Recommended Practice For Monitoring and Instrumentation of Turbine Generators

IEEE
Std 1129-1992

IEEE Recommended Practice for Monitoring
and Instrumentation of Turbine Generators

Sponsor

Electric Machinery Committee
of the
IEEE Power Engineering Society

Approved June 18, 1992

IEEE Standards Board

Abstract:

A basi c phi l osophy and gui del i nes are establ i shed for the desi gn and i mpl ementa-
ti on of moni tori ng systems for cyl i ndri cal -rotor, synchronous turbi ne generators. Moni tori ng
systems are used to di spl ay the status of the generator and auxi l i ary systems whi l e these sys-
tems are operati ng on l i ne. The basi c i nformati on needed to choose moni tori ng schemes best
sui ted for each appl i cati on i s provi ded. Thi s standard does not speci fy actual equi pment or
i nstrumentati on, but i t does i ndi cate some cri ti cal areas where i t i s i mportant to provi de mon-
i tori ng capabi l i ty.

Keywords:

cyl i ndri cal -rotor, synchronous turbi ne generators; turbi ne generators
The I nsti tute of El ectri cal and El ectroni cs Engi neers, I nc.
345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2394, USA
Copyri ght 1992 by the
I nsti tute of El ectri cal and El ectroni cs Engi neers, I nc.
Al l ri ghts reserved. Publ i shed 1992
Pri nted i n the Uni ted States of Ameri ca
I SBN 1-55937-233-8
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form,
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Foreword

(Thi s foreword i s not a part of I EEE Std 1129-1992, I EEE Recommended Practi ce for Moni tori ng and I nstrumenta-
ti on of Turbi ne Generators.)

Thi s document i s i ntended to establ i sh a basi c phi l osophy and gui del i nes for the desi gn and
i mpl ementati on of moni tori ng systems for l arge turbi ne generators. Moni tori ng systems are
used to di spl ay the status of the generator and auxi l i ary systems whi l e on l i ne. Thi s docu-
ment does not i ncl ude automati c protecti ve devi ces or rel ays.
At the ti me thi s standard was compl eted, the Worki ng Group on Moni tori ng and I nstru-
mentati on of Turbi ne Generators had the fol l owi ng membershi p:

Ronald J . Corkins,

Chair

Robert F. Gray J. V. Pospi si l I . Trebi ncevi c
M. Lewi s H. C. Sanderson S. D. Umans
P. I . Ni ppes J. Spi egl J. J. Wi l kes
J. Ti mperl y

The fol l owi ng persons were on the bal l oti ng commi ttee that approved thi s standard for sub-
mi ssi on to the I EEE Standards Board:

V. Aare P. S. Johrdo M. Pi l ote
J. A. Aradi l l as G. Karol yi J. V. Pospi si l
M. Bal anson G. K. M. Khan D. G. Ramey
F. C. Brockhurst J. L. Ki rtl ey, Jr. S. Rao
G. W. Buckl ey S. B. Kuznetsov S. J. Sal on
M. V. K. Chari D. Lambrecht H. C. Sanderson
R. J. Corki ns P. R. H. Landri eu M. S. Sarma
P. L. Dandeno C. W. Lawrence J. Spi egl
N. A. O. Demordash M. Lewi s J. Stei n
J. S. Edmonds T. A. Li po J. F. Szabl ya
A. M. El -Scra F. A. Lotte J. Ti mperl y
E. W. Fuchs J. A. Mal l i ck I . Trebi ncevi c
N. K. Ghai D. McLaren S. D. Umans
G. L. Godwi n J. R. Mi chal ec P. D. Wagner
B. E. B. Gott S. H. Mi nni ch T. R. Wai t
R. F. Gray T. W. Nehl D. L. Wal ker
D. R. Green G. J. Nei dhoefer P. A. Weyant
T. J. Hammons N. E. Ni l sson J. C. Whi te
M. H. Hesse P. I . Ni ppes E. C. Whi tney
H. H. Hwang D. W. Novotny J. J. Wi l kes
J. A. Ol i ver

When the I EEE Standards Board approved thi s standard on June 18, 1992, i t had the fol -
l owi ng membershi p:

Marco W. Migliaro

,

Chair

Donald C. Loughry

,

Vice Chair

Andrew G. Salem

,

Secretary

Denni s Bodson Donal d N. Hei rman T. Don Mi chael *
Paul L. Borri l l Ben C. Johnson John L. Ranki ne
Cl yde Camp Wal ter J. Karpl us Wal l ace S. Read
Donal d C. Fl eckenstei n I vor N. Kni ght Ronal d H. Rei mer
Jay Forster* Joseph Koepnger* Gary S. Robi nson
Davi d F. Frankl i n I rvi ng Kol odny Marti n V. Schnei der
Rami ro Garci a D. N. Ji m Logotheti s Terrance R. Whi ttemore
Thomas L. Hannan Lawrence V. McCal l Donal d W. Zi pse
*Member Emeri tus

Al so i ncl uded are the fol l owi ng nonvoti ng I EEE Standards Board l i ai sons:

Sati sh K. Aggarwal
James Beal l
Ri chard B. Engel man
Davi d E. Soffri n
Stanl ey Warshaw
Kri sti n M. Di ttmann

I EEE Standards Project Editor

Contents

SECTI ON PAGE

1. Scope and References .............................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Scope ................................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 References........................................................................................................................ 1
2. Defi ni ti ons ............................................................................................................................... 2
3. Stator Frame and Core ........................................................................................................... 2
3.1 Frame............................................................................................................................... 2
3.2 Core .................................................................................................................................. 3
4. Stator Wi ndi ng ........................................................................................................................ 4
4.1 El ectri cal Quanti ti es ....................................................................................................... 5
4.2 Stator Wi ndi ng Condi ti ons ............................................................................................. 6
4.3 Bar End Secti on .............................................................................................................. 7
4.4 Phase Connecti ons .......................................................................................................... 8
4.5 Termi nal Bushi ngs .......................................................................................................... 8
4.6 Fl exi bl e Leads ................................................................................................................. 8
5. Rotor ........................................................................................................................................ 8
5.1 Shaft and Forgi ng .......................................................................................................... 9
6. Rotor Wi ndi ng ......................................................................................................................... 9
6.1 El ectri cal .......................................................................................................................... 9
6.2 Mechani cal ..................................................................................................................... 10
7. Mi scel l aneous Components .................................................................................................. 11
7.1 Fans ............................................................................................................................... 11
7.2 Beari ngs ......................................................................................................................... 11
7.3 Hydrogen Seal s.............................................................................................................. 12
7.4 Permanent Magnet Generator (PMG) ......................................................................... 12
7.5 Col l ector Ri ngs .............................................................................................................. 12
7.6 Hydrogen Cool er ............................................................................................................ 12
8. Auxi l i ary External Systems ................................................................................................. 12
8.1 Hydrogen System .......................................................................................................... 13
8.2 Seal Oi l System ............................................................................................................. 14
8.3 Stator-Cool i ng Water System....................................................................................... 17
I ndex............................................................................................................................................. 19


