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Voltage stabilization in transmission grids with fixed

and variable shunt reactors


ABB Transformers, Tomas Olsson, Syracuse (NY), 6/4/2013
ABB
Month DD, YYYY | Slide 2
ABB Red Tie event, 6/4/2013.
Agenda
Reactive power compensation, Why shunt reactors?
Reliable Design of shunt reactors
General design
Sound and Vibrations
Variable shunt reactor (VSR)
Testing
Transmission applications with VSR
References and summary
Reactive power compensation,
Why shunt reactors?
ABB Transformers, Tomas Olsson, Syracuse (NY), 6/4/2013
ABB
Month DD, YYYY | Slide 4
Apparent power consists of active(true) and reactive power components
P = S*cos
Q = S*sin
Reactive power compensation
Definitions
ABB
Month DD, YYYY | Slide 5
Active (True) power
Voltage and current in phase, cos = 1
Reactive power compensation
Definitions
ABB
Month DD, YYYY | Slide 6
Reactive power
Voltage and current out of phase 90 deg, cos = 0ind
Inductive circuit, we say that the current lags the voltage.
Capacitive circuit, we say that the current leads the voltage.
Reactive power compensation
Definitions
ABB
Month DD, YYYY | Slide 7
To run a marathon with your hands in your
pockets is very tiresome
The swinging movement of your body
has to be compensated with your arms.
This arm movement could be called a
reactive power needed to help you move
forward and also to keep the body balance
Likewise in an electrical power system the
reactive power in balance is the carrier of the
true power.
If the reactive power is consumed the voltage
decreases, its ability to transport the true
power decreases.
Reactive power compensation
Definitions
ABB
Month DD, YYYY | Slide 8
Reactive power compensation
Voltage control
ABB
Month DD, YYYY | Slide 9
Reactive power compensation
Voltage control
Transmission planning in North America
The ISO/RTO Council (IRC) is comprised of 10
Independent System Operators (ISOs) and Regional
Transmission Organizations (RTOs) in North America.
These ISOs and RTOs serve two-thirds of electricity
consumers in the United States and more than 50 percent
of Canada's population
ABB
Month DD, YYYY | Slide 11
Reactive power compensation
Voltage control
ABB
Month DD, YYYY | Slide 12
Reactive power compensation
Voltage control
ABB
Month DD, YYYY | Slide 13
1. Stability on long line transmissions
2. Voltage control during light load
conditions
Reactor restores voltage to
specified value
Voltage increase from
capacitive generation
X
X
1
U
X
Q
Q
Q
Q
X
Application of shunt reactors
ABB
Month DD, YYYY | Slide 14
AC power cable is never loaded
with its natural load (losses, heating
and cooling)
Always more reactive power is
produced than what is absorbed
Need for shunt reactors.
Reactive Power Generation in cables
ABB
Month DD, YYYY | Slide 15
Reactive power compensation
Voltage control
ABB
Month DD, YYYY | Slide 16
Reactive power compensation
Voltage control
ABB
Month DD, YYYY | Slide 17
Z
c
= sqrt( l/c) Surge impedance
P
SIL
= V
0
2
/ Z
c
Natural load at transmission voltage V
0
At P
SIL
Insulation is uniformly stressed at all points along line
Power factor is unity, cos = 1
The natural reactive power is zero
Reactive power compensation
Voltage control
ABB
Month DD, YYYY | Slide 18
Reactive power compensation
Voltage control
ABB
Month DD, YYYY | Slide 19
Reactive power compensation
Voltage control
ABB
Month DD, YYYY | Slide 20
Reactive power compensation
Voltage control


A
B
B

B
A

T
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
s
-
2
1
-
The shunt reactor
A voltage
regulating device
Electrical power system
Transmission line at no load condition, I2=0
V1 V2
I1
I2
V1 = Vr cos
Vr
At 200 miles, electrical length
at 60 Hz is 23,2 degrees
(at 50 Hz is 19,3 degrees)
V2 will be 1,088 pu (1,06 pu)
I1 = 0,429 pu !!! Q1 = 0,429 P
SIL
There is a line charging current in the sending end generators
ABB
Month DD, YYYY | Slide 22
Reactive power compensation
Voltage control


A
B
B

B
A

T
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
s
-
2
3
-
The shunt reactor
A voltage
regulating device
Electrical power system
V1 V2
I1
I2
Transmission line at no load condition and
X chosen so that V2 =V1
At 60 Hz
Midpoint voltage = V1/cos (/2)= 1,021 pu
I1= I2= Q1 = Q2 = 0,2055 P
SIL
Required rating of shunt reactor
At 500 kV voltage system, Z
SIL
=250 ohm
Q2 =
= 205 Mvar (3 phase)
ABB
Month DD, YYYY | Slide 24
Reactive power compensation
Voltage control
ABB
Month DD, YYYY | Slide 25
Degree of shunt compensation
Z
c
= Z
c
/ sqrt( 1-k
sh
) ; k
sh
positive, inductive compensation
Shunt reactors - increase virtual surge impedance Z
c

