1

PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
is defined as the production of an induced the production of an induced
e.m.f. in a conductor/coil whenever the e.m.f. in a conductor/coil whenever the
magnetic flux through the conductor/coil magnetic flux through the conductor/coil
changes. changes.
CHAPTER 7:
CHAPTER 7:
Electromagnetic induction
Electromagnetic induction
(7 Hours)
(7 Hours)
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
2
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Define and use Define and use magnetic flux, magnetic flux,
Learning Outcome:
7. !agnetic flu" (1 #our)
$
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s
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s
cos BA A B = =

PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
3
7.. 7.. !henomenon of electromagnetic induction !henomenon of electromagnetic induction

Consider some e"&eriments $ere conducted )' !ic#ael

*arada' t#at led to t#e disco+er' of t#e *arada',s la$ of
induction as s#o$n in *igures 7.a- 7.)- 7.c- 7.d and 7.e.
7. "agnetic flux
#o movement #o movement
0 = v
$igure 7.a $igure 7.a
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
4
$igure 7.b $igure 7.b
$igure 7.c $igure 7.c
#
# %
%
"ove towards the coil "ove towards the coil
v
I I
#o movement #o movement
0 = v
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
5
$igure 7.d $igure 7.d
$igure 7.e $igure 7.e
#
#
"ove awa& from the coil "ove awa& from the coil
v
I I
#
# %
%
"ove towards the coil "ove towards the coil
v
I I
%
%
Stimulation 7.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
6

*rom t#e e"&eriments:

.#en t#e bar magnet is stationar& bar magnet is stationar&- t#e gal+anometer not
s#o$ an' deflection (no current flows in the coil no current flows in the coil).

.#en t#e )ar magnet is mo+ed relati+el' to$ards t#e coil-

t#e gal+anometer s#o$s a momentar' deflection to t#e rig#t
(*igure 7.)). .#en t#e )ar magnet is mo+ed relati+el'
a$a' from t#e coil- t#e gal+anometer is seen to deflect in t#e
o&&osite direction (*igure 7.d).

T#erefore $#en t#ere is an& relative motion between the an& relative motion between the
coil and the bar magnet coil and the bar magnet - t#e current %no$n as induced induced
current will flow momentaril& current will flow momentaril& t#roug# t#e gal+anometer.
T#is current due to an induced e.m.f current due to an induced e.m.f across t#e coil.

Conclusion :

.#en t#e magnetic field lines through a coil changes magnetic field lines through a coil changes
t#us t#e induced emf will exist induced emf will exist across t#e coil.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
7

T#e magnitude of t#e induced e.m.f. depends on the induced e.m.f. depends on the
speed of the relative motion speed of the relative motion $#ere if t#e
T#erefore v v is proportional to the induced emf is proportional to the induced emf.
7..' 7..' "agnetic flux of a uniform magnetic field "agnetic flux of a uniform magnetic field

is defined as the scalar product between the magnetic flux the scalar product between the magnetic flux
densit&, densit&, B B with the vector of the area, with the vector of the area, A A.
!at#ematicall'-
v increases induced emf increases
v decreases
induced emf decreases
A B

and of direction e between th angle :
$#ere
flux magnetic :
cos BA A B = =

density flux magnetic the of magnitude : B
coil the of area : A
(7.) (7.)
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
8

It is a scalar *uantit& scalar *uantit& and its unit is weber (+b) weber (+b) /R tesla tesla
meter s*uared meter s*uared ( T m
0
).

Consider a uniform magnetic field B &assing t#roug# a surface

area A of a single turn coil as s#o$n in *igures 7.0a and 7.0).

*rom t#e *igure 7.0a- t#e angle is 1 t#us t#e magnetic flu"
is gi+en )'
$igure 7.'a $igure 7.'a
B

cos BA =

0 cos BA =
BA = maximum maximum
area
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
9

*rom t#e *igure 7.0a- t#e angle is 21 t#us t#e magnetic flu"
is gi+en )'
$igure 7.'b $igure 7.'b
B

cos BA =

90 cos BA =
0 =
#ote: #ote:

3irection of +ector A al$a's perpendicular (normal) perpendicular (normal) to

t#e surface area- A.

T#e magnetic flux is proportional to the number of magnetic flux is proportional to the number of
field lines passing through the area. field lines passing through the area.
area

90 =
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
10
A single turn of rectangular coil of sides 1 cm 4.1 cm is &laced
)et$een nort# and sout# &oles of a &ermanent magnet. Initiall'- t#e
&lane of t#e coil is &arallel to t#e magnetic field as s#o$n in *igure
7.5.
If t#e coil is turned )' 21 a)out its rotation a"is and t#e magnitude
of magnetic flu" densit' is .4 T- Calculate t#e c#ange in t#e
magnetic flu" t#roug# t#e coil.
E"am&le :
%
%
#
#
P
6
R
S
I I
$igure 7., $igure 7.,
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
11
%olution : %olution :
T#e area of t#e coil is
Initiall'-
*inall'-
T#erefore t#e c#ange in magnetic flu" t#roug# t#e coil is
T 5 1. B =
( )( )
2 3 2 2
m 10 0 5 10 0 5 10 10

= = . . A
*rom t#e figure- 721 t#us t#e initial
magnetic flu" t#roug# t#e coil is
A

cos
i
BA =

90 cos BA =
0
i
=
B

*rom t#e figure- 71 t#us t#e final

magnetic flu" t#roug# t#e coil is
cos
f
BA =
( )( )

0 cos 10 0 . 5 5 . 1
3
=
b 10 5 . !
3
f

=
i f
= 0 10 5 . !
3
=

b 10 5 . !
3
=
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
12
A single turn of circular coil $it# a diameter of 5.1 cm is &laced in
t#e uniform magnetic field. T#e &lane of t#e coil ma%es an angle 51
to t#e direction of t#e magnetic field. If t#e magnetic flu" t#roug#
t#e area of t#e coil is .01 m.)- calculate t#e magnitude of t#e
magnetic field.
%olution : %olution :
T#e area of t#e coil is
E"am&le 0 :
b 10 20 . 1 m" 10 0 . 3
3 2
= = d
#
2
d
A

=

30

30
coil
B

( )
#
10 0 . 3
2
2

=

A
2 #
m 10 0! . !

= A
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
13
%olution : %olution :
T#e angle )et$een t#e direction of magnetic field- B and +ector of
area- A is gi+en )'
T#erefore t#e magnitude of t#e magnetic field is
b 10 20 . 1 m" 10 0 . 3
3 2
= = d

$0 30 90 = =
cos BA =
( )

$0 cos 10 0! . ! 10 20 . 1
# 3
= B
T #0 . 3 = B
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
14
T#e t#ree loo&s of $ire as s#o$n in *igure 7.8 are all in a region of
s&ace $it# a uniform magnetic field. 9oo& s$ings )ac% and fort#
as t#e )o) on a sim&le &endulum. 9oo& 0 rotates a)out a +ertical
a"is and loo& 5 oscillates +erticall' on t#e end of a s&ring. .#ic#
loo& or loo&s #a+e a magnetic flu" t#at c#anges $it# time: E"&lain
'our ans$er.
E"am&le 5 :
$igure 7.- $igure 7.-
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
15
%olution : %olution :
/nl' loop ' has a changing magnetic flux loop ' has a changing magnetic flux.
Reason :
Loop moves bac. and forth, and loop , moves up and down, Loop moves bac. and forth, and loop , moves up and down,
but since the magnetic field is uniform, the flux alwa&s but since the magnetic field is uniform, the flux alwa&s
constant with time. constant with time.
Loop ' on the other hand changes its orientation relative to Loop ' on the other hand changes its orientation relative to
the field as it rotates, hence its flux does change with time. the field as it rotates, hence its flux does change with time.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
16
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

/xplain /xplain induced emf. induced emf.