1

IEEE Recommended Practice for Monitoring
and Instrumentation of Turbine Generators

1. Scope and References

1.1 Scope.

Thi s document i s i ntended to establ i sh a basi c phi l osophy and gui del i nes for the
desi gn and i mpl ementati on of moni tori ng systems for cyl i ndri cal rotor, synchronous turbi ne
generators. Moni tori ng systems are used to di spl ay the status of the generator and auxi l i ary
systems whi l e these systems are operati ng on l i ne. Thi s document does not speci fy actual
equi pment or i nstrumentati on, but i t does i ndi cate some cri ti cal areas where i t i s i mportant
to provi de moni tori ng capabi l i ty.
Generator-protecti on techni ques are not di scussed i n thi s document. There i s a ne l i ne of
di sti ncti on between i nstrumentati on that i s used for moni tori ng and i nstrumentati on used for
protecti on, and there are many i nstruments that pl ay a dual rol e.
The purpose of moni tori ng i s to provi de i nformati on to the operator to gui de appropri ate
acti on. Thi s acti on may be mai ntenance pl anni ng, mai ntai ni ng l oad, tri ppi ng the uni t, or l oad
reducti on. The key di sti ncti on between moni tori ng and protecti on i s that wi th moni tori ng, the
acti on taken (i f any) i s not automati c but i s i ni ti ated by the operator. Some users may choose
to i ncl ude some of the i tems l i sted here as part of the generator-protecti on scheme.
Moni tori ng of basi c generator parameters i s routi nel y performed on commerci al genera-
tors. I t i s onl y recentl y, however, that the economi cs of power generati on has created the need,
and advanci ng technol ogy provi ded the abi l i ty, to moni tor nearl y al l aspects of generator oper-
ati on. Thi s shoul d al l ow the operati on of l arge-capaci ty machi nes wi th i ncreased rel i abi l i ty
and avai l abi l i ty and wi th reduced downti me for outages. However, care must be exerci sed to
avoi d overmoni tori ng. Whi l e there i s no doubt that great quanti ti es of data may be useful to
revi ew when (and i f) ti me permi ts, the operator shoul d not be subjected to an overl oad of
unessenti al data. The use of di agnosti c systems may faci l i tate handl i ng of mul ti tudi nous data
to assi st the operator.
Thi s document provi des the basi c i nformati on needed to choose the moni tori ng schemes
that are best sui ted for each appl i cati on. Not al l i tems di scussed i n thi s document are neces-
sary for al l generators. Some users may wi sh to add addi ti onal moni tori ng systems beyond
those presented i n thi s document. The user shoul d refer to the manufacturers moni tori ng rec-
ommendati ons.

1.2 References.

Thi s recommended practi ce shal l be used i n conjuncti on wi th the fol l owi ng
publ i cati ons. When the fol l owi ng standards are superseded by an approved revi si on, the revi -
si on shal l appl y.
[1] ANSI C50.13-1977, Ameri can Nati onal Standard Requi rements for Cyl i ndri cal -Rotor Syn-
chronous Generators

1

.
[2] ANSI C50.14-1977, Ameri can Nati onal Standard Requi rements for Combusti on Gas Tur-
bi ne Dri ven Cyl i ndri cal Rotor Synchronous Generators.

1

ANSI publ i cati ons are avai l abl e from the Sal es Department, Ameri can Nati onal Standards I nsti tute, 11 West
42nd Street, 13th Fl oor, New York, NY 10036, USA.

I EEE
Std 1129-1992 I EEE RECOMMENDED PRACTI CE FOR MONI TORI NG

2
[3] ANSI C50.15-1989, Ameri can Nati onal Standard Requi rements for Hydrogen-Cool ed Com-
busti on Gas-Turbi ne-Dri ven Cyl i ndri cal -Rotor Synchronous Generators.
[4] I EEE Std 67-1990, I EEE Gui de for Operati on and Mai ntenance of Turbi ne Generators
(ANSI ).

2

[5] I EEE Std 421.1-1986, I EEE Standard Deni ti ons for Exci tati on Systems for Synchronous
Machi nes (ANSI ).
[6] I EEE Std 492-1974 (Reaff 1986), I EEE Gui de for Operati on and Mai ntenance of Hydro
Generators (ANSI ).
[7] I EEE Std C37.101-1985 (Reaff 1990), I EEE Gui de for Generator Ground Protecti on
(ANSI ).
[8] I EEE Std C37.102-1987 (Reaff 1990), I EEE Gui de for AC Generator Protecti on (ANSI ).

2. Denitions

monitoring.

The process of observi ng a system to veri fy that i ts parameters are wi thi n pre-
scri bed l i mi ts.

particulate.

A smal l parti cl e that i s created by thermal decomposi ti on of organi c materi al s
present i nsi de the generator.

protection.

The process of observi ng a system, and automati cal l y i ni ti ati ng an acti on to mi t-
i gate the consequences of an operati ng condi ti on that has devi ated from the establ i shed
acceptabl e performance cri teri a.

pyrolysate.

A product of thermal decomposi ti on.

stator bar.

A uni t of wi ndi ng on the stator of a machi ne.

Also:

bar; stator coi l .

