Le Chatellers princi/e

In this experiment you will study some reactions

in which there is appreciable reversibility and in
which the presence of the reactants and products
can be readily observed by noting color changes
or the formation of a precipitate. Most of the
chemical reactions you have observed in the labo
ratory seem to have gone to completionthat is,
all the reactants appear to have been used up to
form the products. Actually, all chemical reac
tions are reversible, even though the extent of
reversibility may sometimes be very small. In
many reactions that you will encounter in the
laboratory you must concern yourself with their
reversibility and the possibilities of controlling
the extent of reversibility.
In an aqueous solution the chromate ion,
Cr0 4(aq), can be converted to the dichromate
ion, Cr 207 (aq). Conversely, the Cr 207(aq)
ion can be converted to the Cr0 4(aq) ion. The
extent to which these reactions occur is depen
dent upon the concentration of the hydrogen ion,
H(aq), in the solution. The H(aq) concentra
tion can be increased by adding a source of
W(aq)hydrochloric acid, HC1. The H(aq)
concentration can be decreased by adding a solu
tion of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, which contains
the hydroxide ion, 0H(aq). The 0H(aq)
reacts with the H(aq) to form H20.
PROCEDURE
in etx. 4
tLL 4
observed. Retain these test tubes for step
5.
3. Repeat the procedure of step 2 with fresh
solutions in clean test tubes, but add I M hydro
chloric acid, HC1, drop by drop alternately to
each test tube. Record the color chjnes
observedRetain these test tubes for step 4.
j,+es+ +u.k,.
4. Add I M NaOH, drop by drop, to one of the
tubes obtained an step 3 4rc r
5. Add I M HCI, drop by drop, to one of the
test tubes obtained in step 2 until a change is
noted. ,
-
Calculations and results , (jt f
JL.
1. (a) How does the chromate-dichromate equi
librium depend on hydrogen ions? Explain in
terms of your data. (b) Balance the equation
for the chromate-dichromate equilibrium by
adding the proper number of H(aq) ions and
H20molecules to the appropriate sides of the
equation. (c) Use Le Chateliers principle to
explain the color changes in steps 3 and 5.
2. (a) How does the dichromate-chromate equi
librium depend on hydroxide ions? Explain in
terms of your data. (b) Balance the equation
for the dichromate-chromate equilibrium by
adding the proper number of OW(aq) ions
and H20molecules to the appropriate sides of
the equation. (c) Use Le Chateliers principle
to explain the color changes in steps 2 and 4.
/
PART 2
The equilibrium between solid barium
chromate, BaCrO 4(s), and a saturated solution
of its ions
1. Place 10 drops of 0.1 M K2CrO 4 in a clean
test tube. Add 2 drops of 1 M NaOH. Add 0.1 M
barium nitrate, Ba(N0 3)2, one drop at a time,
until a cjis noted. Record the result. Retain
this test tube and solutioiT
2. Place 10 drops of 0.1 M K2Cr 2O7in a clean
test tube. Add 2 drops of 1 M HCI, then 10 drops
PART 1
The chromate-dichromate equilibrium
1. A 0.1 M potassium chromate (K 2CrO 4)solu
tion and a 0.1 M potassium dichromate
(K 2Cr 207)solution will serve as sources for the
ions, Cr0 4 (aq) and Cr 207(aq). Record the
color of each solution.
2. Place 10 drops (about 1/2 ml) of each solu
tion into separate 13 x 100mm test tubes. Add 1
M sodium hydroxide, NaOH, alternately to each
test tube one drop at a time. Record the color
@ 1987 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Le Chateliers principle 69
3.
yoy
conclusions about the relative
solubilities of Ba?O Tad BaCr 2O7(s) from
your observations in steps 1 and 2.
4. To the solution saved from step I, add 1 M
HC1, drop by drop, until a change is noted.
5. To the solution saved from step 2, add I M
NaOH, drop by drop, until a change is noted.
Recoob.rjns.
7. Place 10 drops of 0.1 M K2Cr 2O7in a clean
test tube and the same amount of 0.1 M K2CrO 4
in another clean test tube. Add a few drops of 0.1
M Ba(N0 3)2to each djroervations
Calculations and results,
1. (a) Write the equation for the equilibrium
reaction between solid BaCrO 4and its ions.
(b) Using the above equation, those you
balanced in calculations lb and 2b of Part 1,
and Le Chateliers principle, explain the
results you obtained in steps 3, 4, and 5 of Part
2.
2. From your observations in step 7, what can
you conclude about the relative equilibrium
concentrations of CrO 4(aq) ion in each of
the solutions 0.1 M K2Cr 2O7and 0.1 M
K2CrO 4before the Ba(N0 3)2solution is
added?
PART 3
Additional experiments on the chromate
dichromate equilibrium
I. Place 10 drops (about 1/2 ml) of K2Cr 2O7
solution in a clean test tube and 10 drops of
K2CrO 4solution in another clean test tube. Add 4
to 5 drops of 1 M acetic acid (CH 3COOH) to
each test tube. Record any changes in color.
2. Repeat step 1, using fresh solutions of
K2Cr 2O7and K2CrO 4each time. Test, in turn, 4
to 5 drops of 1 M solutions of each of the
following: nitric acid, HNO 3;potassium hydrox
ide, KOH; ethyl alcohol, C2H5OH; lithium
hydroxide, LiOH; and ammonia, NH 3.Record,
(
CaIculaons and
resuftsi#1a4..)
I. (a) Which substances causes the color to
change from that of the Cr 207(aq) ion to
that of the CrO 4(aq) ion? (b) Which
substances caused the color to change from
/2
that of the CrO 4(aq) ion to that of the
Cr 207(aq) ion?
2. What ions do the solutions you listed in calcu
lation Ia have in common? Answer the same
question for the solutions listed in calculation
lb.
3. Give an explanation for the results noted when
(a) ethyl alcohol, C2H5OH, was added; (b) the
solution of aqueous ammonia, NH 3(aq), was
added.
4. On the basis of your answers to calculation 2,
predict some additional substances that might
have the same effect on the chromate-dichro
mate equilibrium as those categorized in
calculations la and lb.
of 0.1 M Ba(NOj 2.Rec ejsult. Retain
this test tube and solution for step 5.
6. Suggest a way to reverse the changes and
reactions you observed in step 4. Do the same for
stepS T seexerimgs
cu-t:
70 Experiments
1987 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
LeChtelierLab

