2/04/2014

1
ThermalPhysics2
PhasetransitionsandIdealgases
PHS1011Physics
Dr LincolnTurner
lincoln.turner@monash.edu
RmG06,Bldg 82
99051726
Last time
The mole: N
Aogudo
of something.
Usually atoms/molecules.
Usually not chocolates.
Definitions of absolute zero (and pressure),
Phase changes
e.g. keeping T constant whilst changing the
configuration / chemical bonds of a system
Critical point and triple point
Note: Mastering Assignment 2 available Wed
Opens Wednesday 2 April, Closes Wednesday 9 April
Poll: Which of the following is not a physical
phase change?
S
u
b
lim
a
tio
n
D
e
p
o
s
it
io
n
V
a
p
o
r
iz
a
t
io
n
Io
n
iz
a
tio
n
S
u
p
e
r
c
o
n
d
u
c
tiv
ity
e
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
e
T
h
e
y
a
r
e
a
ll p
h
a
s
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
O
p
tio
n
s
2
a
n
d
4
O
p
tio
n
s
4
a
n
d
5
O
p
tio
n
s
1
, 2
a
n
d
3
2%
3%
1%
7%
31%
22%
21%
9%
3%
1. Sublimation
2. Deposition
3. Vaporization
4. Ionization
5. Superconductivity emergence
6. They are all phase changes
7. Options 2 and 4
8. Options 4 and 5
9. Options 1, 2 and 3
Which of the following is not a physical
phase change?
1. Sublimation
2. Deposition
3. Vaporization
4. Ionization
5. Superconductivity
emergence
6. They are all phase
changes
7. Options 2 and 4
8. Options 4 and 5
9. Options 2, 4 and 5
Sublimation is solid to gas.
Deposition is gas to solid.
Vaporization is liquid to gas.
Ionization is gas to plasma.
Superconductivity emergence
is also a phase change that
occurs at low temperatures.
All are phase changes.
So what is a phase change?
At a boundary between phases,
different phases can happily co-
exist. (e.g. think of a boiling pot
of water a mix of gas & liquid).
More than two phases can co-exist!
(e.g. at triple point)
Energy moves in or out of a
system as heat during a phase
change.
During this, the temperature of the system doesnt change as
the energy is being used to (e.g.) break chemical bonds
(sublimation & vaporization).
Magnetic phase change
Iron at room temperature is ferromagnetic.
You can make it magnetised in a magnetic field
then take away the field and it stays magnetised.
Stays magnetised up to the Curie point (1043 K)
This is inconveniently hot!
But very convenient for magnetic data storage!
Gadolinium is also ferromagnetic
Has Curie point of 293K (20C)
Too expensive to use for fridge magnets!
Used in MRI as a paramagnetic contrast agent
2/04/2014
2
Magnetic phase change:
Gadolinium at 20C
Ideal Gases
The ideal-gas model is one in which we model atoms
in a gas as being hard spheres. Such hard spheres
fly through space and occasionally interact by
bouncing off each other in perfectly elastic collisions.
Experiments show that the ideal-gas model is quite
good for gases if two conditions are met:
1. The density is low (i.e., the atoms occupy a volume
much smaller than that of the container), and
2. The temperature is well above the condensation
point.
The Ideal-Gas Law
The pressure p, the volume V, the number of moles n and
the temperature T of an ideal gas are related by the ideal-
gas law as follows:
where R is the universal gas constant, R = 8.31 J/mol K.
The ideal gas law may also be written as
where N is the number of molecules in the gas rather than the
number of moles n. The Boltzmanns constant is k
B
= 1.38
10
23
J/K.
Poll: Tyre pressure
A. 200% (double)
B. 107% (slightly more)
C. 100% (unchanged)
D. 85% (slightly less)
E. 50% (halved)
2
00
%
(d
o
u
b
le)
1
07
%
(sligh
tlym
o
re
)
1
00
%
(u
n
ch
a
n
ged
)
8
5%
(sligh
tlyless)
5
0%
(h
a
lv
ed
)
32%
3%
5% 5%
55%
Overheard on Pakenham/Cranbourne line, back carriage,
Feb 2014, on a 40C day:
Its twice as hot today as yesterday, so the pressure
in my bike tyres is twice what it was yesterday!
2/04/2014
3
Important ideas on
thermodynamic variables
Intensive: variables that dont change if you chop up a
chunk of gas. e.g.: density
Extensive: they change if you chop up chunks of
substance. e.g.: volume
These two definitions are not just useful for gases!
Magnetisation is intensive (like density)
Magnetic moment is extensive (like number of particles)
Poll: Temperature. Intensive or extensive?
A. Intensive
B. Extensive
C. Neither
D. Dont know
In
te
n
s
iv
e
E
x
te
n
s
iv
e
N
e
ith
e
r
D
o
n
t
k
n
o
w
70%
3% 4%
23%
Poll: Intensive/Extensive. Which is true?
A. Intensive: I, p, :.
Extensive: N, E
thcmuI
, I
B. Intensive: P, p, E
thcmuI
Extensive: :, N, I
C. Intensive: P, N, I .
Extensive: I, E
thcmuI
A. B. C.
21%
30%
49%
P: Pressure I: Temperature p: Density I: Volume
E
thcmuI
: Thermal energy :: Particle velocity N: Number of particles
Important ideas on Ideal Gas Variables
State variables: these are all path independent. That
means the change will be the same whatever path
you use to change them with.
Work (W) and Heat (Q) are NOT state variables
they depend on the path taken!
Also note some processes are reversible; some
are not.
Equation of State: PI = nRI or PI = NkI
Poll: What units does the
Boltzmann constant k
B
have (PI = Nk
B
I)?
1. 2. 3. 4.
8%
25%
65%
3%
1. K m
3
2. K
3. J / K
4. Pa m
3
K
Correct answer is J/K (option 3)
P has units N m
-2
. I has units m
3
.
PI has units N m. Familiar unit??
Boltzmanns constant k can be thought of as
having units of gas constant per molecule
Whereas R is gas constant per mole
Note also the letters n & N:
n is the number of moles;
N is number of molecules (particles)
Of course I has to be in kelvin! (always!)
2/04/2014
4
How the gas law was really discovered
(or an example of bad textbook writing)
P I I N
1.2 0.3 273 1.S 1u
20
1.7 0.8 285 2.S 1u
20
3.4 1.2 265 u.6 1u
20
5.6 0.4 290 1.4 1u
20
7.1 2.4 310 1.S 1u
20
Ideal-Gas Processes
Many important gas processes take place in a container of
constant, unchanging volume. A constant-volume process
is called an isochoric process.
Consider the gas in a closed, rigid container. Warming the
gas with a flame will raise its pressure without changing its
volume.
Ideal-Gas Processes
Many important gas processes take place in a container of
constant, unchanging volume. A constant-volume process
is called an isochoric process.
Consider the gas in a closed, rigid container. Warming the
gas with a flame will raise its pressure without changing its
volume.
Ideal-Gas Processes
Other gas processes take place at a constant,
unchanging pressure. A constant-pressure process is
called an isobaric process.
Consider a cylinder of gas with a tight-fitting piston of
mass M that can slide up and down but seals the
container so that no atoms enter or escape.
In equilibrium, the gas pressure inside the cylinder is
Isobaric Process