%tate %tate $arada&0s law and Len10s law. $arada&0s law and Len10s law.

Appl& Appl& formulae formulae, ,

Derive Derive induced emf of a straight conductor and a coil in induced emf of a straight conductor and a coil in
changing magnetic flux. changing magnetic flux.
Learning Outcome:
7.0 Induced emf (0 #ours)
$
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s
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dt
d
=
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
17
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Appl& Appl& formula of: formula of:

a straight conductor, a straight conductor,

a coil, a coil,

a rotating coil, a rotating coil,

Learning Outcome:
7.0 Induced emf (0 #ours)
$
$
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%
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$
$
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s
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c
s
sin lvB =
dt
dB
A =
t NAB sin =
O2 O2
dt
dA
B =
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
18
7.'. 7.'. $arada&0s law of electromagnetic $arada&0s law of electromagnetic
induction induction

states t#at the magnitude of the induced emf is proportional the magnitude of the induced emf is proportional
to the rate of change of the magnetic flux to the rate of change of the magnetic flux.
!at#ematicall'-

T#e negative sign negative sign indicates t#at t#e direction of induced emf direction of induced emf
al$a's oppose the change of magnetic flux producing it oppose the change of magnetic flux producing it
(Len10s law) (Len10s law).
7.' 3nduced emf
dt
d
/R
dt
d
= (7.') (7.')
$#ere flux magnetic the of change : d
time of change : dt
emf induced :
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
19

*or a coil of N turns- e;. (7.0) can )e $ritten as

Since

*or a coil of coil of N N turns is placed in the changing magnetic turns is placed in the changing magnetic
field field B B- t#e induced emf is gi+en )'
dt
d
N

=
(7.,) (7.,)
- t#en e;. (7.5) can )e $ritten as
i f
= d
( )
dt
N
i f

=
(7.-) (7.-)
flux magnetic final :
f
flux magnetic initial :
i
$#ere
dt
d
N

= cos BA = and
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
20

*or a coil of coil of N N turns is placed in a uniform magnetic field turns is placed in a uniform magnetic field B B
)ut changing in the coil0s area changing in the coil0s area A A- t#e induced emf is gi+en
)'
( )
dt
BA d
N

cos
=
( )

=
dt
dB
NA cos (7.4) (7.4)
dt
d
N

= cos BA = and
( )
dt
BA d
N

cos
=
( )

=
dt
dA
NB cos
(7.5) (7.5)
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
21

*or a coil is connected in series to a resistor of resistance a coil is connected in series to a resistor of resistance
R R and t#e induced emf e"ist in t#e coil as s#o$n in *igure
7.4-
$igure 7.4 $igure 7.4
R
I
I
dt
d
N

=
IR =
and
dt
d
N IR

= (7.7) (7.7)
#ote: #ote:

To calculate t#e magnitude of induced emf magnitude of induced emf- t#e negative sign negative sign
can be ignored can be ignored.

*or a coil of N turns- eac# turn $ill #as a magnetic flu" of

BAcos t#roug# it- t#erefore t#e magnetic flux lin.age magnetic flux lin.age (refer to
t#e com)ined amount of flu" t#roug# all t#e turns) is gi+en )'
t#e induced current I is gi+en )'
lin%age flux magnetic N =
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
22
T#e magnetic flu" &assing t#roug# a single turn of a coil is
increased ;uic%l' )ut steadil' at a rate of 4.1 1
0
.) s

. If t#e coil
#a+e 411 turns- calculate t#e magnitude of t#e induced emf in t#e
coil.
%olution : %olution :
<' a&&l'ing t#e *arada',s la$ e;uation for a coil of N turns - t#us
E"am&le 8 :
1 2
s b 10 0 . 5 turns" 500

=

=
dt
d
N
dt
d
N

=
( ) ( )
2
10 0 . 5 500

=
& 25 =
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
23
A coil #a+ing an area of =.1 cm
0
and 41 turns lies &er&endicular to a
magnetic field of 1.01 T. If t#e magnetic flu" densit' is steadil'
reduced to >ero- ta%ing 1.41 s- determine
a. t#e initial magnetic flu" lin%age.
). t#e induced emf.
%olution : %olution :
a. T#e initial magnetic flu" lin%age is gi+en )'
B

E"am&le 4 :
i
lin%age flux magnetic initial N =
0" T" 0.20 turns" 50 " m 10 0 . '
f i
2 #
= = = =

B B N A
s 0.50 = dt

0 =
A

cos
i
A NB =
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
24
%olution : %olution :
a.
). T#e induced emf is gi+en )'
0" T" 0.20 turns" 50 " m 10 0 . '
f i
2 #
= = = =

B B N A
s 0.50 = dt
( ) ( ) ( )

0 cos 10 '.0 0.20 50
#
=
b 10 '.0 lin%age flux magnetic initial
3
=
dt
dB
NA cos =
i f
B B dB = and

=
dt
B B
NA
i f
cos
( ) ( )( )

=

50 . 0
20 . 0 0
0 cos 10 0 . ' 50
#
& 10 $ . 1
2
=
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
25
A narro$ coil of 1 turns and diameter of 8.1 cm is &laced
&er&endicular to a uniform magnetic field of .01 T. After 1.04 s- t#e
diameter of t#e coil is increased to 4.5 cm.
a. Calculate t#e c#ange in t#e area of t#e coil.
). If t#e coil #as a resistance of 0.8 - determine t#e induced
current in t#e coil.
%olution : %olution :
E"am&le ? :
m" 10 3 . 5 m" 10 0 . # turns" 10
2
f
2
i

= = = d d N
s 0.25 T" 2 . 1 = = dt B

0 =
A

Initial *inal
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
26
%olution : %olution :
a. T#e c#ange in t#e area of t#e coil is gi+en )'
i f
A A dA =

=
# #
2
i
2
f
d d
2 #
m 10 5 . 9

= dA
m" 10 3 . 5 m" 10 0 . # turns" 10
2
f
2
i

= = = d d N
s 0.25 T" 2 . 1 = = dt B
( )
2
i
2
f
#
d d =

( ) ( )

=

2
2
2
2
10 0 . # 10 3 . 5
#

PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
27
%olution : %olution :
). @i+en
T#e induced emf in t#e coil is
T#erefore t#e induced current in t#e coil is gi+en )'
= # . 2 R
( )

=
dt
dA
NB cos
m" 10 3 . 5 m" 10 0 . # turns" 10
2
f
2
i

= = = d d N
s 0.25 T" 2 . 1 = = dt B
( ) ( ) ( )

25 . 0
10 5 . 9
0 cos 2 . 1 10
#

& 10 5$ . #
2
=
IR =
( 10 9 . 1
2
= I
( ) # . 2 10 5$ . #
2
I =

PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
28
Direction of Direction of
induced current 6 induced current 6
2ight hand grip 2ight hand grip
rule. rule.

states t#at an induced electric current alwa&s flows in such a an induced electric current alwa&s flows in such a
direction that it opposes the change producing it direction that it opposes the change producing it.

T#is la$ is essentiall' a form of t#e la$ of conservation of conservation of

energ& energ&.
7.'.' Len10s law
I
I
#
#
Aort# &ole

An illustration of len>,s la$ can )e e"&lained )'

t#e follo$ing e"&eriments.

st st
experiment: experiment:

In *igure 7.? t#e magnitude

of t#e magnetic field at t#e
solenoid increases as t#e
)ar magnet is mo+ed
to$ards it.