3. Stator Frame and Core

Stator frames of turbi ne generators have been very rel i abl e i n maki ng mi ni mal contri bu-
ti ons to forced outage rates. Some earl y-on probl ems wi th vi brati on and al i gnment have
occurred, usual l y i n conjuncti on wi th foundati on, sol epl ate, and grouti ng deci enci es. The
moni tori ng emphasi s has been very l ow for thi s component of the generator. However, con-
cerns for i nternal components occasi onal l y ari se wi th respect to core overheati ng, l ocal over-
heati ng due to short ci rcui ts between adjacent core l ami nati ons, and excessi ve tooth
vi brati on.

3.1 Frame
3.1.1

Presence of Liquids or Moisture.

The presence of l i qui d i n the generator may be
evi dence of a cool er l eak, l eak of a water-cool ed stator wi ndi ng component, or seal oi l entry.
Moi sture-l aden hydrogen gas suppl y coul d al so be a source of the water, as wel l as si mpl y the

2

I EEE publ i cati ons are avai l abl e from the I nsti tute of El ectri cal and El ectroni cs Engi neers, Servi ce Center, 445
Hoes Lane, P. O. Box 1331, Pi scataway, NJ 08855-1331, USA.

I EEE
AND I NSTRUMENTATI ON OF TURBI NE GENERATORS Std 1129-1992

3
operati on of a uni t wi th a l ow col d gas temperature, whi ch may cause condensati on. Ai r-cool ed
uni ts that use ambi ent ai r may be suscepti bl e to condensati on under some condi ti ons. The
bi ggest ri sk may be when the uni t i s i n col d shutdown, and warm moi st ai r enters the stator.
Moi sture enteri ng the l ubri cati ng oi l system from the turbi ne gl and steam seal s may al so
be rel eased i nto the generator from the hydrogen seal oi l system.
Accumul ati on of l i qui ds can seri ousl y jeopardi ze the proper operati on of the generator.
Leaki ng l i qui ds can qui ckl y l l the generator termi nal box, causi ng phase or ground faul ts, or
bl ock the ow of cool i ng gas.
Generators are provi ded wi th several drai n l i nes l ocated at l ow spots i n the generator
frame and stator core center regi on. These drai n l i nes may be tted wi th l i qui d l evel detectors
wi th al arms, and wi th si ght gl asses for vi sual observati ons. Drai n l i nes must be arranged so
that the l i qui d reaches the detector.
The l evel of the uni ts gas-borne moi sture content may be moni tored by el ectroni c dew-
poi nt or humi di ty moni tors, or by peri odi c sampl i ng. The dew poi nt of the i nl et and outl et gas
of the gas dryer may be moni tored i n order to determi ne dryer efci ency.

3.1.2

Frame Vibration.

Frame vi brati on may be evi dence of poor rotor bal ance, rotor mi s-
al i gnment, unequal rotor heati ng, materi al l oss or fracture of rotati ng parts, i mproper beari ng
l oadi ng or di spl acement, poor grouti ng, or uneven frame foot l oadi ng.
Frame vi brati on may al so be the resul t of excessi ve core vi brati on (see 3.2.7), unequal oper-
ati on of the cool ers, or core vi brati on transferred to the frame. Hi gh frame vi brati ons are
someti mes observed due to frame resonant responses to rotor rotati onal , or core oval i zi ng fre-
quenci es. Structural damage to frames and cores may occur.
Some manufacturers have pedestal -mounted beari ngs, so any rotor mi sal i gnment may not
affect frame vi brati on.
A change i n coupl i ng between core and frame may al so affect vi brati on.
Many stator cores are structural l y i sol ated from the frame and foundati on by heavy
spri ngs. The adequacy of frame wei ght di stri buti on on the foundati on greatl y affects frame
vi brati on. An i ndi cati on of poor frame foot l oadi ng may be deri ved from sei smi c transducers
i ncorporated wi th journal -beari ng vi brati on moni tors. A means of moni tori ng thi s acousti cal l y
i s someti mes empl oyed.
The moni tori ng i nstrument shoul d be capabl e of detecti ng vi brati on at rated and doubl e
frequenci es.

3.2 Core
3.2.1 General Overheating.

A general i ncrease i n the core temperature beyond the nor-
mal ful l -l oad temperature can be caused by an i ncrease i n the col d gas temperature, a l oad
output above the normal ful l -l oad poi nt, a reducti on i n gas pressure, deteri orati on of hydrogen
puri ty, or an i ncrease i n gas cool i ng water temperature. I t may al so be caused by a ow
restri cti on, such as damper or cover pl ate, or a bypass around the gas ow ci rcui t.
General core overheati ng can be measured by thermocoupl es (TC) embedded i n the core at
several l ocati ons. Moni tori ng of the hot gas temperature and gas pressure al so provi des good
i nformati on about the core temperature condi ti on.

3.2.2 Local Overheating.

I f the generator i s bei ng operated i n the underexci ted, l eadi ng
power factor regi on of the capabi l i ty curve, the resul ti ng ux di stri buti on may create hi gher
l osses, parti cul arl y i n the stator i ron at the ends of the core. The hi gher l osses i n turn create
hi gher temperatures. The l oad shoul d al ways be l i mi ted to poi nts wi thi n the capabi l i ty curve
to ensure that the core temperature l i mi t i s not exceeded. Operati on i n the overexci ted, l ag-
gi ng power-factor regi on i s preferred i n mi ni mi zi ng stator core end temperatures. As a
backup, parti cul arl y for l arger machi nes, the stator core temperature may be moni tored. Core
temperatures shoul d not be uti l i zed as the sol e basi s for machi ne operati on.

I EEE

4
Low l ocal temperatures on the stator core shoul d not be used to permi t operati on beyond
the establ i shed l i mi ts of the generator capabi l i ty curve. Core heati ng may vary wi th termi nal
vol tage and frequency, and the boundari es of the capabi l i ty curve are val i d onl y for the vol tage
and frequency for whi ch the curve i s drawn.
The core temperature can be measured by a group of TCs strategi cal l y l ocated around the
stator core i n anti ci pated hot spot regi ons, and especi al l y at the core ends. Core TCs are some-
ti mes used for i ni ti al factory tests on prototype machi nes, or they may be i nstal l ed duri ng
manufacture of the stator core by speci al request. The temperature can then be di spl ayed and
recorded. I f the core temperature exceeds a preset l i mi t, an al arm may be acti vated.
Severe l ocal i zed overheati ng may be detected by a parti cul ate detector. Pyrol ysate col l ec-
tors, wi th taggi ng compounds, may provi de a means of pi npoi nti ng the source of i nsul ati on
overheati ng.

