and t"e uronic
acids in t"e "e#icelluloses &ere
liberated b, ",drol,*1in$ appro/i#ate 10
#$ sa#ple usin$ 5'5 #5 o+ I'5? 9
2
SD
4
+or 2'5 " at 105
S
C' :"e
",drol,*ates &ere diluted to 501+old
(a+ter ad!usted t"e p9 value to @'0)3
+iltered3 and in!ected into t"e "i$"1
per+or#ance anion1e/c"an$e c"ro#ato$rap", (9P8;C)
(ione/ ICS130003 GS8) &it" pulsed a#pero#etric
detection3 a CarboPac
:>
P820 colu#n (3 ## T 150 ##)
and a CarboPac
:>
<uard colu#n (3 ## T 30 ##)' :"e
operations &ere run at 30
S
C +or 30 #in3 and t"e +lo& rate
durin$ t"e anal,sis process &as 0'5 #5(#in' U"en elutin$
t"e #onosacc"aride3 t"e eluent &as 2 #> =aD9'
9o&ever3 due to t"e &ea- elutin$ po&er o+ t"e =aD93 t"e
eluent &as 100 #> =a8c and 2 #> =aD9 &"en elutin$
t"e uronic acids'
4.4.(.4. 5olecular -eight analysis.
:"e #olecular &ei$"ts o+ t"e
"e#icelluloses &ere deter#ined b, $el
per#eation c"ro#ato$ra1p", (<PC)'
:"e <PC s,ste# co#prises a Uaters
1525 binar, 9P5C pu#p3 a Uaters @1@
plus 8uto1sa#pler3 a Uaters 2414
re+ractive inde/ detector3 and a 2ree*e
(V3'3) <PC &or- station (Uaters3 GS8)'
:"e sa#ples &ere dissolved in t"e
eluent and in!ected into t"e :S-1<;5<1
5000PU /5 colu#n (@'8 ## T 300 ##)
and :S-1<;5<13000 PU /5 colu#n
(@'8 ## T 300 ##) (:DSD93 0apan) in
a series' :"e eluent +lo& (0'02 > p9 I'0
H9
2
PD
4
) &as 0'I #5(#in' :"e <PC
544 1.02. Shi et al. 3 /ndustrial Crops and Products 44 (2013) 542548
Table !
6ield o+ "e#icelluloses +ractions (?3 relative to
t"e total a#ount o+ "e#icelluloses obtained +ro#
t"e ,ello& li.uor) +ro# t"e ,ello& li.uor'
9e#icelluloses C1 C2 C3
6ield(?
5'3
1
15'I
3
33'I
I
colu#ns and in!ection s,ste# &ere
#aintained at 35
S
C durin$ t"e
anal,sis' <lucan &as applied as a
re+erence substance'
2.2.-.-. )ourier0transfor'
infrared spectroscopy 7)T0/%8
analysis. ):1I7 spectra o+ t"e
"e#icellulosic +ractions &ere obtained
on a ):1I7 spectrop"oto#eter (2ru-er
:ensor 2@3 <er#an,)' :"e sa#ples
&ere co#bined &it" H2r in slices
containin$ 1? "e#icelluloses' :"e
scan ran$e &as 4000400 c#
V1
in t"e
trans#ission #ode'
2.2.-./. 9uclear 'agnetic
resonance 795%8 analysis. :"e
1
9
13
C 2 "etero1nuclear sin$le .uantu#
co"erence (9S4C) spectra o+ t"e
"e#icelluloses (80 #$ in 1 #5
2
D)
&ere obtained on 2ru-er 8V I00
instru#ent in t"e 9S4C e/peri#ent
#ode at 25
S
C' :"e spectral &idt"s
&ere I000 and 253000 9* +or t"e
1
91
and
13
C1di#ensions3 respectivel,' :"e
ac.uired ti#e per scan &as 0'0C84 s3
t"e rela/1ation dela, ti#e &as 1'5 s3
and t"e pulse &idt" &as 12'1 9*'
2.2.-.5. Ther'o0
gravi'etric 7TG8 analysis. :"e
t"er#o1$ravi#etric anal,sis o+ t"e
"e#icellulosic +ractions &as per+or#ed
on t"e :<8 4500 (:83 GS8) t"er#al
anal,sis instru#ent' 8ppro/i#atel, 10
#$ "e#icelluloses &as evenl,
distributed in t"e platinu# crucible and
"eated +or# t"e roo# te#perature to
I00
S
C at a "eatin$ rate o+ 10
S
C(#in
under "i$" purit, nitro$en $as +lo& at
I0 #5(#in'
(. %esults and discussions
(.!. :ield of he'icellulosic fractions
:"e "e#icelluloses in t"e corn stal-
&ere de$raded durin$ t"e active
o/,$en coo-in$ process3 and t"e
pol,#ers in t"e ,ello& li.uor &ere a
#i/ture o+ a nu#ber o+ di++erent de$ree
o+ pol,#er1i*ation (P)
pol,sacc"arides' :"e ,ields o+
"e#icellulosic +ractions obtained +ro#
,ello& li.uor &it" di++erent
concentration et"anol are listed in :able
1' :"e precipitates collected &it" one3
t&o3 t"ree3 +ive3 and seven
volu#es et"anol3 ,ielded
5'31?3 15'I3?3 33'II?3
C'45? and I'34?
