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Carrier Phase-shifted SPWM based Current-source

Multi-converter
Yu Xiong, Yinhai Zhang, Kun Wei, Zhongchao Zhang
Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University
Hangzhou, 310027, P.R. China
Tel/Fax: 86-0571-87951797
Email: zhangzc@public1.zju.edu.cn xiong_yu@yeah.net

Abstract— Carrier Phase-shifted SPWM (CPS-SPWM) propose a new technique of using the carrier phase-shifted
technique is applied to current-source multi-modular converter SPWM (CPS-SPWM) technique in the multi-converter.
with output current harmonics minimization and without the use
of high frequency modulation. Mathematical model of CPS-SPWM technique was proposed and simulated as the
multi-modular CPS-SPWM technique is built and analyzed. Then phase-shifted SPWM technique in [2]. Multi-modular
digital current-source CPS-SPWM signal generating technique is CPS-SPWM technique is combination of the multi-converter
developed. The proposition is verified by the experimental and SPWM. Analysis and simulations have demonstrated that it
waveforms and the simulation results. has the advantages of high equivalent switching frequency, low
switching losses, fast dynamic response and wide bandwidth
Keywords-carrier phase-shifted; SPWM; current-source [3]. Because of the above reasons, it is very easy to apply
converter different control strategies. To our knowledge, there have been
hardly any papers talking about the experiment study of
current-source multi-modular converter to practice and discuss
I. INTRODUCTION
the proposition.
Nowadays, the research and application of the very high
power voltage-source converter has drawn more attentions than The organization of the rest of this paper is as follows. The
that of the current-source converter. In very high power mathematical analysis of CPS-SPWM technique is introduced
converter systems, such as SVG, etc., the voltage-source in Section II. Basis on this, the digital current-source SPWM
converter topologies have always been chosen. One of the most signal generating technique is developed in Section III. In
important reasons is that inductors, as the energy storage Section IV, we build an experimental prototype of a 4-module
elements, have the disadvantages of higher conducting losses current-source converter to practice the proposition and discuss
and lower energy storage efficiency than capacitors. However, the effect of the modulation index mi and kc/km on the character
with the development of the superconducting magnetic energy of the system. Some specific points are discussed in detail.
storage (SMES) technology, superconducting inductors can be
used as highly efficiency energy storage elements. The II. MATHEMATIC ANALYSIS
application of SMES technology in power systems will be more Natural sampling bilogic SPWM technology directly
and more popular. Compared with a voltage-source converter, a compares the actual reference waveform against the carrier
current-source converter has the advantages:(1) working more waveform. To ensure that the force-commutated current-source
stable; (2) controlling the output current more directly and 3-phase converter operates faultlessly, the transition from the
conveniently; (3) faster dynamic response. Therefore, it is a bilogic PWM signals Fa, Fb and Fc to the trilogic PWM signals
better choice to use superconducting inductors as the current Ya, Yb and Yc is necessary in current-source converter [4]. The
sources of the current-source converters in SMES, APF or SVG dynamic trilogic SPWM variable is obtained by the Bi/Tri-logic
systems. In this paper, we are going to focus on the study of the translation relationship as follows;
current-source converters.
Until a few years ago, the GTO inverters were considered as Ya   1 − 1 0  Fa 
1
Y  = ⋅  0 1 − 1 ⋅ Fb 
the standard topology to attain high MVA ratings. This
(1)
technique can be implemented by connecting modules of PWM
converters in series or in parallel [1]. However, in very high
 b 2    
power converter systems, it is often too difficult to apply SPWM  Yc  − 1 0 1   Fc 
technique because of the upper frequency limitation of the high
power semiconductor device. For the high power GTO valves to In CPS-SPWM technique, the Lx modules of the
operate efficiently, the ratio of the triangular carrier frequency, current-source converter are connected in parallel on the ac side
kc, to the sinusoidal modulating frequency, km, has to be very as shown in Fig.1. Each cell receives identical modulating
low, where the sampling theorem may be transgressed. Further signals of 3 phases. The neighboring triangular carriers are
more, when the GTOs are switching at the low rates, the PWM displaced by 2π/ Lx [3]. Apply the Fourier Series analysis of
converter may not have the bandwidth to convey the necessary periodical time function of basis to the natural sampling bilogic
input control information. To solve the problems above, we SPWM technique (see Appendix) and the trilogic SPWM[4],

0-7803-7768-0/03/$17.00 (C) 2003 IEEE 89


the output of the Lth module (L=1,2,…,Lx) with CPS-SPWM which occupies a reasonable bandwidth, in other words, the
technique is analyzed as follows. information carrying capacity is not impaired.