An emf is induced in t#e

solenoid and t#e
gal+anometer indicates t#at
a current is flo$ing.
$igure 7.5 $igure 7.5
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
29

To determine t#e direction of t#e current t#roug# t#e

gal+anometer $#ic# corres&onds to a deflection in a &articular
sense- t#en t#e current through the solenoid seen is in the current through the solenoid seen is in the
direction that ma.e the solenoid upper end becomes a direction that ma.e the solenoid upper end becomes a
north pole north pole. T#is opposes the motion of the bar magnet opposes the motion of the bar magnet and
obe& the len10s law obe& the len10s law.
v

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
P
6
F

' '
nd nd
experiment: experiment:

Consider a straig#t conductor P6

is &laced &er&endicular to t#e
magnetic field and mo+e t#e
conductor to t#e left $it# constant
+elocit' v as s#o$n in *igure 7.7.

.#en t#e conductor mo+e to t#e

left t#us t#e induced current induced current
needs to flow in such a wa& to needs to flow in such a wa& to
oppose the change which has oppose the change which has
induced it induced it )ased on len>,s la$.
Hence gal+anometer s#o$s a
deflection.
$igure 7.7 $igure 7.7
I
Stimulation 7.0
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
30

To determine t#e direction of the induced current (induced direction of the induced current (induced
emf) emf) flo$s in t#e conductor P6- t#e $leming0s right hand $leming0s right hand
(D&namo) rule (D&namo) rule is used as s#o$n in *igure 7.=.

T#erefore t#e induced current flo$s from 6 to P as s#o$n in

*igure 7.7.

Since t#e induced current flo$s in t#e conductor P6 and is

&laced in t#e magnetic field t#en t#is conductor will conductor will
experience magnetic force experience magnetic force.

Its direction is in t#e opposite direction of the motion opposite direction of the motion.
8humb 8humb 6 direction of 6 direction of "otion "otion
$irst finger $irst finger 6 direction of 6 direction of $ield $ield
%econd finger %econd finger 6 direction of 6 direction of induced induced

current O2 induced emf current O2 induced emf
#ote: #ote:
B

) motion *

+, induced I
emf induced
$igure 7.9 $igure 7.9
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
31
, ,
rd rd
experiment: experiment:

Consider t$o solenoids P and 6 arranged coa"iall' closed to

eac# ot#er as s#o$n in *igure 7.2a.

At t#e moment $#en t#e switch % is closed switch % is closed- current I )egins
to flo$ in t#e solenoid P and &roducing a magnetic field inside
t#e solenoid P. Su&&ose t#at t#e field &oints to$ards t#e
solenoid 6.
$igure 7.:a $igure 7.:a
- . -witch
! ! ; ;
I I
#
#
%
%
%
%
#
#
ind
I ind
I
<
<
=
=
ind

PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
32

T#e magnetic flu" t#roug# t#e solenoid 6 increases with increases with
time time. According to *arada',s la$ -an induced current due to
induced emf $ill e"ist in solenoid 6.

T#e induced current flo$s in solenoid 6 must &roduce a

magnetic field t#at o&&ose t#e c#ange &roducing it (increase
in flu"). Hence )ased on 9en>,s la$- t#e induced current flo$s
in circuit consists of solenoid 6 is anticloc.wise anticloc.wise (*igure 7.2a)
and t#e gal+anometer s#o$s a deflection.
; ;
- -witch.
! !
#
#
%
%
I I
%
%
#
#
ind
I ind
I
<
<
=
=
ind

$igure 7.:b $igure 7.:b

PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
33

At t#e moment $#en t#e switch % is opened switch % is opened- t#e current I
starts to decrease in t#e solenoid P and magnetic flu" t#roug#
t#e solenoid 6 decreases with time decreases with time. According to *arada',s
la$ -an induced current due to induced emf $ill e"ist in
solenoid 6.

T#e induced current flo$s in solenoid 6 must &roduce a

magnetic field t#at o&&ose t#e c#ange &roducing it (decrease
in flu"). Hence )ased on 9en>,s la$- t#e induced current flo$s
in circuit consists of solenoid 6 is cloc.wise cloc.wise (*igure 7.2))
and t#e gal+anometer seen to deflect in t#e o&&osite direction
of *igure 7.2a.
Stimulation 7.5
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
34
A single turn of circular s#a&ed coil #as a resistance of 01 and
an area of 7.1 cm
0
. It mo+es to$ard t#e nort# &ole of a )ar magnet
as s#o$n in *igure 7.1.
If t#e a+erage rate of c#ange of magnetic flu" densit' t#roug# t#e
coil is 1.44 T s

-
a. determine t#e induced current in t#e coil
). state t#e direction of t#e induced current o)ser+ed )' t#e
o)ser+er s#o$n in *igure 7.1.
E"am&le 7 :
$igure 7.> $igure 7.>
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
35
%olution : %olution :
a. <' a&&l'ing t#e *arada',s la$ of induction- t#us
T#erefore t#e induced current in t#e coil is gi+en )'
dt
d
N

=
( ) BA
dt
d
N =
( 10 93 . 1
5
= I
1 2 #
s T 55 . 0 " m 10 0 . ! " 20 turn" 1

= = = =
dt
dB
A R N
dt
dB
NA =
( ) ( )( ) 55 . 0 10 0 . ! 1
#
=

1'0 cos BA =
and
& 10 '5 . 3
#
=
IR =
( ) 20 10 '5 . 3
#
I =

PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
36
%olution : %olution :
). <ased on t#e len>,s la$- #ence t#e direction of induced current is
cloc.wise cloc.wise as s#o$n in figure )elo$.
#
# %
%
ind
I
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
37

Consider a straig#t conductor P6 of lengt# l is mo+ed

&er&endicular $it# +elocit' v across a uniform magnetic field B
as s#o$n in *igure 7..

.#en t#e conductor mo+es t#roug# a distance x in time t- t#e

area s$e&t out )' t#e conductor is gi+en )'
7.'., 3nduced emf in a straight conductor
$igure 7. $igure 7.
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
P
6
l
x
B

lx A =
Area- A
ind
I
ind

PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
38

Since t#e motion of t#e conductor is &er&endicular to t#e

magnetic field B #ence t#e magnetic flu" cutting )' t#e
conductor is gi+en )'

According to *arada',s la$- t#e emf is induced in t#e conductor

and its magnitude is gi+en )'

0 =
cos BA = and

0 cos Blx = Blx =

dt
d
=
( ) Blx
dt
d
=
Blv =
dt
dx
Bl =
v
dt
dx
=
and
(7.9) (7.9)
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
39

In general- t#e magnitude magnitude of t#e induced emf in t#e straig#t

conductor is gi+en )'

T#is t'&e of induced emf is %no$n as motional induced emf. motional induced emf.

T#e direction direction of t#e induced current induced current or induced emf induced emf in t#e
straig#t conductor can )e determined )' using t#e $leming0s $leming0s
right hand right hand rule ()ased on 9en>,s la$).

In t#e case of *igure 7.- t#e direction of t#e induced current or

induced emf is from 6 to P. T#erefore P is #ig#er &otential t#an
6.
sin lvB =
(7.:) (7.:)
B v

and between angle : $#ere

#ote: #ote:

/*. (7.:) /*. (7.:) also can )e used for a single turn of rectangular coil single turn of rectangular coil
moves across the uniform magnetic field moves across the uniform magnetic field.