"e#icelluloses3
respectivel,' Dbviousl,3
t"e results s"o&ed t"at
t"e ,ields o+ "e#icellulosic
+ractions increased +irstl,
(5'3133'II?) and t"en
decreased (33'III'34?)
&it" et"anol con1
centration increasin$' :"e
9
3
precipitated &it" t"ree
volu#es et"anol
presented t"e "i$"est
,ield (33'II?)' :"e
"e#icelluloses in t"e
,ello& li.uor &ere &ater1
soluble' Increase o+ t"e
et"anol concentration can
precipitate #ore
"e#icelluloses3 but t"e
"e#i1celluloses in t"e
,ello& li.uor &ere less
and less3 and t"e ,ield
decreased even in t"e
"i$" concentration
et"anol' 9o&ever3 it
s"ould note t"at 2C'I1?
solid content &as still
contained in t"e +inal
supernatant3 &"ic" #i$"t
contain "i$"l, de$raded
"e#icel1luloses3 li$nin and
cellulose3 de$radation
products o+ corn stal-3 and
#a$nesiu# salt'
(.4. Sugar co'position
and uronic acids content
:"e neutral su$ar
co#position and content
o+ uronic acids o+ t"e +ive
"e#icellulosic +ractions
and +inal residue are $iven
in :able 2' 8s seen +ro#
:able 23 /,lose &as t"e
predo#inant su$ar unit in
t"e all o+ "e#icellulosic
+ractions3 co#prisin$
3C'48I8'44? o+ t"e total
su$ar and uronic acidsF
&"ile arabinose (12'01
14'82?)3 $alactose (4'14
8'I0?) and $lucose
(8'2I15'04?) presented
in s#all a#ounts' In
co#parison &it" t"e 9
1
3
9
2
3 and 9
3
3 "i$"
Table 4
:"e content (?) o+ neutral su$ars
and uronic acids in t"e
"e#eicelluosic +ractions and +inal
residue'
Su$ar 9e#icellulosic +ractions (?)
C1 C2 C3 C5 C@
7
C
8rabinose
14'
82
12'0
1 11'35
12'8
3
14'I
3
@'
@
2
<alactose
8'I
0 5'3I I'14 5'3@ 4'14
1'
C
@
<lucose
8'2
I C'82 13'CC
13'3
@
15'0
4
2
I'
2
I
E,lose
5@'
C2
I8'4
4 I4'54
50'@
I
3C'4
8
1
C'
3
5
>annose
3'0
5 =d
c
=d =d =d
=
d
Gronic acids
@'3
5 4'3@ 3'C8
1@'I
8
2I'@
0
4
4'
@
0
E,l(8ra
a
3'C
1 5'@0 5'IC 3'CI 2'@0
2'
5
1
E,l(Gra
b
10'
1C
20'2
4 20'C@ 3'@1 1'C1
0'
5
I
a E,l(8ra3 t"e #olar ratio o+ /,lose to arabinose'
b
E,l(Gra3 t"e #olar ratio o+ /,lose to uronic
acids'
c =d3 not detectable'
content o+ uronic acids
(1@'I82I'@0?)3 #ainl, 41
;1#et",l1a1d1$lucuronic
acid and $alacturonic acid3
&ere enric"ed in t"e 9
5
and 9
@
' >annose &as
onl, detected in 9
1
(3'05?)3 su$$ested t"at
t"e "e#icelluloses in
,ello& li.uor contained
#inor o+ #an1nose' :"e
a#ounts o+ $lucose ca#e
+ro# cellulose increased
&it" increasin$ o+ et"anol
concentration3 s"o&ed t"e
"e#icellulosic +ractions
obtained in t"e "i$"er
concentration et"anol
contained #ore de$raded
cellulose' :"e su$ar
anal,sis de#onstrated t"at
all "e#icellulosic +ractions
#i$"t co#posed o+
/,lop,ranos,l (E,lp)
bac-bones3 &"ic" &as
substituted &it" residues
or s"ort c"ains contained
arabinose3 and $lucuronic
acid or 41;1#et",l1a1d1
$lucuronic acid' 2ut t"e
side c"ains attac"ed to t"e
E,lp &ere diverse3
dependin$ on t"e
precipitation process'
Interestin$l,3 t"e #olar
ratios o+ /,lose to arabinose (E,l(8ra)
(5'@02'@0) and /,lose to uronic acids
(E,l(Gra) (20'241'C1) &ere decreased
&it" increas1in$ et"anol concentration
+ro# t&o volu#es to seven volu#es3
&"ic" indicated t"at t"e "e#icellulosic
+ractions precipitated &it" "i$"
concentration o+ et"anol &ere #ore
"i$"l, branc"ed t"an t"at precipitated
&it" lo& concentration et"anol' In
addition3 t"e su$ar residues in 7
C
#ainl, contained uronic acids (44'@0?)3
$lu1cose (2I'2I?) and /,lose (1C'35?)3
&"ic" indicated t"at t"e content o+
"e#icelluloses &as lo& in t"e 7
C
'
(.(. The 'olecular -eight of
he'icellulosic fractions
In order to esti#ate t"e de$radation
e/tent o+ "e#icelluloses durin$ t"e
coo-in$ process3 +ive "e#icellulosic
+ractions and +inal residue &ere +urt"er
anal,*ed b, <PC' :"e &ei$"t1avera$e
(5
<
) and nu#ber1avera$e (5
9
)
#olecular &ei$"t ($(#ol)3 as &ell as
pol,dispersit, (5
<
35
9
) are listed in
:able 3' Dbviousl,3 t"e 5
<
o+ all
"e#icellulosic +ractions and residue
decreased &it" t"e increase o+ et"anol
concentration3 but t"e 5
<
o+ 9
3
3 9
5
and 9
@
&as barel, c"an$ed' :"e
"e#icelluloses in t"e ,ello& li.uor &ere
&ater1soluble3 t"e "e#icellulosic
+ractions o+ "i$" #olecular &ei$"t can
be precipitated b, lo& concentration
et"anol solution' :"e <PC results and
,ields o+ "e#icellulosic +ractions
s"o&ed t"at onl, 5'31? "e#icelluloses
in t"e li.uor o&ned "i$" #olecular
&ei$"t (243824 $(#ol)3 t"e re#ainder o+
"e#icellulosic +ractions and +inal
residue presented lo& #olecular &ei$"t
(202045@4 $(#ol)3 &"ic"
Table (
:"e &ei$"t1avera$e (5< ) and nu#ber1avera$e
(59 ) #olecular &ei$"ts ($(#ol) and
pol,dispersit, (5< 359 ) o+ all pol,sacc"aride
+ractions and t"e residue'
9e#icellulosic +ractions
C1 C2 C3 C5 C@ 7C
59
1C3@@
8 443@ 251@ 2514 25IC
1C5
3
5<
24382
4 45@4 2540 253@ 2588
202
0
5< 3
59 1'255
1'03
1
1'00
C
1'00
C
1'00
@
1'0
34
Than6 you for evaluating
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