CORE PRODUCT INFORMATION for

PARACETAMOL/CODEINE COMBINATION ANALGESIC

Product description
This section should include:
; a description of the dosage form;
; a list of the active ingredients, using Australian Approved Names (AANs) and expressed
quantitatively; and
; a list of the excipients, using Australian Approved Names (AANs) and expressed
qualitatively
Pharmacology
Pharmacokinetic!
Paracetamo": Paracetamol is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract with peak plasma
concentrations occurring about 10 to 60 minutes after oral administration. Paracetamol is
distributed into most body tissues. Plasma protein binding is negligible at usual therapeutic
doses but increases with increasing doses. The elimination half-life varies from about 1 to
hours.
Paracetamol is metabolised e!tensively in the liver and e!creted in the urine mainly as inactive
glucuronide and sulfate con"ugates. #ess than $% is e!creted unchanged. The metabolites of
paracetamol include a minor hydro!ylated intermediate which has hepatoto!ic activity. This
intermediate metabolite is deto!ified by con"ugation with glutathione& however& it can accumulate
following paracetamol overdosage 'more than 1$0mg(kg or 10g total paracetamol ingested) and
if left untreated can cause irreversible liver damage.
Paracetamol is metabolised differently by premature infants& newborns& infants and young
children compared to adults& the sulfate con"ugate being predominant.
Co#eine! *odeine and its salts are well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract: peak plasma-
codeine concentrations occur at about one hour after ingestion of codeine phosphate.
*odeine is metabolised by O and Ndemethylation in the liver 'via the cytochrome P+$0
system) to morphine 'about ten per cent of a codeine dose is demethylated to morphine)&
norcodeine and other metabolites including normorphine and hydrocodone. *odeine and its
metabolites are e!creted almost entirely by the kidney& mainly as con"ugates with glucuronic
acid. ,ppro!imately % to 16% of a dose is eliminated unchanged in the urine.
,bout -% of people metabolise drugs poorly via *.P/06& and are likely to obtain reduced
benefit from codeine due to reduced formation of the active metabolite& morphine.
The plasma half-life of codeine has been reported to be between and + hours after oral
administration.
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Pharmaco#$namic/Mechanim of action!
Paracetamo"! Paracetamol is a p-aminophenol derivative that e!hibits analgesic and antipyretic
activity. 1t does not possess anti-inflammatory activity. Paracetamol is thought to produce
analgesia through a central inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.
Co#eine! *odeine acts centrally. 1t has an analgesic effect& which is thought to be due mainly to
its partial metabolic conversion to morphine. *odeine has about one-si!th the analgesic activity
of morphine.
2ystematic reviews
!,"&
comparing paracetamol-codeine combinations versus paracetamol alone
concluded that in single-dose studies addition of codeine to paracetamol produced a
comparatively small but statistically significant increase in analgesic effect3 however& there was
an increased incidence of adverse effects with the combination.
1de *raen ,45& et al# ,nalgesic efficacy and safety of paracetamol-codeine combinations
versus paracetamol alone: a systematic review. 654 17763 1: /18$. Pub5ed
25oore ,& et al# 2ingle dose paracetamol 'acetaminophen)& with and without codeine& for
postoperative pain. ,vailable in The *ochrane 0atabase of 2ystematic 9eviews3 1ssue
+. *hichester: 4ohn :iley3 177-. Pub5ed
3Toms #& 0erry 2& 5oore 9,& 5c;uay <4. 2ingle dose oral paracetamol
'acetaminophen) with codeine for postoperative pain in adults. $ochrane %ata&ase of
'ystematic (evie)s /007& 1ssue 1. ,rt. =o.: *0001$+>.
0?1:10.100/(1+6$1-$-.*0001$+>.pub/.
Indications
This section must contain the indications of the product as specified in the A(T*# +f the
indications are not specified in the A(T* (e#g# for a nonvalidated grandfathered product), the
indications must &e as specified on an approved product la&el#
+t should &e noted that, if la&els of grandfather products have not &een approved &y the T*A or
the A(T* indications have not &een validated through O,A-, then the ,+ )ill require evaluation#
Contraindications
@,roduct nameA is contraindicated for use in patients with known hypersensitivity or idiosyncratic
reaction to paracetamol& codeine or other opiates 'or any of the other ingredients in the
product).
1t is also contraindicated for use in patients:
; with acute respiratory depression
; with chronic constipation
; during labour when delivery of a premature infant is anticipated as it may produce codeine
withdrawal symptoms in the neonate
; with active alcoholism
; with diarrhoea caused by pseudomembranous colitis or poisoning 'until the causative
organism or to!in has been eliminated from the gastrointestinal tract& since codeine may
slow down the elimination& thereby prolonging the diarrhoea).
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9efer to B1nteractions with other medicinesC for additional information.