3.2.3

Circulating Currents.

Local overheati ng of the core coul d be a resul t of a short ci r-
cui t between adjacent core l ami nati ons al l owi ng axi al (l ongi tudi nal ) ow of current between
core l ami nati ons. Usual l y the i nsul ati on breaks down, creati ng an el ectri cal short ci rcui t due
to mechani cal damage. Core ci rcul ati ng currents are di fcul t to detect. Techni ques for detect-
i ng hot spots i n the stator core i ncl ude el ectromagneti c sensors, parti cul ate detectors, scan-
ni ng thermographi c, or physi cal i nspecti on.

3.2.4 End-Tooth Heating.

Core end i ron can overheat when the magneti c ux enters the
ends of the stator core duri ng underexci ted (l eadi ng power-factor) operati on of the generator.
The probl em i s worse when a uni t i s al so operati ng at rated MW whi l e underexci ted. A parti c-
ul ate detector may be used to detect overheati ng. Core-end teeth TCs may be used i f they were
i nstal l ed duri ng manufacture of the generator.

3.2.5

Flux-Trap Heating.

The ux trap, whi ch acts as a ux shunt or barri er l esseni ng
the magneti c l oadi ng of the core end l ami nati ons, and structural el ements of the core ends,
can al so overheat duri ng underexci ted operati on. Fl ux-trap TCs can be used i f i nstal l ed dur-
i ng manufacture of the uni t.

3.2.6

Core Vibration.

The core vi brati on of the turbi ne generators resul ts from the
unequal magneti c pul l i n the ai r gap. The force i s greater i n the di rect axi s than i n the
quadrature axi s. The rotati ng magneti c pul l tends to deform the core, creati ng a doubl e fre-
quency component of core vi brati on. Loose cores may respond dramati cal l y to the 120
(100) Hz dri vi ng force from the rotor. Keepi ng the core ti ght by torqui ng the axi al and ci rcum-
ferenti al bol ts (when i ncorporated) mi ni mi zes core vi brati on. A l oose core can resul t i n hi gher
uni t noi se or, i n extreme cases, the breakage of l ami nati ons near the bore surface. A l oose core
al so can force vi brati on of the end turns and cause wi ndi ng fai l ure. The detecti on of a l oose
core may be performed by a noi se anal yzer test and al so by peri odi cal l y measuri ng frame
vi brati on, parti cul arl y when the core i s not spri ng-mounted.

4. Stator Winding

The stator wi ndi ng i s an i mportant i tem to be moni tored i n gaugi ng the heal th of the gener-
ator. Operati ng l oad condi ti ons can normal l y be correl ated to temperature, vi brati on, and
other parameters bei ng moni tored to judge the condi ti on of the machi ne. The wi ndi ng may be
moni tored for temperature ri se of the copper strands and of the cool i ng medi um. The bar ends
may be moni tored for radi al , axi al , or tangenti al vi brati on at twi ce operati ng frequenci es, and
phase connecti on ri ngs and termi nal bushi ngs may be i nstrumented for both temperature and
vi brati on.
Correl ati ons normal l y are made of i denti cal quanti ti es at xed operati ng condi ti ons, hel d
constant for an adequate ti me peri od to establ i sh steady-state condi ti ons. However, some

I EEE

5
occurrences rel ate to changi ng condi ti ons. I n these cases, an exact record and methodi cal vari -
ati on of condi ti ons may be requi red for a proper di agnosi s.

4.1 Electrical Quantities.

The el ectri cal parameters that may be moni tored i ncl ude vol tage,
current, frequency, power, reacti ve power, vol tage bal ance, and negati ve sequence current.

4.1.1

Stator Voltage.

The stator vol tage may be moni tored by potenti al transformers. Di f-
ferent cl asses of potenti al transformers may be empl oyed for meteri ng and rel ayi ng requi re-
ments. The stator vol tage may be di spl ayed and or recorded on the mai n control panel .

4.1.2 Stator Current.

Phase current may be moni tored and al armed.
The stator current may be moni tored by current transformers. Di fferent cl asses of current
transformers may be empl oyed for meteri ng and rel ayi ng requi rements for each phase. They
are l ocated cl ose to the generator wi ndi ng at the termi nal bushi ngs. The anal og output from
the current transformers, approxi matel y 5 A at rated generator output current, may be di s-
pl ayed and/or recorded on the mai n control panel .

4.1.3

Frequency.

The frequency of the generator output vol tage may be moni tored from
the same potenti al transformers that measure the generator output vol tage. The frequency i s
usual l y di spl ayed and recorded on the mai n control panel . A l ow-frequency al arm may be pro-
vi ded. Al arms are often set for a peri od of ti me i n a certai n frequency range. The restri cti on i s
based on turbi ne bl ade damage. Operati on of the generator at l ess than rated frequency, but
at rated vol tage i s al so ri sky (see 4.1.6).
Prol onged or conti nuous operati on at other than rated speed shoul d be avoi ded. Operati on
duri ng subsynchronous resonance that sti mul ates shaft torsi onal resonant frequenci es can be
detected by use of a shaft torsi onal vi brati on moni tor. Operati on bel ow rated speed can l ead to
hydrogen seal damage or wi ped beari ngs due to hi gher vi brati ons. Turbi ne bl ade damage may
resul t from prol onged operati on at off-rated frequency (see 4.1.6).

4.1.4

Power Output.

The power output, both reacti ve power (megavars) and acti ve power
(megawatts), may be moni tored. The vol tage and current si gnal s may be taken from the same
potenti al and current transformers descri bed above (see 4.1.1 and 4.1.2). Thi s i nformati on
may al so be di spl ayed and recorded i n the mai n control room.

4.1.5

Negative Sequence Current.