*or a rectangular coil of rectangular coil of N N turns turns-

sin NlvB =
(7.>) (7.>)
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
40
A 01 cm long metal rod C3 is mo+ed at s&eed of 04 m s

across a
uniform magnetic field of flu" densit' 041 mT. T#e motion of t#e rod
is &er&endicular to t#e magnetic field as s#o$n in *igure 7.0.
a. Calculate t#e motional induced emf in t#e rod.
). If t#e rod is connected in series to t#e resistor of resistance
4 - determine
i. t#e induced current and its direction.
ii. t#e total c#arge &assing t#roug# t#e resistor in t$o minute.
E"am&le = :
$igure 7.' $igure 7.'
C
3
B

1
s m 5 2

PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
41
%olution : %olution :
a. <' a&&l'ing t#e e;uation for motional induced emf- t#us
). @i+en
i. <' a&&l'ing t#e /#m,s la$- t#us
<' using t#e *leming,s rig#t #and rule- the direction of the the direction of the
induced current is from D to ? induced current is from D to ?.
ii. @i+en
T#e total c#arge &assing t#roug# t#e resistor is gi+en )'
= 15 R
sin lvB =
T" 10 50 2 " s m 25 m" 10 20
3 1 2
= = = B v l
( )( ) ( )

90 sin 10 250 25 10 20
3 2
=
& 25 . 1 =
IR =
( 10 33 . '
2
= I
( ) 15 25 . 1 I =

90 = and
( ) s 120 $0 2 = = t
It Q =
/ 10 = Q
( )( ) 120 10 33 . '
2
= Q
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
42

Consider a rectangular coil of N turns- eac# of area A- )eing

rotated mec#anicall' $it# a constant angular +elocit' in a
uniform magnetic field of flu" densit' B a)out an a"is as s#o$n
in *igure 7.5.

.#en t#e +ector of area- A is at an angle to t#e magnetic

field B, t#e magnetic flu" t#roug# eac# turn of t#e coil is
gi+en )'
7.'.- 3nduced emf in a rotating coil
$igure 7.,: side view $igure 7.,: side view
B

#
#
%
%
A

coil
cos BA = t = and
t BA cos =
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
43

<' a&&l'ing t#e e;uation of *arada',s la$ for a coil of N turns-

t#us t#e induced emf is gi+en )'

T#e induced emf is ma"imum $#en #ence

dt
d
N

=
( ) t BA
dt
d
N cos =
( ) t
dt
d
NBA cos =
t NBA sin = (7.) (7.)
time : t $#ere
1 sin = t
NBA =
max
(7.') (7.')
T
f


2
2 = = $#ere
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
44

E;. (7.) also can )e $ritten as

?onclusion ?onclusion : A coil rotating $it# constant angular +elocit' in a

uniform magnetic field &roduces a sinusoidall& alternating sinusoidall& alternating
emf emf as s#o$n )' t#e induced emf against time t gra&# in
*igure 7.8.
sin NBA =
(7.,) (7.,)
B A

and between angle : $#ere
$igure 7.- $igure 7.-
t sin
max
=
0
max

max

( ) &
t
T T 5 . 0 T 5 . 1
T 2
B

#ote: #ote:
T#is &#enomenon
$as t#e im&ortant
&art in t#e
de+elo&ment of
t#e electric electric
generator or generator or
d&namo d&namo.
Stimulation 7.8
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
45
A rectangular coil of 11 turns #as a dimension of 1 cm 4 cm.
It rotates at a constant angular +elocit' of 011 r&m in a uniform
magnetic field of flu" densit' 4.1 T. Calculate
a. t#e ma"imum emf &roduced )' t#e coil-
). t#e induced emf at t#e instant $#en t#e &lane of t#e coil ma%es
an angle of 5= to t#e magnetic field.
%olution : %olution :
T#e area of t#e coil is
and t#e constant angular +elocit' in rad s

is
E"am&le 2 :
( )( )
2 2 2 2
m 10 5 . 1 10 15 10 10

= = A
T 0 . 5 turns" 100 = = B N

=
s 0 $
min 1
re0 1
rad 2
min 1
re0 200

1
s rad 9 . 20

=
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
46
%olution : %olution :
a. T#e ma"imum emf &roduced )' t#e coil is gi+en )'
).
NBA =
max
T B N 0 . 5 turns" 100 = =
( ) ( )( )( ) 9 . 20 10 5 . 1 0 . 5 100
2
=
& 15!
max
=
B

3'

*rom t#e figure- t#e angle is

T#erefore t#e induced emf is gi+en )'

52 3' 90 = =
sin NBA =
( ) ( )( )( )

52 sin 9 . 20 10 5 . 1 0 . 5 100
2
=
& 12# =
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
47
E"ercise 7. :
. A )ar magnet is #eld a)o+e a loo& of $ire in a #ori>ontal
&lane- as s#o$n in *igure 7.4.
T#e sout# end of t#e magnet is to$ard t#e
loo& of t#e $ire. T#e magnet is dro&&ed
to$ard t#e loo&. 3etermine t#e direction of
t#e current t#roug# t#e resistor
a. $#ile t#e magnet falling to$ard t#e loo&-
). after t#e magnet #as &assed t#roug# t#e
loo& and mo+es a$a' from it.
(!h&sics for scientists and engineers,5 (!h&sics for scientists and engineers,5
th th

edition, %erwa&@Aewett, ;4, p.::) edition, %erwa&@Aewett, ;4, p.::)
A#%. : A#%. : B thin. B thin.
$igure 7.4 $igure 7.4
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
48
0. A straig#t conductor of lengt# 01 cm mo+es in a uniform magnetic
field of flu" densit' 01 mT at a constant s&eed of 1 m s
B
. T#e
+elocit' ma%es an angle 51 to t#e field )ut t#e conductor is
&er&endicular to t#e field. 3etermine t#e induced emf.
A#%. : A#%. : '.> '.> > >
' '
C C
5. A coil of area 1.11 m
0
is rotating at ?1.1 re+ s
B
$it# t#e a"is of
rotation &er&endicular to a 1.011 T magnetic field.
a. If t#e coil #as 111 turns- determine t#e ma"imum emf
generated in it.
). .#at is t#e orientation of t#e coil $it# res&ect to t#e
magnetic field $#en t#e ma"imum induced emf occurs:
(!h&sics for scientists and engineers,5 (!h&sics for scientists and engineers,5
th th
edition,%erwa&@Aewett, ;,4, edition,%erwa&@Aewett, ;,4,
p.::5) p.::5)
A#%. : A#%. : 7.4- 7.4- > >
, ,
C C
8. A circular coil #as 41 turns and diameter .1 cm. It rotates at a
constant angular +elocit' of 04 re+ s

in a uniform magnetic field of

flu" densit' 41 T. 3etermine t#e induced emf $#en t#e &lane of
t#e coil ma%es an angle 44 to t#e magnetic field.
A#%. : A#%. : .77 .77 > >
4 4
C C
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
49
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Define Define self<inductance. self<inductance.

Appl& Appl& formulae formulae

for a loop and solenoid. for a loop and solenoid.
Learning Outcome:
7.5 SelfBinductance ( #our)
$
$
$
.
%
m
&
#
.
m
a
t
r
i
%
.
e
d
u
.
m
'
(
&
#
'
s
i
c
s
$
$
$
.
%
m
&
#
.
m
a
t
r
i
%
.
e
d
u
.
m
'
(
&
#
'
s
i
c
s
l
A N
dt dI
L
2
0

= =
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
50
7.,. 7.,. %elf<induction %elf<induction

Consider a solenoid $#ic# is connected to a )atter' - a s$itc# S

and +aria)le resistor R- forming an o&en circuit as s#o$n in
*igure 7.?a.
7., %elf<inductance
$igure 7.5a: initial $igure 7.5a: initial
S R
I I

.#en t#e s$itc# S is closed- a current

I )egins to flo$ in t#e solenoid.

T#e current produces a magnetic current produces a magnetic

field whose field lines through the field whose field lines through the
solenoid solenoid and generate t#e magnetic magnetic
flux lin.age flux lin.age.

If t#e resistance resistance of t#e +aria)le

resistor changes changes- t#us t#e current current
flo$s in t#e solenoid also changed changed-
t#en so too does magnetic flux so too does magnetic flux
lin.age lin.age.
#
#
%
%
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
51

According to t#e *arada',s la$- an emf emf #as to )e induced in induced in

the solenoid itself since the flux lin.age changes the solenoid itself since the flux lin.age changes.

In accordance $it# 9en>,s la$- t#e induced emf opposes induced emf opposes t#e
changes that has induced it changes that has induced it and it is %no$n as a bac. emf bac. emf.

*or t#e current I increases :

ind

<
<
=
=
#
#
%
%
I
I
$igure 7.5b: $igure 7.5b: I I increases increases
%
% #
#
ind
I
ind
I
3irection of t#e induced emf is in t#e
opposite direction opposite direction of t#e current I.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
52

*or t#e current I decreases :

T#is &rocess is %no$n as selfBinduction.

%elf<induction %elf<induction is defined as the process of producing an the process of producing an

induced emf in the coil due to a change of current flowing induced emf in the coil due to a change of current flowing
through the same coil through the same coil.
$igure 7.5c: $igure 7.5c: I I decreases decreases
3irection of t#e induced emf is in t#e
same direction same direction of t#e current I.
=
= <
<
ind

#
#
%
%
I
I
ind
I
ind
I
#
# %
%
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
53
%elf<induction experiment %elf<induction experiment

T#e effect of t#e selfBinduction can )e demonstrated )' t#e

circuit s#o$n in *igure 7.7a.

Initiall' +aria)le resistor R is adCusted so t#at t#e t$o lam&s #a+e

t#e same )rig#tness in t#eir res&ecti+e circuits $it# stead'
current flo$ing.

.#en t#e s$itc# S is closed- t#e lam& A

0
$it# +aria)le resistor R
is seen to )ecome )rig#t almost immediatel' )ut t#e lam& A

$it# ironBcore coil 9 increases slo$l' to full )rig#tness.
$igure 7.7a $igure 7.7a
s$itc#- S
coil- 9

ironBcore
R
lam& A

lam& A
0
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
54

Reason:

T#e coil 9 undergoes t#e self<induction and induced emf self<induction and induced emf
in it. T#e induced or )ac% emf opposes the growth of opposes the growth of
current so the glow in the lamp A current so the glow in the lamp A

increases slowl& increases slowl&.

T#e resistor R R, however has no bac. emf, hence the lamp , however has no bac. emf, hence the lamp
A A
' '
glow full& bright as soon as switch % is closed glow full& bright as soon as switch % is closed.

T#is effect can )e s#o$n )' t#e gra&# of current I against

time t t#roug# )ot# lam&s in *igure 7.7).
lam& A
0
$it# resistor R
t
I
0
$igure 7.7b $igure 7.7b
0
I
lam& A

$it# coil 9
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
55
coil- 9
s$itc#- S

R
A circuit contains an ironBcored coil 9- a s$itc# S- a resistor R and
a dc source arranged in series as s#o$n in *igure 7.=.
E"am&le 1 :
$igure 7.9 $igure 7.9
T#e s$itc# S is closed for a long
time and is suddenl' o&ened.
E"&lain $#' a s&ar% Cum& across t#e
s$itc# contacts S .
%olution : %olution :

.#en t#e s$itc# S is suddenl' o&ened- t#e current in the current in the
circuit starts to fall ver& rapidl& circuit starts to fall ver& rapidl& and induced a maximum emf induced a maximum emf
in the coil L in the coil L $#ic# tends to maintain t#e current.

T#is )ac% emf is #ig# enoug# to brea. down the insulation of brea. down the insulation of
the air between the switch contacts % the air between the switch contacts % and a spar. can easil& spar. can easil&
appear appear at t#e s$itc#.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
56

*rom t#e selfBinduction &#enomenon- $e get

*rom t#e *arada',s la$- t#us

7.,.' %elf<inductance, L
I
1

LI =
1

coil the of inductance 2 self : L $#ere

current : I
(7.-) (7.-)
lin%age flux magnetic :
1

dt
d
1

=
( ) LI
dt
d
=
dt
dI
L =
(7.4) (7.4)
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
57

%elf<inductance %elf<inductance is defined as the ratio of the self induced the ratio of the self induced
(bac.) emf to the rate of change of current in the coil (bac.) emf to the rate of change of current in the coil.
/R

*or t#e coil of N turns- t#us

dt dI
L
3

=
dt
d
N

= and
dt
dI
L =
dt
d
N
dt
dI
L

=

= d N dI L
= N LI
I I
N
L
1

=
(7.5) (7.5)
magnetic flu" lin%age
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
58

It is a scalar *uantit& scalar *uantit& and its unit is henr& (D) henr& (D).

Dnit con+ersion :

T#e +alue of t#e self<inductance depends self<inductance depends on

t#e si1e and shape of the coil si1e and shape of the coil-

t#e number of turn ( number of turn (N N) )-

t#e permeabilit& of the medium in the coil ( permeabilit& of the medium in the coil (

) ).

A circuit element $#ic# &ossesses mainl' selfBinductance is

%no$n as an inductor inductor. It is used to store energ& in the form store energ& in the form
of magnetic field of magnetic field.

T#e s'm)ol of inductor in t#e electrical circuit is s#o$n in *igure

7.2.
1 2 1
( m T 1 ( b 1 4 1

= =
$igure 7.: $igure 7.:
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
59

T#e magnetic flu" densit' at t#e centre of the air<core centre of the air<core
solenoid solenoid is gi+en )'

T#e magnetic flux magnetic flux &assing t#roug# eac# turn of t#e solenoid
alwa&s alwa&s maximum maximum and is gi+en )'

T#erefore t#e self<inductance of the solenoid self<inductance of the solenoid is gi+en )'
7.,., %elf<inductance of a solenoid
l
NI
B
0

0 cos BA =
A
l
NI

=
0

l
NIA
0

=
I
N
L

=

=
l
NIA
I
N
L
0

l
A N
L
2
0

= (7.7) (7.7)
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
60
A 411 turns of solenoid is =.1 cm long. .#en t#e current in t#e
solenoid is increased from 1 to 0.4 A in 1.54 s- t#e magnitude of t#e
induced emf is 1.10 E. Calculate
a. t#e inductance of t#e solenoid-
). t#e crossBsectional area of t#e solenoid-
c. t#e final magnetic flu" lin%age t#roug# t#e solenoid.
(@i+en
1
7 8 1
7
H m

)
%olution : %olution :
a. T#e c#ange in t#e current is
T#erefore t#e inductance of t#e solenoid is gi+en )'
E"am&le :
i f
I I dI =
" ( 5 . 2 " 0 m" 10 0 . ' turns" 500
f i
2
= = = =

I I l N
& 012 . 0 s" 35 . 0 = = dt
0 5 . 2 = dI
( 5 . 2 = dI
dt
dI
L =

=
35 . 0
5 . 2
012 . 0 L
4 10 $' . 1
3
= L
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
61
%olution : %olution :
). <' using t#e e;uation of selfBinductance for t#e solenoid- t#us
c. T#e final magnetic flu" lin%age is gi+en )'
" ( 5 . 2 " 0 m" 10 0 . ' turns" 500
f i
2
= = = =

I I l N
& 012 . 0 s" 35 . 0 = = dt
l
A N
L
2
0

=
( )( )
2
2
!
3
10 0 . '
500 10 #
10 $' . 1

=
A
2 #
m 10 2' . #

= A
( )
f
f
1
LI =
( )( ) 5 . 2 10 $' . 1
3
=
( ) b 10 2 . #
3
f
1

=
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
62
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Derive and use Derive and use formulae for energ& stored in an formulae for energ& stored in an
inductor, inductor,
Learning Outcome:
7.8 Energ' stored in an inductor ( #our)
$
$
$
.
%
m
&
#
.
m
a
t
r
i
%
.
e
d
u
.
m
'
(
&
#
'
s
i
c
s
$
$
$
.
%
m
&
#
.
m
a
t
r
i
%
.
e
d
u
.
m
'
(
&
#
'
s
i
c
s
2
2
1
LI U =
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
63

Consider an inductor of inductance L. Su&&ose t#at at time t-

t#e current in t#e inductor is in t#e &rocess of )uilding u& to its
stead' +alue I at a rate dI/dt.