Fig.1 Schematic of CPS-SPWM technique Fig.2 Simulation results of the output current and its spectrum


YL ( t ) = ∑ C Lk cos(kωt + φ Lk ) (2) III. CPS-SPWM TECHNIQUE
k =1
The combine output of all the modules is: The scheme of the CPS-SPWM technique in
∞ Lx current-source multi-converter is also shown in Fig.1. Each
YT ( t ) = ∑ C Tk cos(kωt + φ Tk ) = ∑ YL (t ) (3) basic module consists of a current source and a 3-phase
k =1 L =1 bridge converter. Here current source is achieved by a
Lx voltage source Ed in series with an inductance Ld. The
C Tk cos(kωt + φ Tk ) = ∑ C Lk cos(kωt + φ Lk ) (4)
L =1
(1) Output Signal (k=km , E=Ed/2)
2 Lx E 
CTk = 3Q km 
π 
 (5)
π 
φTk = + φ km

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(2) Carrier Harmonics (k=mkc , m=1,2, …∞)
CTk=0 (6)
(3) Sideband Harmonics(k=mLxkc+nkm, m=1,2, …∞, n=±1,
±2, ±3,…)
4E 3 π
CTk = J n (mLx Qkm ) sin[(mLx + n) ] (7)
mπ 2
It is shown that all the carrier harmonics are eliminated
and the sideband harmonics around each carrier multiple
are cancelled when n is a multiple of 3 or mLx+n is even. The
sideband harmonics frequencies in the CPS-SPWM technique
are shifted to mLxkc+nkm ,which is higher than mkc+nkm in the
single module with the trilogic SPWM technique.
Fig.2 shows the simulation results of the output current of Fig.3 Current-source converter with trilogic PWM control
the phase A on the ac side and its harmonic spectrum when mi
=0.8,Lx=4 and kc/km=15. One can see that the total harmonic voltage source Ed is common for all the modules. The valve
distortion (THD) is reduced drastically. The CPS-SPWM switch is composed of such devices as GTO or IGBT in
technique used in the slowly switching individual converter series with a diode. N ( N = L x ) converters are connected in
module is capable of amplifying the modulating signal parallel on the ac side to build current-source multi-modular

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converter. The low-pass filter is composed of Ca, Cb and Cc the validity of the CPS-SPWM multi-modular current-source
to filter out switching frequency harmonics on the ac side. Ra, converter. The system parameters are listed in Table I.
Rb and Rc represent the ac load. TABLE I SYSTEM PARAMETERS OF EXPERIMENTAL PROTOTYPE
Each of the N converter modules has the controls described 4
Converter modular numbers (N)
in Fig.3, including the input signals Sma, Smb and Smc. The only
difference is that the triangular carrier signal in each module Switching frequency of devices (fs) 250Hz, 750Hz
has its individual phase-shift. The method of implementing Frequency ratio (kc/km) 5, 15
CPS-SPWM is illustrated in Fig.4. All the SPWM boxes (which
Amplitude ratio (mi) 0.8
determines the switching logic) receive identical modulating
signals of three phases. The triangular carrier is produced by a Dc inductance (Ld) 160mH
triangular waveform template which is read from the EPROM Capacitor of the filter (C) 1uF
for the jth module. The contents in the carrier waveform
Load Resistance(Ri, , i=a,b,c) 30Ω
Load connection mode Wye-connected

DC voltage source (Ed ) 150V

A. Effect of kc/km and mi on the Output Current


Fig.5 shows the experimental waveforms and simulation
results of the output current of phase A on the ac side when kc
/km is 5, mi is 0.8. It can be seen that the experimental waveforms
comply with the simulations. In Fig.5(c)、(d), all the harmonics
at integral multiples (iNkc, i=1,2,3,…) of the carrier frequency
are eliminated. One set of the sideband harmonics
(iNkc+nkm ,where n=3M, or iN+n=2M, M、i=1,2,3…, n=±1,
±2,…±∞) is also eliminated.

(a)

Fig.4 Method of implementing CPS-SPWM

EPROM have been shifted evenly by ∆ θ = 2π /( N ⋅ k ) , where


N (= 4) is the number of modules and k = kc/k m . The EPROMs
are all addressed by the same counter signal. The magnitude (b)
control is Vmod, which is multiplied electronically to the outputs
of A, B and C-phase EPROM which contain the balanced
3-phase sinusoidal waveform template. The Bi/Ttri-logic
translation is implemented in the SPWM modules

IV. SIMULATION RESULTS AND EXPERIMENTAL WAVEFORMS

Based on the operating principle described above, an


experimental prototype (Fig.1) has been built to demonstrate
(c)

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from 5 to 15. Both simulations and experimental results
demonstrate that the waveforms in Fig.6(a) 、 (b) are nearly
sinusoidal. At the same time, the THD in Fig.5(c) or (d) is
lower than that in Fig.6(c) or (d).
B. Some Specific Points
It is important to know that id passes through the upper
valve and the lower valve of the same module. To ensure the
(d) upper current and the lower current equal, a simple way is
Fig.5 The waveform of the output current of phase A on the ac side when kc /km found, that is, a short valve is connected in parallel on the dc
is 5, mi is 0.8. (a) Simulation result of the output current. (b) Experimental side in each cell. When the module output current of three phase
waveform of the output current. (c) Simulation result of harmonic spectrum of
the output current. (d) Experimental waveform of harmonic of the output
is zero, all valves of three legs are off, the short valve is
current( horizontal: 11.43 order / div ). triggered on, so the current flowing through the upper and the
lower of single module are forced to be equal. In this way, the
Fig.6 shows the experimental waveforms and simulatuion output current distortion caused by the unequal current of
results of the output current of phase A when kc /km is 15, mi is the dc link is eliminated. Fig.7 shows a short valve V1 is added
0.8. From Fig.5(a) 、 (b) and Fig.6(a) 、 (b), one can see that to the main circuit.
waveform of output current gets better when kc/km is changed