Prelab:readlabanddostandardprelabinyournotebook.Therearenoquestionstoanswer,
soyouarenothandinganythingin.

Writeup:Recorddatainthetableprovided,andanswerCalculationsandresultsquestions
(analysis)foreachofthethreepartsofthelab.Itisrecommendedyouanswerthequestions
directlyonthedatatablepagessoyoucanhandinallthreesheetsasapacketinsteadofyour
labnotebook.
***Makesurethatifyouarerequiredtoobserve/stateacolorchange,dontsimplystatethe
finalcolor.Purpleisnotachange.Purpletogreenisanacceptableanswer.***
Name________________________
Date___________Per_________
PART1
1
ThecolorofK
2
CrO
4
is
ThecolorofK
2
Cr
2
O
7
is
2
WhenNaOHisaddedto K
2
CrO
4
WhenNaOHisaddedtoK
2
Cr
2
O
7

3
WhenHClisaddedtoK
2
CrO
4
WhenHClisaddedtoK
2
Cr
2
O
7

4
Thetesttubefromstep3thatchangedwhenNaOHwasaddedwas
_______________.Thechangeobservedwas
5
Thetesttubefromstep2thatchangedwhenHClwasaddedwas
_______________.Thechangeobservedwas

Analysis:

PART2
1
WhenBa(NO
3
)
2
isaddedtoK
2
CrO
4
+NaOH

2
WhenBa(NO
3
)
2
isaddedtoK
2
Cr
2
O
7
+HCl

3
RegardingtherelativesolubilitiesofBaCrO
4
andBaCr
2
O
7
,

4
WhenHClisaddedtothetesttubefromstep1,

5
WhenNaOHisaddedtothetesttubefromstep2,

6
Toreversethechangeobservedinstep4,wedecidedto
.Whenwedidthis,
Toreversethechangeobservedinstep5,wedecidedto
.Whenwedidthis,
7
WhenBa(NO
3
)
2
isaddedtoK
2
CrO
4
WhenBa(NO
3
)
2
isaddedtoK
2
Cr
2
O
7

Analysis:

PART3
1
WhenaceticacidisaddedtoK
2
CrO
4
WhenaceticacidisaddedtoK
2
Cr
2
O
7

2
WhennitricacidisaddedtoK
2
CrO
4
WhennitricacidisaddedtoK
2
Cr
2
O
7

WhenpotassiumhydroxideisaddedtoK
2
CrO
4
WhenpotassiumhydroxideisaddedtoK
2
Cr
2
O
7

WhenethylalcoholisaddedtoK
2
CrO
4
WhenethylalcoholisaddedtoK
2
Cr
2
O
7

WhenlithiumhydroxideisaddedtoK
2
CrO
4
WhenlithiumhydroxideisaddedtoK
2
Cr
2
O
7

WhenammoniaisaddedtoK
2
CrO
4
WhenammoniaisaddedtoK
2
Cr
2
O
7

Analysis: