The present study deals with the finite element
modelling of control RC slabs and strengthened slabs with
the help of ANSYS. ANSYS is software that is based on FE
method in which modelling of RC structures is done. In
this study, a control slab was modelled and the results
were analysed and then strengthened slabs were modelled
and analysed. The results of the control and strengthened
slabs were compared with the experimental results. It was
observed that the results of the strengthened slabs are in
close agreement with the experimental results.
Título original
Non-Linear Finite Element Analysis of RC Slabs Strengthened with CFRP Laminates
The present study deals with the finite element
modelling of control RC slabs and strengthened slabs with
the help of ANSYS. ANSYS is software that is based on FE
method in which modelling of RC structures is done. In
this study, a control slab was modelled and the results
were analysed and then strengthened slabs were modelled
and analysed. The results of the control and strengthened
slabs were compared with the experimental results. It was
observed that the results of the strengthened slabs are in
close agreement with the experimental results.
The present study deals with the finite element
modelling of control RC slabs and strengthened slabs with
the help of ANSYS. ANSYS is software that is based on FE
method in which modelling of RC structures is done. In
this study, a control slab was modelled and the results
were analysed and then strengthened slabs were modelled
and analysed. The results of the control and strengthened
slabs were compared with the experimental results. It was
observed that the results of the strengthened slabs are in
close agreement with the experimental results.
Non-Linear Finite Element Analysis of RC Slabs Strengthened with CFRP Laminates Mustafa Basheer Mahmood 1,2 , V. C. Agarwal 3
1 Master Technology, Department of Civil Engg., SSET, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology &Science-DU, Allahabad, India. 3 professor and head of Departmentof Civil Engg., SSET, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology &Science- DU, Allahabad, India. 2 kirkuk University, kirkuk, Iraq.
Abstract The present study deals with the finite element modelling of control RC slabs and strengthened slabs with the help of ANSYS. ANSYS is software that is based on FE method in which modelling of RC structures is done. In this study, a control slab was modelled and the results were analysed and then strengthened slabs were modelled and analysed. The results of the control and strengthened slabs were compared with the experimental results. It was observed that the results of the strengthened slabs are in close agreement with the experimental results.
I. INTRODUCTION Slabs are plane structural members whose thickness is very small in comparison with its long and short spans . In reinforced concrete structures , slabs are most repeatedly used to forming roof covering , floors and bridges. Slabs may be supported by walls or beams or directly by columns . It usually carries uniformly distributed gravity load acting normal to its span and transfers same to the supports by flexure, shear and torsion. Therefore because of its complex behaviour it is difficult to decide whether the slab is a structural component , structural element , or structural system in itself. Repair and rehabilitation has become an important aspect for the reinforced cement concrete structures because of the damage in the RC structures occurs due to various reasons like cracking of concrete, concrete or spalling due to large deflections , change in design configuration , corrosion of steel, increasing load on the structure , inferior building material and environmental effects. The following are the main objectives of the present study: a) To model the reinforced concrete slabs called as control slabs and the strengthened slabs with different reinforcement using FEM. b) To determine analytically the load deflection curve of control slab and strengthened slabs. c) To compare the results of control slabs and the strengthened slabs and also compare the analytical results with the experimental results. II. LITERATURE REVIEW Elsayed , et al., (2007) presented the finite element analysis that was carried to simulate the non-linear load-deflection behaviour and failure mechanisms for reinforced concrete two-way slabs strengthened with externally bonded fibre reinforced polymers. It was found that increasing the width of FRP laminates led to decrease in the interfacial shear stress and slips. Kim, et al., (2008) studied the effectiveness of two-way slabs strengthened with prestressed or non-prestressed carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. . It was found that failure of the control slab was very ductile and the strengthened slabs failed because of the delimitation or partial rupture of the CFRP sheets. Kenneth , et al., (2011) presented the non-linear finite element method of reinforced concrete members externally strengthened with FRP which includes the flexure and shear strengthening of beams and FRP strengthening of two-way slabs.
III. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY The finite element method is a numerical analysis technique for obtaining approximate solutions to a wide variety of engineering problems. ANSYS is a general purpose finite element modelling package for numerically solving a wide variety of problems which include static/dynamic structural analysis (both linear and nonlinear), heat transfer and fluid problems, as well as acoustic and electro-magnetic problems. The Rectangular RC slabs with tensile reinforcement have been analysed using a finite element (FE) model in ANSYS. Here, a non linear analysis is considered throughout the study by assuming that there is a perfect bonding between concrete and steel reinforcement , and reinforced concrete with CFRP laminates. The results fromthe numerical simulation are used for comparison with the results from the experiment to achieve the principle objective of studying the flexural capacity behaviour of reinforced slabs strengthened with CFRP laminates subjected to distributed line loading. The experimental work done by Abarna Sivarajah, Anushka Abeysinghe, Malith Lakshitha, Dr. Sujeewa L. including five commercial material models was performed using this numerical simulation study. ANSYS (version 13) has been International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) volume 5 number 3- Nov 2013
chosen for the purpose of analysing RC slabs with and without external CFRP strengthening in this study due to its flexibility in geometry and materials modelling . . The Five reinforced concrete slabs were loaded with a four point loading configuration with a total length of 1530 mman effective length of 1350 mm, and distance between loads of 450 mm. All slabs were 125 mm thickness, 500 mm wide . Concrete cover 25 mm, two types of flexural steel reinforcement were used in the slabs , the first type consist of 3 tor steel bars 10 mmin diameter and fy =460 Mpa , the second type consist of 4 mild steel bars 6 mmin diameter and fy =250 Mpa . Slabs details with CFRP laminates are shown in figures (1. , 2., 3., 4.) .
Figure 1. : slab loading pattern
Figure 2. : CST, SST Cross section
Figure 3. : CSM, SSM1 Cross section
Figure 4. : SSM2 Cross section
The following has been used for the materials idealization:
A. Concrete Idealization SOLID65 was used to model the concrete. the geometry, node locations, and the coordinate systemfor this element are shown in figure (5.).
B. Steel Reinforcement LINK180 : is a 3-D spar that is useful in a variety of engineering applications. LINK180was used to model the steel reinforcement. The geometry, node locations, and the coordinate systemfor this element are shown in Figure (6.).
C. Steel Plate SOLID185 is used for 3-D modelling of solid structures. It was used to model Steel plates were added at support and point of loading locations The geometry and node location for this element type are shown in Figure (7.).
D. CFRP Laminates SHELL41 A four node element was used to model CFRP strips which is a 3-D element having membrane (in-plane) stiffness but no bending (out-of-plane) stiffness. The geometry and node location of this element type are shown in Figure (8.).
FIGURE 5. : SOLID 65 GEOMETRY
FIGURE 6. : LINK 180 GEOMETRY
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) volume 5 number 3- Nov 2013
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This chapter presents the results of Finite Element analysis of two control RC slabs, three RC slabs strengthened with CFRP bonded at the bottom face. Finite element analysis (using ANSYS computer programversion 13.0) of RC slabs under the static incremental loads has been performed in the present work. Subsequently these results are compared with experimental results. The following comparisons are made with regards to deflection values as well as the detailed overall behaviour of the of the slabs.
A. Loading And Boundary Conditions In the experiment, the bearing plate of loading and support dimensions are (50mmx 500mm). A 25 mmthick steel plate, modelled using Solid185 elements, is added at the support and point of loading locations in order to avoid stress concentration problems shown in figure (9.). This provides a more even stress distribution over the support and point of loading areas. Figure (10.) shows the distribution of the applied load at nodes.
Figure 9.: Applied load and boundary conditions (a) Front view, (b) Top
Figure 10. : Distribution of applied load at nodes (a) nodes, (b) elements
B. Results Of Finite Element Analysis I took the numerical load-deflection curves for the mild reinforced strengthened slab strengthened by two laminates in comparison with the experimental results, shown in figure (11.) as an example for the five models.
Figure 11. : Load-deflection curve for strengthened slab_mild reinforcement2.