Negati ve sequence current i s usual l y a resul t of
unbal anced l oad on the generator. I nduced current wi l l ow on the rotor surface, on the pol e
face regi on, and i n the coi l sl ot wedges and teeth, causi ng overheati ng of the rotor body. Thi s
may produce rotor vi brati on and damage i f the condi ti on i s not cl eared.
The negati ve sequence current i s normal l y moni tored to l i mi t possi bl e damage to the
machi ne due to unbal anced l i ne currents. Whenever a generator i s connected to an unbal -
anced faul t, or even an unbal anced l oad, a negati ve sequence current creates a ux el d i n the
generator that rotates i n the opposi te di recti on from the mai n ux el d. Thi s causes the rotor
i ron and sl ot wedges to heat at gaps and at hi gh resi stance poi nts due to i nduced doubl e fre-
quency current.
Negati ve sequence current may be di spl ayed i n the control room. Typi cal l y, an al arm may
be acti vated from negati ve sequence current. For speci c acceptabl e val ues, refer to ANSI
C50.13-1977 [1]

3

or l atest revi si on thereof. I n some uni ts, the mechani cal torsi onal response
(parti cul arl y on turbi ne bl ades) i mposes a greater restri cti on than to the el ectri cal capabi l i ty.
Thi s shoul d be checked wi th the manufacturer.

4.1.6

Volts per Hertz.

Magneti c saturati on and resul ti ng overheati ng of the stator core
may be possi bl e i f an i ncrease occurs i n the vol ts-per-hertz rati o due to overvol tage or under-

3

The numbers i n brackets correspond to those of the references i n 1.2.

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frequency operati on. Li mi ters and rel ays are avai l abl e to mi ni mi ze exposure to thi s condi ti on.
Thi s moni tori ng may be parti cul arl y i mportant when the machi ne i s off l i ne.

4.2 Stator Winding Condition
4.2.1

Stator Winding Temperature.

Damage caused by overheati ng of the copper con-
ductors i n the stator wi ndi ng can be extensi ve. For exampl e, the magneti c forces on the
strands i n a coi l are such that i f there i s deteri orati on i n the bonds between any two or more
strands such that a strand can vi brate wi th the magneti c forces, then rapi d mechani cal wear
and fati gue occurs. Thus i t i s i mportant to mai ntai n the proper temperatures to mai ntai n the
bond strength. Overheati ng of the copper may be the resul t of one of the fol l owi ng:
(1) Hi gher than normal current densi ti es due to overl oad
(2) Current redi stri buti on due to broken strands i n the conductor
(3) Loss of cool i ng
The overcurrent coul d be caused by a number of di fferent probl ems. I f abnormal l y hi gh con-
ductor temperature i s al l owed to persi st, the wi ndi ng i nsul ati on may be damaged. I t i s i mpor-
tant to note that these currents may not cause an al arm or tri p, but they coul d sti l l cause
damage to the wi ndi ngs.
The temperature of the stator wi ndi ng i s normal l y moni tored by resi stance temperature
detectors (RTDs). The RTDs are l ocated i n the sl ots i n the stator, between the top and bottom
bars. They are di stri buted ci rcumferenti al l y, often wi th one RTD i n each sl ot. Someti mes onl y
si x RTDs are i nstal l ed, di stri buted uni forml y around the ci rcumference, i n the separate wi nd-
i ng groups. RTDs are typi cal l y l ocated i n an area of expected hi gher temperatures.
Al l stator-wi ndi ng RTDs may be constantl y moni tored. Shoul d the temperature i ncrease
beyond the normal maxi mum an al arm may be acti vated, and an i mmedi ate i nvesti gati on to
determi ne the cause i s necessary. Thi s may resul t i n the need to reduce generator l oad.
A word of cauti on i s i n order, si nce l arge turbi ne generators are conductor-cool ed. Thi s
means that a cool i ng medi um (oi l , water, or hydrogen) i s passed through the i nteri or of the
stator wi ndi ng bar, not over the exteri or. Therefore the heat ow i s i nward from the conductor
to the cool ant. An RTD embedded on the outsi de of the i nsul ati on, whi l e useful , cannot gi ve
the compl ete pi cture, and i t may be necessary to moni tor the cool ant temperature as wel l .
RTDs do not sense hot-spot temperatures. Thi s i s especi al l y true for di rectl y cool ed machi nes.
The mai n functi on of RTDs i s to detect hi gh stator bar temperatures due to overl oad condi -
ti ons, or l oss of cool i ng capabi l i ty caused by ow restri cti on or gas-pressure drop.

4.2.2

Temperature DifferentialHottest to Coldest Bar.

Bar-cool ant temperature di f-
ferenti al on conductor-cool ed machi nes may be i ndi cati ve of probl ems, and shoul d be mi ni -
mi zed among both top bars and bottom bars, and between top and bottom bars. Refer to the
manufacturers i nstructi on book for gui del i nes on bar-cool ant temperature di fferenti al that
shoul d not be exceeded. On most hydrogen- and ai r-cool ed generators, onl y bar group temper-
atures and embedded temperature detectors are used.
As a general rul e wi th water-cool ed machi nes, stator-sl ot temperature are not more than
10 C above the average of al l sl ot temperatures. Water di scharge TCs are usual l y wi thi n
5 C for each group; i .e., bottom bars, top bars, and bars that i ncl ude phase ri ng or l ead con-
necti ons. Refer to the manufacturers recommendati ons for actual gui del i nes.

4.2.3

Electrical Discharges.

I nternal corona di scharges can occur at voi ds around
strands or voi ds wi thi n the i nsul ati on.
External di scharge acti vi ty i n the form of corona, parti al di scharges, or sl ot di scharges are
someti mes present. These can be damagi ng to the vol tage gradi ent systems used to equal i ze
vol tage stress on each stator bar. I f not corrected, i nsul ati on damage may resul t. Radi o fre-
quency (RF) moni tori ng may warn of an i ncrease i n di scharge acti vi ty. Typi cal sensors i ncl ude
ai r-core current transformers on the neutral or capaci tance probes on the wi ndi ngs.

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4.3 Bar End Section
4.3.1

Hydrogen Leakage into the Coolant.

