Power in AC Circuits

Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction

Power in Resistive Components Power in Resistive Components Power in Resistive Components Power in Resistive Components
Power in Capacitors Power in Capacitors Power in Capacitors Power in Capacitors
Power in Inductors Power in Inductors Power in Inductors Power in Inductors Power in Inductors Power in Inductors Power in Inductors Power in Inductors
Circuits with Resistance and Reactance Circuits with Resistance and Reactance Circuits with Resistance and Reactance Circuits with Resistance and Reactance
Active and Reactive Power Active and Reactive Power Active and Reactive Power Active and Reactive Power
1 SSNCE
The instantaneous power dissipated in a component is a
product of the instantaneous voltage and the instantaneous
current
In a resistive circuit the voltage and current are in phase .
Introduction
p = vi
In a resistive circuit the voltage and current are in phase .
calculation of p is straightforward.
In reactive circuits, there will normally be some phase shift
between v and i and calculating the power becomes more
complicated.
2 SSNCE
Power in Resistive Components
t I
R
t V
R
v
i
P
P

sin
sin
= = =
2 cos 1 t
Suppose a voltage v = V
p
sin t is applied across a resistance R.
The resultant current i will be
The result power p will be
)
2
2 cos 1
( ) (sin sin sin
2
t
I V t I V t I t V vi p
P P P P P P

= = = =
VI
P
I
P
V
P
I
P
V P = = =
2 2 2
1
Power Average
The result power will be
The average value of (1 - cos 2t) is 1, so
where V and I are the r.m.s. voltage and current
3 SSNCE
Relationship between Relationship between Relationship between Relationship between v vv v, , , , i ii i and and and and p pp p in a resistor in a resistor in a resistor in a resistor
4 SSNCE
Relationship between Relationship between Relationship between Relationship between v vv v, , , , i ii i and and and and p pp p in a in a in a in a resistor... resistor... resistor... resistor...
SSNCE 5
POWER IN CAPACITORS
SSNCE 6
Relationship between Relationship between Relationship between Relationship between v vv v, , , , i ii i and and and and p pp p in a capacitor in a capacitor in a capacitor in a capacitor
7 SSNCE
Power in Capacitors
vi p =
From our discussion of capacitors we know that the current
leads the voltage by 90. Therefore, if a voltage v = V
p
sin t is
applied across a capacitance C, the current will be given by i =
I
p
cos t
Then
)
2
2 sin
(
) cos (sin
cos sin
t
I V
t t I V
t I t V
vi p
P P
P P
P P

=
=
=
=
The average power is zero
8 SSNCE
Power in Inductors
Phasor Diagram
SSNCE 9
Relationship between Relationship between Relationship between Relationship between v vv v, , , , i ii i and and and and p pp p in an inductor in an inductor in an inductor in an inductor
10 SSNCE
Power in Inductors
vi p =
From our discussion of inductors we know that the current lags
the voltage by 90. Therefore, if a voltage v = V
p
sin t is
applied across an inductance L, the current will be given by i =
-I
p
cos t
Therefore
)
2
2 sin
(
) cos (sin
cos sin
t
I V
t t I V
t I t V
vi p
P P
P P
P P

=
=
=
=
Again the average power is zero
11 SSNCE
Circuit with Resistance and Reactance
= vi p
When a sinusoidal voltage v = V
p
sin t is applied across a
circuit with resistance and reactance, the current will be of the
general form i = I
p
sin (t - )
Therefore, the instantaneous power, p is given by
) 2 cos(
2
1
cos
2
1
)} 2 cos( {cos
2
1
) sin( sin



=
=
=
=
t I V I V p
t I V
t I t V
vi p
P P P P
P P
P P
12 SSNCE
) 2 cos(
2
1
cos
2
1
= t I V I V p
P P P P
The expression for p has two components
The second part oscillates at 2 and has an average value of
zero over a complete cycle
Circuit with Resistance and Reactance
cos ) (cos
2 2
) (cos
2
1
VI
I V
I V P
P P
P P
= = =
zero over a complete cycle
this is the power that is stored in the reactive elements and
then returned to the circuit within each cycle
The first part represents the power dissipated in resistive
components. Average power dissipation is
13 SSNCE
cos ) (cos
2
1
VI I V P
P P
= =
The average power dissipation given by
Circuit with Resistance and Reactance
is termed the active power(or) real power in the circuit and is
measured in watts (W).This is due to the power consumption of
circuit resistance.
The product of the r.m.s. voltage and current VI is termed the
apparent power(or)complex power, S. To avoid confusion
this is given the units of volt amperes (VA)
14 SSNCE

cos
cos
S
VI P
=
=
From the above discussion it is clear that
In other words, the active power is the apparent power times the
Circuit with Resistance and Reactance
factor Power
amperes) volt (in power Apparent
watts) (in power Active
=
cos factor Power = =
S
P
In other words, the active power is the apparent power times the
cosine of the phase angle.
This cosine is referred to as the power factor. power factor. power factor. power factor.
15 SSNCE
When a circuit has resistive and reactive parts, the resultant
power has 2 parts:
The first is dissipated in the resistive element. This is the
active power, P
The second is stored and returned by the reactive element.
Active and Reactive Power
The second is stored and returned by the reactive element.
This is the reactive power, Q , which has units of volt
amperes reactive or var var var var
While reactive power is not dissipated it does have an effect on
the system
for example, it increases the current that must be supplied
and increases losses with cables
16 SSNCE
Therefore
Active Power P = VI cos watts
Reactive Power Q = VI sin var
Active and Reactive Power
Reactive Power Q = VI sin var
Apparent Power S = VI VA
S
2
= P
2
+ Q
2
17 SSNCE