The deflection at (82 kN) obtained from the F.E. is a flexural deflection of (6.2 mm), which is lower than the experimental deflection of (8.2 mm) about 32.258%. The other difference is the type of failure, where the experimental International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) volume 5 number 3- Nov 2013
model failed by debonding the CFRP laminate the thing that not observed in F.E model. C. Ultimate Loads And Ultimate Deflection A comparison between the ultimate loads of the tested beams and numerical ultimate loads from finite element analysis is shown in Table (1). The table shows, a good agreement between the theoretical and experimental results, and comparison between the ultimate deflections of the tested beams and numerical ultimate loads from finite element analysis is shown in Table (2).
Table (1) Comparison between experimental and Numerical ultimate loads Slabs symbol (Pu)exp. (kN) Pu)num. (kN) Difference % cs t 29.17 26.65 9.455 ss t 82.16 123.8 33.634 cs m 18.24 25.25 27.762 ss m1 48.56 71.8 32.367 ss m2 85.6 123 30.398
Table (2): Comparison between experimental and Numerical ultimate Deflection
Slabs Symbol
(u)exp. (mm)
(u)num. (mm)
Difference (%)
cs t
5.68
3.25
74.769
ss t
13.95
15.3
8.823
cs m
1.30
0.58
125.137
ss m1
8.90
12.9
31.007
ss m2
8.66
11.2
22.678
IV. CONCLUSION The following conclusions can be drawn from the present study 1)The behaviour of slab represented by the load-deflection curves in ANSYS show close agreement with the experimental data fromthe full-scale RC slab tests. 2)It has been concluded that strengthening the slab with CFRP, the slab also bears larger deflection and strengthening the slab with CFRP sheet also increases the ultimate load carrying capacity of the slab. 3) The analytical load carrying capacity of the control slab was in close agreement with the experimental work. 4) The cracks start appearing at the centre and move from centre towards the free edges of the slab. Major damage occurred at the centre of the slab and negligible damage occurred at corners. 5) Because of the strengthening techniques , the strengthened slabs sst , ssm1 and ssm2 are shows high load carrying capacity about 78.758% , 95.503% and 94.821% respectively in comparison with control slabs. 6) The difference between numerical and experimental values for loads and deflections gives negative values for the two control slabs and positive values for the other strengthened slabs and the reason for that is the existing of CFRP with strengthened models in ANSYS program that makes the programsolving for long time.
REFERENCES [1] ACI committee 363R, (1997) State of The Art Report on High- Strength Concrete, American Concrete Institute. Detroit, Vol. 81, No.4 [2] ACI Committee 318, (2008) "Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-08) and Commentary", American Concrete Institute, Detroit, U.S.A. [3] A., P. Godat, Labossire, and K. W. Neale., 2011 "Numerical investigation of the parameters influencing the behavior of FRP shear-strengthened beams". Constr. and Build. Mat.,.In Press. [4] Chen, W. F. and Saleeb, A. F., (1981) "Constitutive Equations for Engineering Materials", West Lafayette, Indiana, , pp. 580 December [5] Chen, W. F. and Saleeb, A. F., (1981) "Constitutive Equations for Engineering Materials", West Lafayette, Indiana, , pp. 580 December [6] Chen, W. F.,( 1982) "Plasticity in Reinforced Concrete", McGraw- Hill, , 471pp. [7] Elsayed, W., Usama A. E., and Kenneth W. N. (2007). "Interfacial behavior and debonding failures in FRP-strengthened concrete slabs" . J ournal of Composites for Construction 11.6: 619-628. [8] Gopalaratnam, V.S. and Shah. (1985) ,"Softening Response of Plain Concrete in Direct Tension", ACI J ournal ,Vol. 82,No.3, , pp, 310-323. [9] Kenneth, W. N., Ahmed, G., Hussien, M. A. B., Walid, E. E., and Usama, A. E. (2011) "Approaches for finite element simulations of FRP-strengthened concrete beams and slabs." Architecture, 4.4: 59-72. [10] Kim, Y. J., Longworth, J . M., Wight, R. G., & Green, M. F. (2008) "Flexure of two-way slabs strengthened with prestressed or non prestressed CFRP sheets" J ournal of Composites for Construction, 12.4: 366-374. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Foremost, I would like to thank my God for His graciousness, unlimited kindness and with the blessings of whomthe good deeds are fulfilled. Finally I would like to dedicate this work to my family and all my beloveds