On water-cool ed uni ts, l eaks at the joi nts,
i .e., ni ppl es, hoses, water box, and mani fol d can permi t the entry of hydrogen i nto the stator-
cool i ng water and i ncrease the hydrogen content that must be vented from the water tank.
Hydrogen may enter the cool ant ci rcui t through cracked strands that conduct the cool ant
through the bars. The fati gue strand cracki ng, or cavi tati on damage, can occur due to exces-
si ve bar vi brati ons, ei ther i n the sl ot or i n the end wi ndi ng. Excessi ve hydrogen l eakage i nto
the stator-cool i ng water system can parti al l y or ful l y bl ock bar water ow, and can adversel y
affect water conducti vi ty. Hydrogen i n-l eakage can be detected usi ng ei ther a gas owmeter or
by measuri ng di fferenti al pressure on the stator bar water tank to measure the vol ume of
hydrogen vented from the tank (see 8.1.7). Hydrogen pressure i s normal l y kept above stator-
cool i ng water pressure.
Leaks at the gas tubes di verti ng gas to RTD on gas-cool ed machi nes can resul t i n arti -
ci al l y l ow gas temperature readi ngs; otherwi se, l eaks i n the gas-conductor-cool ed machi nes
are not normal l y a probl em.

4.3.2 Coolant OvertemperatureGeneral.

General i ncreases i n the bar outl et gas tem-
perature or water temperature i ndi cate an abnormal condi ti on such as a hi gh l oad condi ti on,
i ncreasi ng col d gas or col d water temperature, or a l oss of cool i ng capabi l i ty due to i nter-
rupted, or restri cted ow, or drop i n gas pressure.
I t i s customary to moni tor bar gas temperature by usi ng RTDs readi ng bar di scharge tem-
perature. RTDs readi ng the i nl et hot gas temperature before the cool ers may be moni tored.
For water-cool ed bars, the di scharge water TCs mounted on the water hose connecti ons to
the outl et water mani fol d and the TCs on the i nl et water mani fol d may be moni tored.

4.3.3 Coolant OvertemperatureLocal.

A l ocal i ndi cati on of cool ant over temperature
from a TC mounted at the ni ppl e on the outl et mani fol d, or RTD at the end of the hose from
the coi l , measuri ng the di scharge cool ant temperature, coul d be a resul t of an overheated bar
due to cracki ng of strands or shorti ng due to i nsul ati on breakdown or due to cool ant ow
bl ockage i n the bar.

4.3.4

OvertemperatureGeneral.

Hi gh temperatures shoul d al ways have the cause
i denti ed. Some possi bi l i ti es i ncl ude a hi gh l oad condi ti on, reduced cool ant ow, or excessi ve
cool ant temperature.

4.3.5

OvertemperatureLocal.

Whi l e i t may be vi rtual l y i mpossi bl e to moni tor al l l ocal
condi ti ons, they can be reasonabl y moni tored by temperature sensors and a parti cul ate (burnt
i nsul ati on) detecti on i nstrument.

4.3.6

Plugged Bars (Coils) or Strands.

One pl ugged cool i ng passage i n a strand may
have a mi ni mal effect on the bar performance and on i ts di scharge temperature. A partl y
pl ugged bar, possi bl y due to corrosi on from i ncorrect water chemi stry, coul d resul t i n a parti al
l oss of cool ant ow, whi ch may resul t i n a l arge ri se i n the l ocal di scharge temperature read-
i ng of a water-cool ed uni t. Total bl ockage of a water-cool ed bar coul d resul t i n a normal (or
l ower) temperature readi ng at the di scharge end. Thi s i s because the TC woul d be readi ng the
outl et mani fol d bul k water temperature, si nce there woul d be no water from the bar i tsel f.
A forei gn object or substance i n the gas tubes of a gas-cool ed uni t coul d resul t i n a hi gh or
l ow RTD readi ng, dependi ng on the degree of bl ockage. Thi s i s because gas-cool ed uni ts have
RTDs that normal l y measure di scharge gas di verted from the tube ends of the wi ndi ng.

4.3.7 Strand Fracture.

Strand fracture can be a probl em due to hydrogen embri ttl ement
or l ooseness of the bar structure, often resul ti ng i n resonance or excessi ve vi brati on. Extreme
l oad swi ngs or l oad cycl i ng may compound the probl em, i ncreasi ng the rate of fai l ure and

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8
decreasi ng the ti me to fai l ure. Strand fracture for gas-cool ed bars can be moni tored i ndi rectl y
by usi ng hot and col d cool ant di scharge temperature sensors. An al gori thm may be empl oyed
to correl ate these readi ngs wi th RF moni tor data and parti cul ate detecti on data.

4.3.8

Vibration.

Vi brati on of end wi ndi ngs has become a gauge of stator wi ndi ng heal th. I f
hi gh wi ndi ng vi brati on i s al l owed to persi st, the i nsul ati on system may be damaged by abra-
si on. By charti ng the magni tude and responsi veness of vi brati on to l oad excursi ons, the pre-
di cti on of i mmi nent probl ems i s made evi dent. End-turn vi brati on can be moni tored usi ng
ber-opti c vi brati on sensors or accel erometers, or by peri odi c vi sual i nspecti ons.

4.4 Phase Connections
4.4.1

Coolant Leakage.

Cool ant l eakage from the phase connecti ons (paral l el ri ngs) coul d
resul t i n i nadequate cool i ng of the ri ng assembl y. Thi s i s usual l y determi ned from TC (or
RTD) readi ngs on the ri ngs measuri ng cool ant temperature on the ri ng, by l i qui d l evel detec-
tors, or by gas ow i nto the stator-cool i ng water system.

4.4.2

Coolant Low Flow.

Low ow of gas or water i n the phase connecti ons coul d resul t i n
a general el evati on i n the temperatures on the phase-connecti on temperature detectors for a
gi ven cool ant i nl et temperature. Where a separate cool ant path i s used, a l ow ow sensor may
be used.

4.4.3 Coolant Passage Blockage.

A bl ockage woul d prevent the cool ant from reachi ng the
ri ngs, qui ckl y overheati ng them i f operati ng at or near ful l -l oad condi ti ons. Thi s can be moni -
tored by temperature sensors and a parti cul ate (burnt i nsul ati on) detecti on i nstrument.

