1

ElectronicNotesandWorkSheets

Chapter34.EulersEquation(pp.3035,Gorla&Khan;pp.2830,Dixon)

1. AbsoluteMotionvs.RelativeMotion

Question1:whataretheabsolutemotionandrelativemotioninaturbomachine?
Youransweris:______________________________________________________________.
Question2:whatdecidesthemagnitudeanddirectionoftheperipheralvelocity(U)?
Youransweris:______________________________________________________________.
Question3:whatdecidesthedirectionoftherelativevelocity(V)?
Youransweris:______________________________________________________________.

2. ASecondMethodtoDecomposetheAbsoluteVelocity(C)

3. AThirdMethodtoDecomposetheAbsoluteVelocity(C)

C
w
C
r
r
1
C

Example:CentrifugalCompressor
ImpellerandDiffusers Meridional(crosssectional) view VelocityTriangleinaRotor
Absolutevelocity:C
VelocityTriangle:C=U+V
Relativevelocity:V
Peripheralvelocity:U = r

V
2
C
2
r
2
r
1
U
1
V
1
U
2
C
1
a streamline
alongavane
passage

Attheentrance:
C
1
=C
a1
+C
W1
+C
R1

C
a
AxialcomponentofC
C
w
WhirlortangentialcomponentofC
C
R
RadialcomponentofC
Attheexit:
C
2
=C
a2
+C
W2
+C
R2

r
1
C

C
a
C
w
C
R C=C
a
+C
W
+C
R

Attheentrance:
C
1
=C
W1
+C
r1

C
w
WhirlortangentialcomponentofC
C
r
MeridionalcomponentofC
Attheexit:
C
2
=C
W2
+C
r2

C=C
W
+C
r

Velocitydecompositionbasedon
theabsolute&relativemotions
Velocitydecomposition
basedontheaxial,whirl
andRadialcomponents.
Velocitydecomposition
basedonthewhirland
meridionalcomponents.
MeridionalvelocitycomponentC
r
isinthemeridionalplane.It
istheresultantvelocityoftheaxial&radialvelocitycomponents.
Meridionalplaneisthecrosssectionalplane
formedbytheaxialradialdimensions.
Itpassesthroughtheaxisoftheturbomachine
andisperpendiculartothetangentialdirection.
C
r
=C
a
+C
R

C
r
C
w

2
4. RelationshipbetweentheThreeVelocityDecompositionMethods

5. EulersEquationforPumpsandTurbines
5.1 LawofMomentofMomentum
Application of Newtons second law to a rotating system (such as a turbomachine), the Law of Moment of
Momentumcanbederived,viz.
.(Recallthat
) mV (
dt
d
F =
,where mV isthemomentum.Thereisananalogyhere.)
Here,
w
rC isthespecificangularmomentumand
w 0
mrC A = istheangularmomentum.
Foraonedimensionalsteadyflow,integratetheaboveequationandweobtain:
1 w 2 w
) mrC ( ) mrC ( t = .Because t / m m m
2 1
= = & & ,weobtain
.

5.2 EulersEquation
Because the rate of work (power) done on the fluid by the shaft is defined as = W
&
, we obtain:
) C r C r ( m W
1 w 1 2 w 2
= = &
&
.
Consideringthatthespecificworkis m / W w &
&
= ,wecansimplifytheaboveequationto:

,
which is referred to as Eulers equation. Because in Eulers Equation, w is the work (power) done on the fluid,
thesignconventionforwork wistheoppositetothatinthefirstlawofthermodynamics(forwhich,workoutput
fromthefluidtothesurroundingsisdefinedaspositive).
Forapumporcompressor,thespecificworkconsumptionis: 0 U C U C w w
1 1 w 2 2 w c
> = = ,
Foraturbine,thespecificworkgenerated/outputbyaturbineis: 0 U C U C w w
2 2 w 1 1 w t
> = = .
EulerHead(or,TheoreticalHead)
Eq.(1)showstheenergyexchangebetweentheshaftandthefluidinanidealsituationwithoutanyfriction.For
thisidealsituation,theEulerhead(or,theoreticalhead)
th
h isdefinedas
1 1 w 2 2 w th
U C U C gh = ,or
) U C U C (
g
1
h
1 1 w 2 2 w th
= .
Question:whatisthephysicalmeaningofEulerheadinthecontextofaturbocompressor?
Youransweris:_____________________________________________________.