T#e magnitude of t#e )ac% emf is gi+en )'

T#e electrical &o$er P in o+ercoming t#e )ac% emf in t#e circuit

is gi+en )'
7.- /nerg& stored in an inductor
dt
dI
L =
I P =
dt
dI
LI P =
LIdI Pdt =
and dU Pdt =
LIdI dU = (7.9) (7.9)
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
64

T#e total energ& stored in the inductor total energ& stored in the inductor- U U as t#e current
increases from 0 to I can )e found )' integrating t#e e;. (7.=).
T#us

*or a long airBcore solenoid- t#e selfBinductance is

T#erefore t#e energ& stored in the solenoid energ& stored in the solenoid is gi+en )'

=
I U
IdI L dU
0 0
2
2
1
LI U = (7.:) (7.:)
and analogous to
2
2
1
CV U = in capacitor in capacitor
l
A N
L
2
0

=
2
2
1
LI U =

=
l
AI N
U
2 2
0
2
1
(7.'>) (7.'>)
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
65
A solenoid of lengt# 04 cm $it# an airBcore consists of 11 turns
and diameter of 0.7 cm. Calculate
a. t#e selfBinductance of t#e solenoid- and
). t#e energ' stored in t#e solenoid-
if t#e current flo$s in it is .? A.
(@i+en
1
7 8 1
7
H m

)
%olution : %olution :
a. T#e crossBsectional area of t#e solenoid is gi+en )'
Hence t#e selfBinductance of t#e solenoid is
E"am&le 0 :
m 10 ! . 2 m" 10 25 turns" 100
2 2
= = = d l N
( )
2 #
2
2 2
m 10 !3 . 5
#
10 ! . 2
#

= =
d
A
l
A N
L
2
0

=
( )( ) ( )
2
#
2
!
10 25
10 !3 . 5 100 10 #

=

L
4 10 '' . 2
5
= L
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
66
%olution : %olution :
). @i+en
<' a&&l'ing t#e e;uation of energ' stored in t#e inductor- t#us
2
2
1
LI U =
( )( )
2
5
$ . 1 10 '' . 2
2
1

=
5 10 $9 . 3
5
= U
m 10 ! . 2 m" 10 25 turns" 100
2 2
= = = d l N
( $ . 1 = I
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
67
E"ercise 7.0 :
@i+en
1
7 8 1
7
H m

. An emf of 08.1 mE is induced in a 411 turns coil at an instant

$#en t#e current is 8.11 A and is c#anging at t#e rate of
1.1 A s
B
. 3etermine t#e magnetic flu" t#roug# eac# turn of
t#e coil.
(!h&sics for scientists and engineers,5 (!h&sics for scientists and engineers,5
th th
edition,%erwa&@Aewett, edition,%erwa&@Aewett,
;5, p.>'4) ;5, p.>'4)
A#%. : A#%. : .:' .:' > >
4 4
+b +b
0. A 81.1 mA current is carried )' a uniforml' $ound airBcore
solenoid $it# 841 turns- a 4.1 mm diameter and 0.1 cm
lengt#. Calculate
a. t#e magnetic field inside t#e solenoid-
). t#e magnetic flu" t#roug# eac# turn-
c. t#e inductance of t#e solenoid.
A#%. : A#%. : .99 .99 > >
- -
8E ,.,, 8E ,.,, > >
9 9
+bE ,.74 +bE ,.74 > >
- -
D D
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
68
5. A current of .4 A flo$s in an airBcore solenoid of cm radius
and 11 turns &er cm. Calculate
a. t#e selfBinductance &er unit lengt# of t#e solenoid.
). t#e energ' stored &er unit lengt# of t#e solenoid.
A#%. : A#%. : >.>,: D m >.>,: D m

E -.- E -.- > >
' '
A m A m

8. At t#e instant $#en t#e current in an inductor is increasing at
a rate of 1.1?81 A s

- t#e magnitude of t#e )ac% emf is

1.1? E.
a. Calculate t#e inductance of t#e inductor.
). If t#e inductor is a solenoid $it# 811 turns and t#e current
flo$s in it is 1.701 A- determine
i. t#e magnetic flu" t#roug# eac# turn-
ii. t#e energ' stored in t#e solenoid.
A#%. : A#%. : >.'4> DE -.4 >.'4> DE -.4 > >
- -
+bE 5.-9 +bE 5.-9 > >
' '
A A
4. At a &articular instant t#e electrical &o$er su&&lied to a
511 mH inductor is 01 . and t#e current is 5.4 A. 3etermine
t#e rate at $#ic# t#e current is c#anging at t#at instant.
A#%. : A#%. : : A s : A s

PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
69
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Define Define mutual inductance. mutual inductance.

Derive and use Derive and use formulae for mutual inductance of two formulae for mutual inductance of two
coaxial coils, coaxial coils,

/xplain /xplain the wor.ing principle of transformer and the the wor.ing principle of transformer and the
effect of edd& current in transformer. effect of edd& current in transformer.
Learning Outcome:
7.4 !utual inductance (2 #ours)
$
$
$
.
%
m
&
#
.
m
a
t
r
i
%
.
e
d
u
.
m
'
(
&
#
'
s
i
c
s
$
$
$
.
%
m
&
#
.
m
a
t
r
i
%
.
e
d
u
.
m
'
(
&
#
'
s
i
c
s
l
A N N
I
N
M
2 1 0
1
12 2
12

=

=
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
70
1
I
1
B

Coil
Coil 0
1
B

7.4. 7.4. "utual induction "utual induction

Consider t$o circular closeB

&ac%ed coils near eac#
ot#er and s#aring a
common central a"is as
s#o$n in *igure 7.01.

A current I
1
flo$s in coil -
&roduced )' t#e )atter' in
t#e e"ternal circuit.

T#e current I I
1 1
produces a produces a
magnetic field lines magnetic field lines inside
it and t#is field lines also also
pass through coil ' pass through coil ' as
s#o$n in *igure 7.01.
7.4 "utual inductance
$igure 7.'> $igure 7.'>
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
71

If t#e current I I
1 1
changes with time changes with time- t#e magnetic flux magnetic flux t#roug#
coils and 0 $ill change with time change with time simultaneousl'.

3ue to t#e c#ange of magnetic flu" t#roug# coil 0- an emf is emf is

induced in coil ' induced in coil '. T#is is in accordance to t#e $arada&0s law $arada&0s law
of induction of induction.

In ot#er $ords- a change of current in one coil leads to the change of current in one coil leads to the
production of an induced emf in a second coil production of an induced emf in a second coil $#ic# is
magneticall& lin.ed to the first coil magneticall& lin.ed to the first coil.

T#is &rocess is %no$n as mutual induction.

"utual induction "utual induction is defined as the process of producing an the process of producing an
induced emf in one coil due to the change of current in induced emf in one coil due to the change of current in
another coil. another coil.

At t#e same time- t#e self<induction occurs self<induction occurs in coil since t#e
magnetic flux through it changes magnetic flux through it changes.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
72

*rom t#e *igure 7.01- consider t#e coils and 0 #a+e N

1
and N
0

turns res&ecti+el'.

If t#e current I
1
in coil c#anges- t#e magnetic flu" t#roug# coil
0 $ill c#ange $it# time and an induced emf $ill occur in coil 0-

2
$#ere

If +ice +ersa- t#e induced emf in coil -

1
is gi+en )'

It is a scalar *uantit& scalar *uantit& and its unit is henr& (D) henr& (D).
7.4.' "utual inductance, M
dt
dI
1
2

dt
dI
M
1
12 2
= (7.') (7.')
dt
dI
M
2
21 1
= (7.'') (7.'')
M M M = =
21 12
$#ere
: : "utual inductance "utual inductance
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
73

"utual inductance "utual inductance is defined as the ratio of induced emf in a the ratio of induced emf in a
coil to the rate of change of current in another coil coil to the rate of change of current in another coil.