4.5 Terminal Bushings
4.5.1

Coolant Overtemperature (Water).

Loss of cool i ng water to the termi nal bushi ngs
on machi nes wi th water-cool ed bushi ngs may cause overheati ng of the bushi ngs. Generator
bushi ng cool i ng water di scharge temperatures may be moni tored usi ng TCs. Where a separate
cool ant path i s used, a l ow ow sensor may be used.

4.5.2 Coolant Overtemperature (Gas).

Loss of cool i ng gas to the termi nal bushi ngs on
machi nes wi th gas-cool ed bushi ngs may cause overheati ng of the bushi ngs. Accumul ati on of
l i qui ds (water, seal oi l , etc.) may ood the venti l ati on passages i n the bushi ngs. Thi s may be
moni tored usi ng temperature sensors. Where a separate cool ant path i s used, a l ow ow sen-
sor may be used.

4.5.3 CT Temperatures.

Current transformers and thei r cases can overheat but are usu-
al l y not moni tored for temperature. Thermovi si on or i nfrared scanners can be used to deter-
mi ne case temperatures.

4.6 Flexible Leads.

Breakage of the exi bl e l eads used to i sol ate vi brati on and thermal
expansi on may be detected by vi sual i nspecti on, parti cul ate (burnt i nsul ati on) detector, or by
RF moni tors.

5. Rotor

The rotor usual l y has mi ni mal i nstrumentati on due to the rugged envi ronment that the
sensor woul d have to endure to mai ntai n acceptabl e i ntegri ty and al so due to the di fcul ty i n
obtai ni ng data because of the rotati on of the shaft. Rotor shaft unbal ance, l oose rotor parts,
and l oose retai ni ng ri ngs may show up as i ncreased rotor vi brati on, ampl i tude, or orbi t

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9
changes. Degraded bl ower bl ade performance may be detected as l oss of acceptabl e di fferen-
ti al fan pressure. Parameters that may be moni tored i ncl ude vi brati on, el d current, el d
vol tage, and vi brati on for both the exci ter and mai n el ds.

5.1 Shaft and Forging
5.1.1

Torsional Vibration.

Torsi onal vi brati on of the rotor shaft resul ts i n l oss of l i fe
rel ated to the severi ty and durati on of each i nci dent i ncurred that i s cumul ati ve i n nature
over the l i fe of the uni t (unl ess repai red). Thi s i s not usual l y moni tored, but may be mi ni mi zed
through torsi onal model i ng wi th appropri ate changes i n constructi on, or equi pment modi ca-
ti ons i n the case of exi sti ng uni ts. Several types of torsi onal moni tors, to eval uate and di spl ay
transi ent events, are avai l abl e.
Shaft torsi onal vi brati on may be most severe duri ng el ectri cal faul ts. I t may al so be caused
by any rapi d shi ft i n the transmi ssi on network power ow that, si mpl y stated, creates a twi st-
i ng effect on the turbi ne generator shaft. The twi sti ng wi l l osci l l ate back and forth for a ti me,
and shoul d eventual l y decay to zero. The torsi onal effects can be ampl i ed by unsuccessful
recl osure and are affected by power system stabi l i zers where tted.

5.1.2 Shaft Voltage.

The presence of vol tage on the shaft rel ati ve to ground can l ead to
probl ems. See 7.2.4 for more detai l s.

6. Rotor Winding

The rotor wi ndi ng parameters may be moni tored i ndi rectl y through the measurement of
el d vol tage and current. Brushl ess exci ters l ack sl i p ri ngs, and the rotor wi ndi ng may be
i ndi rectl y moni tored through measurement of the exci ter parameters. Esti mates of generator
el d rotor quanti ti es may be made usi ng generator V curves and exci ter constant resi stance
l oad saturati on curves, permanent magnet generator (PMG) vol tages, and exci ter el d vol tage
and current.

6.1 Electrical
6.1.1

Excitation Current (Brushless).

Mai n generator exci tati on current (el d current)
may be moni tored i ndi rectl y by supervi si ng the mai n generator exci ter el d current, and
appl yi ng the proper correcti on curve to detect any degradati on i n the generator rotor wi ndi ng.
For i nstance, generator rotor shorted turns usual l y causes hi gher exci tati on current requi re-
ments for a gi ven l oad output. Someti mes i nstrument sl i p ri ngs may be used wi th a brushl ess
exci tati on system to gi ve a posi ti ve method of moni tori ng exci tati on vol ts and rotor wi ndi ng
i ntegri ty.

6.1.2 Excitation Voltage and Current (Slip Rings).

Fi el d vol tage and current may be
moni tored at the sl i p ri ngs, di spl ayed, and/or recorded on the generator control panel . These
quanti ti es may be used di rectl y to detect i ncreased generator exci tati on current, thus shorted
turns.

6.1.3 Rotor Winding Ground Fault.

Rotor ground faul ts may be detected by a devi ce that
conti nuousl y or peri odi cal l y determi nes the i nsul ati on resi stance of the rotor wi ndi ng to
ground. The danger i nherent i n a ground i s the possi bi l i ty of devel opi ng a second ground. Thi s
coul d create a magneti c unbal ance, and coul d resul t i n l arge ground l oop currents that coul d
damage the rotor wi ndi ng and forgi ng extensi vel y. Dependi ng on the i nsul ati on resi stance, an
al arm may be i ni ti ated. Al though i t may be possi bl e to detect the second ground, usual l y the
damage has al ready been done.

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6.1.4

Rotor Winding Shorted Turns.

Probl ems created by i nterturn short ci rcui ts are
rarel y catastrophi c i n nature. The rotor may exhi bi t symptoms of thermal i mbal ance resul ti ng
i n vi brati on due to the uneven thermal expansi on caused by the uneven di stri buti on of l osses
i n the el d ci rcui t. Generator capaci ty coul d be affected i f there were a l arge number of
shorted turns requi ri ng a si gni cant i ncrease i n the exci tati on current at a parti cul ar l oad
poi nt to compensate. A change i n the rotor heati ng pattern coul d al so devel op shaft bowi ng
and hi gh vi brati on. A more seri ous probl em occurs i f the i nterturn short devel ops i nto a
ground faul t. Shorted turns are caused by fai l ure or bri dgi ng of the i nsul ati on between turns
of the rotor wi ndi ng. They may be caused or aggravated by centri fugal forces at ful l speed.
Si nce the current-carryi ng rotor conductors are rotati ng, they create a rotati ng magneti c
ux wave i n the machi ne ai r gap. The ux densi ty i n the machi ne ai r gap i s proporti onal to
the magni tude of the current and to the actual number of conductor turns i n each sl ot i n the
rotor. Therefore, measurement of the ai r-gap ux densi ty usi ng a transducer such as a Hal l
effect probe, or search coi l , may i ndi cate possi bl e shorted turns.