(1)Ingeneral:C=U+V=C
W
+C
a
+C
R
= C
W
+C
r
(2)AbsoluteRelativevs.WhirlMeridionalComponents:
C=U+V=C
W
+C
r

Therelationshipsareshowninthefigures.
(3)AbsoluteRelativevs.AxialRadialWhirl
Components.Projectbothsidesofthefollowing
equation:C=U+V
inthea,Randwdirections,respectively,andweobtain:
C
a
=V
a
(axialcomponentisidenticalfortheabsolute&relativevelocities),
C
R
=V
R
(radialcomponentisidenticalfortheabsolute&relativevelocities),
C
w
=U+V
w
=r+V
w
(thedifferencebetweenthewhirlcomponentsoftheabsolute&relativevelocitiesisin:Uorr).
C
r
C
w
V
U
C
V
w
U
V
C
r

C
V
w

C
w

ForV
w
>0 ForV
w
<0
) mrC (
dt
d
w
=
) C r C r ( m
1 w 1 2 w 2
= &
1 1 w 2 2 w
U C U C w = Eq.(1)
U C V
w w
=
2
w
2 2
r
V V C =
2
w
2 2
r
C C C =

3
5.3 AlternativeFormofEulersEquation
Themeridionalvelocitycomponentcanbecalculatedusingtheabsolutevelocityas:
2
w
2 2
r
C C C = ,orusingtherelativevelocityas:
2
w
2 2
w
2 2
r
) U C ( V V V C = = .
Fromtheabovetwoequations,weobtain:
2
w
2 2
w
2
) U C ( V C C = ,so
( )
2 2 2
w
V U C
2
1
U C + = .SubstitutethisequationintotheEulersEquation,andweobtain:
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
V V U U C C
2
1
w + = ,or

whichisthealternativeformofEulersEquation.TheEulerheadcanthenbeexpressedas
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2 th
V V U U C C
g 2
1
h + + = .
Forthepumpsandturbines,theEulersequationtakesthefollowingspecificform:
Forapump/compressor: ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] 0 V V U U C C
2
1
w w
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2 c
> + + = = ,
Foraturbine: ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] 0 V V U U C C
2
1
w w
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1 t
> + + = = .

PhysicalmeaningofthethreekineticenergytermsontheRHSofEulersequation:

The following explains the physical meaning of the above three kinetic energy (ke) terms in the context of a
turbocompressor.
(1) Thefirstterm ( ) 2 / C C
2
1
2
2
representstheincreaseintheabsolutekeofthefluid.Theabsolutedischargeke
2 / C
2
2
attheoutletoftheimpellercanbefurtherconvertedtopressureenergyinafollowupdiffuser,and
forthisreason,itisalsocalledvirtualpressurerise.Ofcourse,theactualpressurerisewilldependonthe
diffuser efficiency. Because this pressure rise through the absolute ke discharge takes place in a followup
diffuser(whichisexternaltotherotor),thisterm ( ) 2 / C C
2
1
2
2
issometimescalledasanexternaleffect.

Incontrast,thesecondandthirdtermsrelatetotheprocesswithinarotor,andhenceforth,arereferredto
astheinternaldiffusionterms.Thephysicalmeaningofthesetwotermsisexplainedasfollows:
(2) Thesecondterm ( ) 2 / U U
2
1
2
2
representsthepressureincreaseduetotheactionofthecentrifugalforce.

( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
V V U U C C
2
1
w + + =
Proof: assume that the infinitesimal control volume (CV) in the centrifugal
compressor passage is located at r, the length of the CV is dr, the width of
the CV is dn, the depth of the CV (in the meridional plane) is b, and the
pressure increase over the CV along the streamline is dp.

The mass of the CV is: dm = dV = bdndr ,
The centrifugal force acting on the CV is:
dF = r
2
dm = r
2
bdndr .
The centrifugal force is balanced by the pressure difference, viz.
dF=dpA=dpbdn ,
From the above two equations, we obtain:
dp=
2
rdr .
Integrating the above equation from the inlet to the outlet (12), we obtain
( ) ( )

= = = =
2
1
r
r
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2 2
2
1
U U
2
r r
2
1
rdr dp p

.Q.E.D.
r
2

dr
dn
r
r
1

p+dp
p

4
(3) The third term ( ) 2 / V V
2
2
2
1
represents the pressure increase due to the decrease in the relative kinetic
energy along a streamline in the passage (whose crosssectional area increases in a turbocompressor) of a
rotor. From the Bernoullis equation of an ideal gas along a streamline, it is understood that
( ) 2 / V V p
2
2
2
1
= .
if
2 1
V V > ,thepassageactslikeadiffuser(whichistheexampleusedhere);
if
1 2
V V > ,thepassageactslikeanozzle.
From the above discussion, it is apparent that in a turbocompressor, pressure rise occurs due to both the
external and the internal diffusion effects. For a centrifugal turbocompressor, pressure rise through internal
diffusionisduetoboththeactionofthecentrifugalforceandthedecreaseoftherelativekealongastreamlinein
animpellerpassage.However,foranaxialturbocompressor,
2 1
U U ,whichindicatesthatthecentrifugalforce
doesnotcontributetotheincreaseofpressure.Forthisreason,acentrifugalturbocompressorusuallycanreach
ahigherpressureratiothananaxialturbocompressor.

[NotethatinEulersequation,subscripts1and2areusedtoindicatetheinletandtheoutletofanimpeller,
respectively.]

6. Rothalpy
RecallthatthefirstlawofthermodynamicsforaSSSFsystemisexpressedas
) Z Z ( g
2
C C
) h h ( pe ke h w q
1 2
2
1
2
2
1 2
+

+ = + + = .
If the process is adiabatic ( 0 q = ) and pe is trivial (which is a reasonable assumption for a turbomachine),
theaboveequationcanbesimplifiedto
01 02
h h w = ,Eq.(2)
where 2 / C h h
2
0
+ = is the stagnation enthalpy. From the above equation (i.e., Eq.(2)) and Eulers
equation(i.e.,Eq.(1)),weobtain:
01 02 1 1 w 2 2 w
h h U C U C = ,or
1 1 w 01 2 2 w 02
U C h U C h = .Eq.(3)
ItshouldbeindicatedhereagainthatinordertoobtainEq.(3),westrictlyfollowtheusualsignconventions:
InEulersequation,thesignofworkispositive,ifworkisdoneonthefluidbytheshaft(i.e.,workinputto
thefluidisdefinedaspositive);
However,forthefirstlawofthermaldynamics,thesignofworkispositive,ifworkisdonebythefluidon
thesurroundings(i.e.,workoutputbythefluidisdefinedaspositive).

Definerothalpy:
U C C
2
1
h U C h I
w
2
w 0
+ = = .
Eq.(3)canthenbenowsimplifiedto
const I I
2 1
= = ,
which indicates that in an adiabatic steadyflow turbomachine, the value of rothalpy remains constant along a
streamline in the passage of an impeller, between the inlet (rim) and outlet (outer edge) of the impeller.
However, in practice, because the compression and expansion processes in an impeller are often not strictly
adiabatic,thevalueofrothalpychangesalongastreamlineinthepassageofanimpeller.