*rom t#e *arada',s la$ for t#e coil 0- t#us

dt
d
N
2
2 2

=
dt
d
N
dt
dI
M
2
2
1
12

=

=
2 2 1 12
d N dI M
1
2 2
12
I
N
M

=
2 2 1 12
= N I M
and
2
1 1
21
I
N
M

=
2
1 1
1
2 2
I
N
I
N
M

=

= (7.',) (7.',)
magnetic flu" lin%age
t#roug# coil 0
magnetic flu" lin%age
t#roug# coil
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
74

Consider a long solenoid $it# lengt# l and cross sectional area

A is closel' $ound $it# N
1
turns of $ire. A coil $it# N
2
turns
surrounds it at its centre as s#o$n in *igure 7.0.

.#en a current I
1
flo$s in t#e &rimar' coil (N
1
)- it &roduces a
magnetic field B
1
.
7.4., "utual inductance for two solenoids
l
I
1
I
1
N
1
N
2
A
N
1
: &rimar' coil
N
2
: secondar' coil
$igure 7.' $igure 7.'
l
I N
B
1 1 0
1

=
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
75
and t#en t#e magnetic flu" 6
1
.

If no magnetic flux lea.age no magnetic flux lea.age- t#us

If t#e current I
1
c#anges- an emf is induced in t#e secondar'
coils- t#erefore t#e mutual inductance occurs and is gi+en )'
2 1
=

0 cos
1 1
A B =
l
A I N
1 1 0
1

=
l
A I N
I
N
M
1 1 0
1
2
12

=
1
2 2
12
I
N
M

=
l
A N N
M M
2 1 0
12

= = (7.'-) (7.'-)
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
76
A current of 5.1 A flo$s in coil C and is &roduced a magnetic flu"
of 1.74 .) in it. .#en a coil 3 is mo+ed near to coil C coa"iall'- a
flu" of 1.04 .) is &roduced in coil 3. If coil C #as 111 turns and
coil 3 #as 4111 turns.
a. Calculate selfBinductance of coil C and t#e energ' stored in C
)efore 3 is mo+ed near to it.
). Calculate t#e mutual inductance of t#e coils.
c. If t#e current in C decreasing uniforml' from 5.1 A to >ero in

1.04 s- calculate t#e induced emf in coil 3.
%olution : %olution :
a. T#e selfBinductance of coil C is gi+en )'
E"am&le 5 :
b" 25 . 0 b" !5 . 0 (" 0 . 3
7 / /
= = = I
turns 5000 turns" 1000
7 /
= = N N
/
/ /
/
I
N
L

=
( )( )
0 . 3
!5 . 0 1000
/
= L
4 250
/
= L
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
77
%olution : %olution :
a. and t#e energ' stored in C is
). T#e mutual inductance of t#e coils is gi+en )'
2
/ / /
2
1
I L U =
( ) ( )
2
0 . 3 250
2
1
=
5 1125
/
= U
b" 25 . 0 b" !5 . 0 (" 0 . 3
7 / /
= = = I
turns 5000 turns" 1000
7 /
= = N N
/
7 7
I
N
M

=
( ) ( )
0 . 3
25 . 0 5000
=
4 #1! = M
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
78
%olution : %olution :
c. @i+en
T#e induced emf in coil 3 is gi+en )'
( ) ( 0 . 3 0 . 3 0 s" 25 . 0
/
= = = dI dt
b" 25 . 0 b" !5 . 0 (" 0 . 3
7 / /
= = = I
turns 5000 turns" 1000
7 /
= = N N
dt
dI
M
/
7
=
( )
( )
25 . 0
0 . 3
#1!

=
& 500#
7
=
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
79

is an electrical instrument to increase or decrease the emf increase or decrease the emf
(voltage) of an alternating current. (voltage) of an alternating current.

Consider a structure of t#e transformer as s#o$n in *igure 7.00.

If N
8
> N
-
t#e transformer is a step<down transformer step<down transformer.

If N
8
< N
-
t#e transformer is a step<up transformer step<up transformer.
7.4.- 8ransformer
$igure 7.'' $igure 7.''
laminated iron core
&rimar' coil secondar' coil
N
8

turns
N
-

turns
alternating
+oltage source
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
80

T#e s'm)ol of transformer in t#e electrical circuit is s#o$n in

*igure 7.05.
+or.ing principle of transformer +or.ing principle of transformer

.#en an alternating +oltage source is a&&lied to t#e &rimar'

coil- t#e alternating current &roduces an alternating magnetic
flu" concentrated in t#e iron core.

.it#out no magnetic flu" lea%age from t#e iron core- t#e same
c#anging magnetic flu" &asses t#roug# t#e secondar' coil and
inducing an alternating emf.

After t#at t#e induced current is &roduced in t#e secondar' coil.

$igure 7.', $igure 7.',
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
81

T#e c#aracteristics of an ideal transformer are:

Fero resistance of primar& coil Fero resistance of primar& coil.

#o magnetic flux lea.age from the iron core #o magnetic flux lea.age from the iron core.

#o dissipation of energ& and power #o dissipation of energ& and power.

$ormula of transformer $ormula of transformer

According to t#e mutual inductance- t#e induced emf in t#e

&rimar' and secondar' coils are gi+en )'

*or an ideal transformer, there is no flux lea.age ideal transformer, there is no flux lea.age t#us
dt
d
N
8
8 8

= (7.'4) (7.'4)
(7.'5) (7.'5)
dt
d
N
-
- -

= and
dt
d
dt
d
- 8

=

PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
82

<' di+iding e;s. (7.04) and (7.0?)- #ence

T#ere is no dissipation of power for the ideal transformer no dissipation of power for the ideal transformer-
t#erefore

In general-
dt
d
N
dt
d
N
-
-
8
8
-
8

-
8
-
8
N
N
=

- 8
P P =
- - 8 8
I I =
8
-
-
8
I
I
=

8
-
-
8
-
8
-
8
I
I
N
N
V
V
= = =

(7.'7) (7.'7)
9rimary of 9ower :
8
P $#ere
secondary of 9ower :
-
P
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
83
/nerg& losses in transformer /nerg& losses in transformer

Alt#oug# transformers are +er' efficient de+ices- small energ'

losses do occur in t#em o$ing to four main causes:

2esistance of coils 2esistance of coils

T#e $ire used for t#e &rimar' and secondar' coils #as
resistance and so ordinar& ( resistance and so ordinar& (I I
2 2
R R) heat losses ) heat losses occur.
Overcome : Overcome : T#e transformer coils are made of thic. thic.
copper wire copper wire.

D&steresis D&steresis
T#e magneti1ation of the core magneti1ation of the core is repeatedl& reversed b& repeatedl& reversed b&
the alternating magnetic field the alternating magnetic field. T#e resulting expenditure resulting expenditure
of energ& in the core appears as heat of energ& in the core appears as heat.
Overcome : Overcome : <' using a magnetic material magnetic material (suc# as
!umetal) $#ic# #as a low h&steresis loss low h&steresis loss.