Fig.7 Main circuit with a short valve


(a)
Fig.8(a) and (b) show the experimental result of output
current of phase A and phase B of ac side without and with a
short valve, respectively.

(b)

(a)

(c)

(b)
Fig.8 Waveform of output current of the ac side. (a) Without ashort valve.
(b) With a shot valve

(d)
Fig.6 The waveform of the output current of phase A on the ac side when kc Fig.9 shows that the experimental waveform of dc link
/km is 15, mi is 0.8. (a) Simulation result of the output current. (b)Experimental current of single module when kc /km=12, mi=0.68. The ripple
waveform of the output current. (c) Simulation result of harmonic spectrum of current can be seen in dc link. This is because that inductance of
the output current. (d) Experimental waveform of harmonic spectrum of the
output current.( horizontal: 11.43 order / div ) dc link is limited.

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The modulation index mi is expressed as follows:
Q km
mi = (A-2)
π /2
Using Fourier Series analysis, we can get the output

Fig.9 The waveform of dc current id4 when kc/ km is 15, mi is 0.8.

V. CONCLUSION

CPS-SPWM technique is the combination of


multi-converter module with SPWM. With this technique, the
same effect as a traditional SPWM working at a high switching Fig.A Bilogic natural sampling SPWM technique (a) modulating
frequency can be achieved at a low switching frequency. It signal M(t) and triangular carrier signal. (b) output signal Y(t).
reduces the single converter’s switching frequency and the
switching loss, cancels the undesirable switching harmonics and signal as follows:
improves the output wave. The digital current source SPWM ∞
signal generating technique is developed. The experimental Y (t ) = ∑ C k cos(kωt + φ k )
system of a 4 modules current-source CPS SPWM converter is k =1
presented. The effect of the modulation index mi and the ∞
2E 4E
frequency ratio kc/km to the system character is discussed. From = Qkm cos( k m ωt + φ km ) + ∑ J 0 (mQ km )
the results, we conclude that the current-source CPS-SPWM π m =1 mπ
technique improves the system performance much more than the
mπ ∞
4E
) cos(mk c ωt + mφ c ) + ∑
traditional SPWM methods. We believe that this promising
technique will have wide usage in high power converter system ⋅ sin( J n (mQkm )
2 m =1 mπ
in the future.
m+n
⋅ sin( π ) cos((mkc + nkm )ωt + mφc + nφkm ) (A-3)
REFERENCES 2
where n=±1, ±2, ±3,…, J0(x) is 0-order Bessel function and
[1] J. W. Dixon and B. T. Ooi. Series and Parallel Operation of Hysterics
Current Controlled PWM Rectifiers. IEEE Trans on IA, Vol25,
Jn(x) is n-order Bessel function, they are shown as follows:
No.4,July/August 1988, pp.644-651 ∞
x2m
[2] Z. C. Zhang, etc. Multi-modular current-source SPWM converter for J0(x) = ∑(−1)m
superconducting magnetic energy storage system. IEEE Trans on PE, m=1 22m(m!)2
Vol.8, No.3, 1993, pp250-256.
[3] Z. C. Zhang etc. Force commutated HVDC and SVC based on ∞
x n+ 2m
phase-shifted multi-converter modules. IEEE Trans on PE, Vol.8, J n ( x) = ∑ (−1) m .
No.2, 1993, pp712-718. m =1 2 n + 2 m m! (n + m)!
[4] X. Wang and B. T. Ooi. Unity PF current-source rectifier based on
dynamic trilogic PWM IEEE Transaction on PE, Vol.8, No.3, 1993, The three summation items in (A-3) represent fundamental
pp288-294. harmonics, carrier harmonics and sideband harmonics,
[5] S. R. Bowes. New Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulated Inverter. respectively.
Proceeding IEE Vol. 122, No.11, 1975:1279–1285

APPENDIX

Fig.A shows natural sampling bilogic SPWM technique.


Modulaing signal M(t) is showed as follows:
M(t)=Qkmcos(Kmωt+φkm) (A-1)
where Qkm is amplitude of modulating signal, Km is a positive
integer (Km=1 for typical SPWM technique),ω=2π/T, T is a
period of modulating signal, φkm is the phase angle,φc is the
phase angle and Kcω is the angular frequency of the triangular
carrier waveform,E (E=Ed/2) is the amplitude of the output
signal Y(t).

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