- reduce virtual natural load P


SIL

100 % inductive shunt compensation, k


sh
=1
- reduces P
SIL
to zero
- increases Zcto
implies a flat voltage profile at zero load.
Reactive power compensation
Voltage control
P
2
, Q
2
U
2
U
1
(R) +X
Q
At natural loading, SIL; P
2
= P
SIL
( reactive power balance)
U
1
U
2
1,0 pu
Application of shunt reactors
Voltage profile
P
2
, Q
2
U
2
U
1
(R) +X
Q
At no or low load (P
2
), voltage profile, Ferranti effect
U
1
U
2
1,0 pu
Application of shunt reactors
Voltage profile
P
2
, Q
2
U
2
U
1
(R) +X
Q
At no or low load (P
2
), voltage profile with connected SR
U
1
U
2
1,0 pu
Application of shunt reactors
Voltage profile
P
2
, Q
2
U
2
U
1
(R) +X
Q
Increased load (P
2
), voltage profile with connected SR
U
1
U
2
1,0 pu
Application of shunt reactors
Voltage profile
P
2
, Q
2
U
2
U
1
(R) +X
Q
Increased load (P
2
), voltage profile with connected VSR
U
1
U
2
1,0 pu
Reactor power less than
rated power.
VSR =Variable Shunt Reactor
Application of shunt reactors
Fine tuning of the voltage with a variable shunt reactor
ABB Reactors (oil immersed), Types and usage
Shunt reactors
Voltage control
Reliable Design of shunt reactors
ABB Transformers, Tomas Olsson, Syracuse (NY), 6/4/2013
Rigid gapped core limb for low sound level
1. Non-flexible grain oriented steel core sheet
2. Bounded with well proven stiff steatite spacers
3. Spacers are machined to exactly the same height
Precision crafted process ensures:
Small axial movements
Low vibrations & sound
Design
Low sound
Earthed shield
no stress concentration
towards core or winding
Winding centre entry
and ground potential
towards yokes reduces
overall size and losses
Neutral
HV line terminal
Design
Winding arrangement
It should
withstand the load
of 40 cars, applied
120 times per
second for 30
yearscontinuous
without rattling
and high noise
Design
Why to be careful when buying a reactor?
Options for sound reduction Typical sound levels
Internal noise control only:
Sound power level 80 95 dB(A)
Sound pressure level 65 75
dB(A)
With sound panels:
Sound power level 70 85 dB(A)
Sound pressure level 55 65
dB(A)
With sound enclosure:
Sound power level 65 80 dB(A)
Sound pressure level 50 60
dB(A)
Overvoltage Operating voltages
Voltage
Current
Application of shunt reactors
Linearity
Variable Shunt Reactor (VSR)
ABB Transformers, Tomas Olsson, Syracuse (NY), 6/4/2013
ABB Group
J une 10, 2013 | Slide 39
Variable shunt reactor applications
To foresee the future?
We cannot today foresee the grid conditions
of the future
Generation and load patterns
Interconnections
Regulations
Need for reactive power compensation
Trend towards controllability, flexibility and
intelligence of the networks
The expected life time of a reactor is 30-40
years
This talks to the favor of variable shunt
reactors
Neutral
Phase
terminal
Neutral
Phase
terminal
OLTC
An unconventional
Reactor built on
conventional technology
Design solutions taken from our
way of building Shunt Reactors
and Power Transformers
VSR winding concept
Normal shunt reactor Regulated shunt reactor
VSR design concept
Feasible regulation ratio, R, versus
operation voltage
VSR feasible Mvar output ranges
On-load tap changer ABB
Three-phase neutral point tap changer of the
diverter switch type
With conventional or vacuum current interrupters
VSR
Control of LTC of a VSR
Manual / Remote control
Automatic relay control
Control parameters, voltage and Mvar
ABB Group
J une 10, 2013 | Slide 44
Testing
ABB Transformers, Tomas Olsson, Syracuse (NY), 6/4/2013
Winding resistance
Applied voltage test
Inductance and loss measurement
Zero-sequence impedance
Accessories and small wiring
Switching impulse test
Lightning impulse test
PD-measurement
Audible noise test and vibrations
Test of temperature rise
Measurement of harmonics
Inductance curve measurement
Insulation resistance measurement
Capacitance and power factor in insulation
Design
Full scale test
G
C C
T1 T2
R
Design
Full scale test
Transmission applications with VSR
ABB Transformers, Tomas Olsson, Syracuse (NY), 6/4/2013
Variable Shunt Reactors (VSR) benefits
Statnett Norway
Reduced voltage jump at switching on operation.
Coarse tuning of SVC equipment for best dynamical operation.
Reduction of number of breakers. No parallell fixed reactors.
Adjusting of seasonal related loads.
Adjusting of daily dependable loads.
Flexible spare unit possibility.
Flexibility for new load conditions in the network. At revisions for example.
Flexibility to move reactor to other locations.
Variable Shunt Reactors (VSR)
