>>speci al sect i on: Foundat i on and Pi l i ng Wor ks

Overview
Pi l i no met hods and t echni oues
' the
Twe tth Pl an 12O72-I7) esti mates of
over $1 tril ion investrnent ln infrastructure
deve opment fructify, it will present
an enoF
mous opportunity ior the construction indus-
try, and speci fi cal l y for foundati on and pi l i ng
works. Construction is critical to infrastructure
pOect development and, typically, 5
per
cent
or more ofthe cost of any civil engineering pro
j ect
i n Indi a i s contri buted by foundati ons and
piling.
The key market segments for founda-
ti on and
pi l i ng
works i ncl ude roads and hi gh.
ways,
power plants,
marine structures, metro
rail projects,
oil reflneries, water and storm-
water drainage projects,
airports, and com-
merci al bui l di ngs and housi ng proj ects.
The l 1di a1
pi
i l g equi pnert market i s
esti mated to be worth Rs 2 bi l l i on. The mar
ket has
grown
at a rate of about 20-25
per
cent i n the l ast few years, spurred by i nfra-
structure devel opment, However, the Indi an
market i s sti l l consi dered to be nascent and
i t i s esti mated that onl y about 200
pi l i ng-
rel ated machi nes were sol d duri ng 2010,
compared to 1,500 machi nes sol d gl oba l y.
Factors sLch as ri si ng awareness l eves,
ri gr]l er oroj ect conpl eti on deadl i nes. scarc' ry
of l abour, and emphasi s on qual i ty have been
dri vi ng Jp t' re demand' or spec:al i sed equi e
ment i n recent tmes. Further, newer
pi l i ng
and deep foundati on technol ogi es are cur-
rentl y i n dernand,
Pi l i ng methods
Geotechni ca engi neers prrmari l y
study the
groL1d condtons and su8gesr the l ype of
foundati on to be used. The parameters
kept
r mi ' rd i ' rcude l ergtn, di a' neter a{i a' cap
acity, lateral capacity, and uplift capacity of
the
pi i es.
Further. structu' al el gi neers oec de
the number of pi es requi red under each col -
umn based on cal cul ated l oad, assumi ng hor-
i zontal l oad to be equa l y shareo by al l
pi l es.
Whi l e undertaki ng
pi l i ng,
engi neers must con-
si der
pi l e group anal ysi s based on
pi l e
l oad
tests, understand the pi l e l oad transfer
mechani sm, and perform soi -structure i nter'
action analysis for large
projects,/structures.
Hence, there i s a need for more l nteracti on
between structural and
geotechnical
engi'
neers dur ng the desi gn process.
Severa methods and techni ques are cur-
rentl y avai l abl e for pi l ng. Pi l e dri vi ng meth-
ods can be sp i t i l to two categori es
-
di s-
pl acement pi l es
and non-di spLacement pi l es.
Di spl acement
pi l es
can be drl ven usi ng drotr
pi ng
wei ght, expl osi on, vi brati on,
j acki ng,
or
j etti ng,
whi l e non-di spl acement pi es
can be
done through conti nuous fl i ght auger (CFA),
under-reami ng, and conti nuous he i cal di s-
p
acement
pi l es.
Continuous tlight auger
piles
CFA
piles
are
perfornred
with a
paftial
soi
removal with a lateral soil compression that
i ncreases the fi nal l oad beari ng capaci ty. The
construction procedure consists of boring the
soi l by means of a CFA machi ne assembl ed on
a central hol ow
pi pe.
0n compl etl on of the
boring operation, the auger is extracted while
concrete is poured
throughout the internal hol-
low
pipe.
The steel reinforcement cage is final-
ly owered into the fresh concrete. Under this
method, the diameter of the
piles
can range
between 40 cm and 140 cm and reach a maxi-
mum depth of about 33 metres. A pl ug i s
placed
at t're bonon of the auger whicl"
pre-
vents the soil from penetrating into the hollow
pipe.
The required penetration per auger revo-
l uton s about one-thi rd ofthe auger
pi tch.
When the bori ng operati on s compl eted,
the auger i s extracted whi l e concrete i s
podred
throughoJt tl .e i nternal hol row
pi pe.
The concreti ng operati on i s dependent on
concrete
pouri ng pressure,
concrete voi urne
fl ow rate, and auger extracti on rate. The con-
crete shou d be
prepared
with aggregates of
fne
gravel (maxi mum si ze 12-15 mm) and
sand rangi ng between 0.4 and 0.5 mm.
Cement contents shbul d vary from 350 kg
per
cubic metre (cu m) to 450 kg per cu m
wi th a water-cement rati o of about 0,45,
Further, the sl ump shoul d be mal ntai ned
between 190 mm and 210 mm.
Pi e constructi on usi ng the CFA method
requi res the cage to be i nserted i nto fresh
concrete. The stee cages have to be of good
qual i ty and wel l assembl ed. The extefnal
di fi rensi on has to be mai ntai ned smal l er
than for standard bored
pi es
for suffi ci ent
cover. A coni c shape at the bottom of the
steel cage i s obl ai ned by adopti ng a bottom
ri ng smal l er i n si ze than the standard ones.
It i s possi bl e
to i nstal l cages up to 20
m6r f ac i ^ n^ r 6 r h. h ^ h6 ^ i 6^ 6
There are severa advantages oi usi ng
the CFA method of
pi l i ng.
Thi s method can be
uti i sed i n a wi de range of cohesi ve and cohe'
si on l ess soi l s, wi th or wthout the presence
of a water-beari ng stratum and wi thout ben-
toni te fl ui d as wal l support, The technol ogy
does not produce shocks and vi brati ons,
whi ch can al l ow
pi l i ng
work i n urban areas.
The mi ni rJm requi .ed eqJi prrert rthe ri g
pus
the concrete pump)
can enabl e oper'
ati ons i n very restri cted areas. The most
i mportant of al l i s that the l ndustri al
produc-
tion rate of over 300-400 metres
per
day can
be eas l y achl eved.
66 | l ndi an Intrastructure January 2012
1 9
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