Precautions
@,roduct nameA should be used with caution in patients with:
; impaired hepatic function
; impaired renal function
; decreased respiratory reserve e.g. asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
'*?P0)
; pre-e!isting respiratory depression
; raised intracranial pressure or head in"ury
; prostatic hypertrophy
; hypotension
; hypothyroidism
1t should also be used with caution in patients who:
; have a history of drug abuse
; are taking other respiratory depressants or sedatives& including alcohol
; have had recent gastrointestinal tract surgery
*odeine may obscure the diagnosis or the course of gastrointestinal diseases.
Prolonged use of codeine may produce physical and psychological dependence.
*odeine may cause drowsiness. Those affected should not drive or operate machinery.
9efer to B1nteractions with other medicinesC for additional information.
Ue in %re&nanc$
*ategory ,: 6oth paracetamol and codeine have been taken by a large number of pregnant
women and women of childbearing age without any proven increase in the freDuency of
malformations or other direct or indirect harmful effects on the foetus having been observed.
?pioid analgesics may cause respiratory depression in the newborn infant. Prolonged high-dose
use of codeine prior to delivery may produce codeine withdrawal symptoms in the neonate.
Ue in "actation
Paracetamol and codeine both appear in breast milk in low concentrations. 5aternal ingestion
of paracetamol in recommended doses does not appear to present a risk to breastfed infants.
However, codeine may cause respiratory depression in newborn infants.
@,roduct nameA is therefore not recommended for breastfeeding mothers unless the potential
benefits to the patient outweigh the possible risk to the infant.
Ue in the e"#er"$
The elderly are more likely to have age related renal impairment and may be more susceptible
to the respiratory depressant effects of codeine.
Page
Interaction 'ith other me#icine
The following interactions have been noted:
; ,nticoagulant drugs 'warfarin) - dosage may reDuire reduction if paracetamol and
anticoagulants are taken for a prolonged period of time
; Paracetamol absorption is increased by substances that increase gastric emptying& e.g.
metoclopramide
; Paracetamol absorption is decreased by substances that decrease gastric emptying& e.g.
propantheline& antidepressants with anticholinergic properties& and narcotic analgesics
; Paracetamol may increase chloramphenicol concentrations
; The risk of paracetamol to!icity may be increased in patients receiving other potentially
hepatoto!ic drugs or drugs that induce liver microsomal enEymes such as alcohol and
anticonvulsant agents
; Paracetamol e!cretion may be affected and plasma concentrations altered when given with
probenecid
; *holestyramine reduces the absorption of paracetamol if given within 1 hour of
paracetamol.
; *=2 depressants 8 concomitant use of codeine with central nervous system depressants
'e.g. barbiturates& chloral hydrate& sedatives& alcohol and centrally acting muscle rela!ants)
can cause additive *=2 depression
; ,nticholinergics 8 concurrent use of codeine with anticholinergic agents may increase the
risk of severe constipation and(or urinary retention
; ,ntihypertensives 8 hypotensive effects may be potentiated when used concurrently with
codeine and lead to orthostatic hypotension
; ,ntiperistaltic antidiarrhoeals 'e.g. kaolin& pectin and loperamide) 8 concurrent use with
codeine may increase the risk of severe constipation
; 5etoclopramide 8 codeine may antagonise the effects of metoclopramide on
gastrointestinal activity
; 5onoamine o!idase inhibitors '5,?1s) 8 concurrent administration or use within 1+ days of
ceasing 5,?1s may enhance the potential respiratory depressant effects of codeine
; ?pioid analgesics 8 concurrent use of codeine and other opioid receptor antagonists is
usually inappropriate as additive *=2 depression& respiratory depression and hypotensive
effects may occur
; 2ubstances that inhibit *.P/06 such as Duinidine& phenothiaEines and antipsychotic
agents can interfere with the metabolism of codeine to morphine& reducing the analgesic
effect of codeine
; TranDuillisers& sedatives and hypnotics 8 codeine may potentiate the effects of these
substances.
Adverse reactions
2ide effects of paracetamol are rare and usually mild& although haematological reactions have
been reported. 2kin rashes and hypersensitivity reactions occur occasionally. ?verdosage with
paracetamol if left untreated can result in severe& sometimes fatal liver damage and rarely&
acute renal tubular necrosis.
The most common adverse effects associated with codeine are nausea& vomiting& drowsiness&
diEEiness and constipation.
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?ther side effects include: cough suppression& respiratory depression& euphoria& dysphoria& skin
rashes& histamine release 'hypotension& flushing of the face& tachycardia& breathlessness) and
other allergic reactions.
Dosage
This section must contain the current dosage instructions of the registered product, as specified
on the product la&el# Nonvalidated grandfathered products )ill have to undergo full evaluation
&y the T*A#
Overdosage
1f an overdose is taken or suspected& immediately contact the Poisons 1nformation *entre 'in
,ustralia& call 11 1/63 in =ew Fealand call 0-00 >6+ >66) for advice& or go to a hospital straight
away even if you feel well because of the risk of delayed& serious liver damage with
paracetamol.
Presentation
+nformation should &e included on:
; the presentation, including dosage form and pac. si/es;
; identifying details (eg# colour, shape, identifying mar.ings);
; poisons schedule details; and
; name and address of the sponsor
+nclude the date of approval#
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