420 kV
120-200 Mvar
ABB Group
J une 10, 2013 | Slide 51
High voltage level situation in the state, especially in the
north.
Surplus of reactive power .
Therefore big need for inductive power compensation.
VSR solution gives flexible voltage control.
Dominion (VA)
Variable shunt reactor applications
ABB Group
J une 10, 2013 | Slide 52
Dominion (VA)
A, Substation
Carson.
B, Substation
Garrysonville.
C, Substation Yadkin.
D, Substation
Hamilton.
E, Substation
J efferson street.
F, Substation
Idylwood.
Voltage
stabilisation,
Virginia state.
VSR 50-100 Mvar,
242 kV, 7 units.
Variable shunt reactor applications
B
D
F
C
E
ABB Group
J une 10, 2013 | Slide 53
Q Q
EHV EHV
X
X
Reactor placed on
the high-voltage
side
Reactor power compensation from generators not longer reliable
Minimize number of breaker operations
Extended use of cables put higher demand on reactive power compensation
Eliminating air core reactors on transformer tertiary
Air core reactors take place and are spreading magnetic field
Tap changer used to keep voltage at constant value
Variable Shunt Reactor to Dominion, Virginia USA.
NEW OLD
ABB Group
J une 10, 2013 | Slide 54
Variable Shunt Reactor
50-100 Mvar, 242 kV
ABB Group
J une 10, 2013 | Slide 55
Variable Shunt Reactor
Equipped with sound
housing for sound level
environmental impact.
50-100 Mvar, 242 kV.
Case, Wind Power generation in Texas
Sharyland
Utilities
part of CREZ
Wind
energy
transmission
to consumer
centres in
eastern TX
ABB Inc.
J une 10, 2013 | Slide 57
Wind Power Generation in Texas
Sharyland Utilities part of CREZ
Wind Power generation in Texas
Final stage
Flexibility use for transmission line expansion and voltage stability
Variable shunt reactor applications
Sharyland Utilities
ABB in tank tap
changer VUCG for
variable Mvar output.
Variable shunt reactor applications
Sharyland Utilities
Reactive power compensation flexibility for better voltage control.
More cost effective customer solution to two or more reactors with fixed ratings.
Smaller footprint.
Less number of breakers and breaker maintenance.
Customer chooses ABB VSR for the reliability.
50-100 Mvar/345 kV
Zero Miss Phenomena (and other VSR application)
Siphon transmission
line, 400 kV
Cable transmission
line from wind mill park, 235 kV
1. Askaer S/S, 50-110 Mvar, 2 units to
avoid zero miss phenomena. TC in min
Mvar position when cable is energized.
2. Tjele S/S, 70-140 Mvar, to minimise
voltage jump min Mvar position when
switched in.
3. Revsing S/S,70-140 Mvar, to minimise
voltage jump min Mvar position when
switched in.
4. Grenaa S/S, 120 Mvar, compensation of
sea cable from wind mill park.
5. Trige S/S, 60 -120 Mvar, 2 units to
compensate for variable wind power
generation and loss optimisation.
1
2
3
4
5
ABB VSR World wide references
Customer Nominalvoltage
(kV)
Ratingrange,3
phase(Mvar)
Type Yearofdelivery
Ghana,Africa 161 918 OLTC 4units1989
1unit2001
GEWCologne,
Germany
110 1030 DETC 1unit1996
ChannelIslands,UK 132 716 OLTC 2unit1999
Sonabel,Burkina
Faso,Africa
225 1330 OLTC 1unit2004
Statnett,Norway 420 120200 OLTC 1unit2008
Statnett,Norway 420 120200 OLTC 2units2010
Statnett,Norway 300 80150 OLTC 2units2010
ECoVannkraft,
Norway
420 120200 OLTC 1unit2010
DominionVirginia,
USA
242 50100 OLTC 3units2009
4units2010
1unit 2014
SvenskaKraftnt,
Sweden
400 110180 OLTC 1unit2010
Energinet dk,
Denmark
235 60120 OLTC 2units2011
Statnett,Norway 420 90200 OLTC 8units 2012/2013
1unit 2014
Sharyland Utilities TX,
USA
345 50100 OLTC 1unit 2013
Energinet dk,
Denmark
400 50110
70140
OLTC 3units 2013/2014
2units 2013/2014
CenterPointEnergy
TX,USA
143 2550 OLTC 1unit 2014
References
ABB Transformers, Tomas Olsson, Syracuse (NY), 6/4/2013
ABB Shunt reactors
References
170 Mvar, 525 kV
to APS, Arizona
150 Mvar, 345 kV
to New York Power Authority
Equipped with a sound
enclosure for very low sound
emission ~ 55 dB
ABB Shunt reactors
References
ABB Shunt reactors
References
80 Mvar, 230 kV
to PEPCO
equipped with sound panels
Summary
AC apparent power (MVA) has two components, Active power (MW) and
Reactive power (Mvar).
Voltage is influenced by the level of Reactive power (AC system).
The Shunt Reactor is a regulating device to limit the voltage.
High manufacturing accuracy is requested to make reliable shunt reactors.
The Variable Shunt Reactor (VSR) principle is to regulate number of
electrical turns by a tap changer.
VSR is used by customers to satisfy the demand for improved flexibility
(economy driven) in the grid.

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