$lux lea.age $lux lea.age

T#e flu" due to t#e &rimar' ma' not all lin% t#e secondar'.
Some of t#e flux loss in the air flux loss in the air.
Overcome : Overcome : <' designing one of t#e insulated coils is
$ound directl' on to& of t#e ot#er rat#er t#an #a+ing t$o
se&arate coils.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
84

/dd& current /dd& current

T#e alternating magnetic flux induces edd& currents in alternating magnetic flux induces edd& currents in
the iron core the iron core. <' 9en>,s la$- t#e edd' currents are induced
in suc# a direction to oppose the magnetic flux changes direction to oppose the magnetic flux changes.
T#is current causes heating and dissipation of power in heating and dissipation of power in
the core the core.
Overcome Overcome : : T#e effect is reduced )' using laminated iron laminated iron
core core as s#o$n in *igures 7.08a and 7.08).
$igure 7.'-a $igure 7.'-a $igure 7.'-b $igure 7.'-b
Stimulation 7.4
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
85
In an alternating current (ac) transformer in $#ic# t#e &rimar' and
secondar' $indings are &erfectl' cou&led- t#ere is no current flo$s
in t#e &rimar' $#en t#ere is no load in t#e secondar'. .#en t#e
secondar' is connected to resistors- a current of 4 A is o)ser+ed to
flo$ in t#e &rimar' under an a&&lied +oltage of 11 E. If t#e &rimar'
contains 11 turns and t#e secondar' 04111 turns- calculate
a. t#e +oltage-
). t#e current in t#e secondar'.
%olution : %olution :
a. <' a&&l'ing t#e formula of transformer-
E"am&le 8 :
turns" 100 &" 100 (" 5
8 8 8
= = = N V I
turns 25000
-
= N
-
8
-
8
N
N
V
V
=
25000
100 100
-
=
V
& 25000
-
= V
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
86
%olution : %olution :
). T#e current in t#e secondar' coil is gi+en )'
8
-
-
8
I
I
N
N
=
5 25000
100
-
I
=
( 02 . 0
-
= I
turns" 100 &" 100 (" 5
8 8 8
= = = N V I
turns 25000
-
= N
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
87
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

/xplain /xplain bac. emf and its effect on D? motor. bac. emf and its effect on D? motor.
Learning Outcome:
7.? <ac% emf in 3C motor ( #our)
$
$
$
.
%
m
&
#
.
m
a
t
r
i
%
.
e
d
u
.
m
'
(
&
#
'
s
i
c
s
$
$
$
.
%
m
&
#
.
m
a
t
r
i
%
.
e
d
u
.
m
'
(
&
#
'
s
i
c
s
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
88
F

*igure 7.04 s#o$s a sim&le directBcurrent (dc) motor.

7.5 Gac. emf in D? motor
$igure 7.'4 $igure 7.'4
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
89

.#en a current- I flo$s in t#e coil of t#e armature $#ic# is

&laced in a uniform magnetic field- a magnetic force is &roduced
and causes t#e coil to rotate as s#o$n in *igure 7.04.

As t#e coil rotates- its magnetic flu" c#anges and so an emf is

induced across t#e coil. (*arada',s la$)

<' 9en>,s la$ t#is induced emf o&&oses t#e current $#ic# is
ma%ing t#e coil to turn and t#is emf is called bac. emf ( bac. emf (
B B
) ).

T#e )ac% emf is gi+en )'

As t#e motor speeds up speeds up- t#e bac. emf, bac. emf,
B B
increases increases )ecause it
is proportional to the fre*uenc& proportional to the fre*uenc&- f.
NBA =
:
f
:

final
initial
final
initial
f
f
=

so (7.'9) (7.'9)
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
90
I

B
V
R
"otor
"otor

.#en t#e motor is first switched on first switched on- t#e bac. emf is 1ero bac. emf is 1ero: it
rises rises as t#e motor speeds up speeds up.

.#en t#e motor is running freel& running freel&- t#e bac. emf is nearl& bac. emf is nearl&
e*ual to the suppl& voltage e*ual to the suppl& voltage and so t#ere will not be much will not be much
current drawn current drawn.

.#en a load is applied load is applied to t#e motor- t#e motor slows down motor slows down-
t#e bac. emf falls bac. emf falls- and so t#e current in the coil increases current in the coil increases.

*igure 7.04 also can )e sim&lified into t#e circuit s#o$n in

*igure 7.0?.
Loop
Loop
$igure 7.'5 $igure 7.'5
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
91

<' a&&l'ing t#e Firc##off,s 0

nd
la$ to t#e *igure 7.0?-

E;. (7.02) I

= IR
IR V =
:
(7.':) (7.':)
R I I IV
2
:
=
R I I IV
2
:
+ = (7.,>) (7.,>)
$#ere
IV : 9ower su99lied
I
2
R : 9ower lost as heat in coil
I
B
: mechanical 9ower
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
92
A motor rotates at a rate of 111 re+olutions &er minute. T#e su&&l'
+oltage is 081 E and t#e resistance of t#e armature is 0.4 .
a. Calculate t#e )ac% emf if t#e current in t#e armature is 7.4 A.
A load is a&&lied to t#e motor and t#e s&eed of t#e rotation is found
to decrease to 411 re+olutions &er minute. Calculate
). t#e )ac% emf no$.
c. t#e ne$ current in t#e armature.
d. t#e mec#anical &o$er &roduced )' t#e motor.
%olution : %olution :
a. @i+en
T#e )ac% emf in t#e armature is gi+en )'
E"am&le 4 :
= = = 5 . 2 &" 2#0 r9m" 1000
0
R V
IR V =
:
( ) ( ) 5 2 5 ! 2#0
:
. . =
& 221
:
=
( 5 . ! = I
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
93
%olution : %olution :
). @i+en
T#e ne$ )ac% emf in t#e armature is gi+en )'
c. T#e ne$ current in t#e armature is
d. T#e mec#anical &o$er &roduced )' t#e motor is gi+en )'

0
f
i
=

r9m 500
r9m 1000 221
f
=

& 111
f
=
= = = 5 . 2 &" 2#0 r9m" 1000
0
R V
r9m 500 =
IR V =
:
( ) 5 2 111 2#0 . I =
( $ . 51 = I
:
9ower mechanical I =
( )( ) 111 $ . 51 =
10 !3 . 5 9ower mechanical
3
=
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
94
E"ercise 7.5 :
. T#e &rimar' coil of a solenoid of radius 0.1 cm #as 411 turns
and lengt# of 08 cm. If t#e secondar' coil $it# =1 turns
surrounds t#e &rimar' coil at its centre- calculate
a. t#e mutual inductance of t#e coils
). t#e magnitude of induced emf in t#e secondar' coil if t#e
current in &rimar' coil c#anges at t#e rate 8.= A s

.
A#%. : A#%. : '.5, '.5, > >
' '
DE >.'5 C DE >.'5 C
0. A transformer- assumed to )e 11G efficient- is used $it# a
su&&l' +oltage of 01 E. T#e &rimar' $inding #as 41 turns.
T#e re;uired out&ut +oltage is 5111 E. T#e out&ut &o$er is
011 ..
a. Aame t#is t'&e of transformer.
). Calculate t#e num)er of turns in t#e secondar' $inding.
c. Calculate t#e current su&&lied to t#e &rimar' $inding
A#%. : A#%. : '4> turnsE .57 A '4> turnsE .57 A
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
95
5. A transformer $it# a 11 turns &rimar' coil and a 411 turns
secondar' coil is connected to a su&&l' +oltage of 0.1 E.
Calculate t#e out&ut +oltage and t#e ma"imum current in
secondar' coil if t#e current in &rimar' coil is to )e limited to
1.1 A.
A#%. : A#%. : > CE >.>'> A > CE >.>'> A
8. T#e resistance of t#e armature of a dc motor is 1.74 . A
su&&l' of 081 E is connected to t#is motor. .#en t#e motor
rotates freel' $it#out load- t#e current in t#e armature is 8.1 A
and t#e rate of rotation is 811 r&m.Calculate
a. t#e )ac% emf &roduced.
). t#e mec#anical &o$er generated.
If a load is a&&lied- t#e current increases to ?1 A. Calculate
c. t#e )ac% emf no$.
d. t#e mec#anical &o$er.
e. t#e rotation s&eed of t#e armature.
A#%. : A#%. : ',7 CE :-9 +E :4 CE .7 .+E ,': rpm ',7 CE :-9 +E :4 CE .7 .+E ,': rpm
96
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Next Chapter
CHAPTER = :
Alternating current