6.1.5

Rotor Resistance.

Rotor resi stance i s a functi on of el d wi ndi ng temperature. The
thermal ti me constant creates a del ay i n the change of resi stance. Thi s i s evi dent i n non-base-
l oaded generators, parti cul arl y duri ng transi ent condi ti ons.

6.2 Mechanical
6.2.1 Overheating.

Rotor overheati ng may, i n some cases, be detected i ndi rectl y by an
i ncrease i n the warm gas temperature.
The average temperature can be cal cul ated from the wi ndi ng resi stance obtai ned from el d
current and vol tage, after appropri ate compensati on for the vol tage drop of the brushes and
sl i p ri ngs i f appl i cabl e. The temperature may be di spl ayed and recorded. A hi gh temperature
al arm may be provi ded.
Dependi ng on the type of rotor cool i ng, wi ndi ng hot-spot temperatures can exceed average
temperatures by a factor of 1.11.5. Al arm poi nts may be set to recogni ze thi s as wel l as the
rotor i nsul ati on cl ass.

6.2.2 Vibration.

Shaft vi brati on may be a symptom of many di fferent mechani cal prob-
l ems. Rotor i mbal ance, mi sal i gnment, cracks, hydrogen seal rubs, oi l whi rl , defecti ve bear-
i ngs, uneven rotor heati ng, and damaged fans and mechani cal sti mul ati on through the
turbi ne are onl y some of the causes of changes i n shaft vi brati on. Whatever the cause, vi bra-
ti on i s the symptom of a probl em that shoul d be corrected before further damage occurs. Bear-
i ng vi brati on on the exci ter and turbi ne ends of the generator may be moni tored to detect
abnormal i ti es i n the magni tude, phase, and frequency of the vi brati on at vari abl e l oad condi -
ti ons. A frequency anal ysi s may be requi red for detai l ed anal ysi s of the vi brati on pattern.
Sei smi c and proxi mi ty vi brati on sensors, usual l y two sets 90 degrees apart at each beari ng,
are used for moni tori ng.
The ampl i tude of the vi brati on may be moni tored by ei ther a shaft ri di ng accel erometer,
beari ng housi ng mounted accel erometer, proxi mi ty detector, or by vel oci ty detecti ng sensors.
There are two approaches to vi brati on moni tori ng. The rst i s to si mpl y measure the ampl i -
tude of the vi brati on and to take acti on when the ampl i tude reaches some preset maxi mum.
The second approach i s to anal yze the frequency spectrum of the vi brati on. The coast-down
vi brati on si gnature provi des very useful i nformati on si nce as the machi ne runs down i t passes
through a wi de range of mechani cal exci tati on frequenci es.

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7. Miscellaneous Components

The moni tori ng of fans, beari ngs, seal s, etc., has not been gi ven hi gh pri ori ty i n the past.
However, the machi ne avai l abi l i ty can be i ncreased i f earl y warni ng i s provi ded by si gnal s on
the fan di fferenti al pressure, beari ng temperature and vi brati on, seal l eakage, etc.

7.1 Fans
7.1.1

Gas-Differential Pressure.

The di fferenti al pressure devel oped across the fan
(bl ower) i ndi cates whether hydrogen puri ty has changed, an abnormal i ty exi sts i n the venti l a-
ti on ci rcui t (l ost seal s, bafe fai l ure, or obstructi ons), fan bl ades have been l ost, or adequate
pressure i s bei ng mai ntai ned across the fan. Usi ng a reference puri ty fan to cancel or subtract
out puri ty/temperature changes ai ds i n i nterpreti ng the data.

7.2 Bearings
7.2.1 Lubricating Oil Leak.

Loss of l ubri cati ng oi l can cause severe damage to the bear-
i ngs and journal s. One way to moni tor oi l l eaks may be wi th l i qui d l evel detectors (see 3.1.1),
and by thorough i nspecti on of the l ubri cati on oi l system.

7.2.2

Temperature.

An i ncrease i n beari ng temperature coul d be caused by one of several
factors, such as a reducti on or l oss of l ubri cati ng oi l , pi tti ng of the babbi tt due to shaft cur-
rents, or deteri orati on of the babbi tt materi al . I f any of these condi ti ons conti nues, the bear-
i ng may fai l , causi ng extensi ve damage.
Each beari ng temperature may be measured by TCs or RTDs. One or two sensors are typi -
cal l y l ocated i n the beari ng l ower hal f, very cl ose to (but not i n) the babbi tt materi al . I f the
beari ng i s i nsul ated, the sensor must al so be i nsul ated from the beari ng to prevent shorti ng
the i nsul ati on.
The temperature of the generator beari ngs may be moni tored and recorded constantl y. I f
the temperature ri ses above normal , the cause shoul d be determi ned and corrected. Excessi ve
beari ng temperatures may i ni ti ate an al arm. An el evated beari ng metal temperature at the
beari ng i ndi cates a probl em wi th a potenti al rub condi ti on i f the beari ng vi brati on i s al so
hi gher than normal .

7.2.3

Vibration.

Vi brati on i s normal l y moni tored. An al arm may be i ni ti ated i f l i mi t val -
ues are exceeded (see 6.2.2).

7.2.4 Shaft Currents. Shaft currents are a resul t of the shaft vol tage bei ng di scharged
through the beari ngs, seal s, gears, etc., possi bl y damagi ng them. Several condi ti ons wi thi n a
generator can resul t i n a potenti al between the rotor shaft and ground. Shaft vol tages above
50 V peak to peak can occur from the el ectrostati c charges devel oped on l ow-pressure turbi ne
bl ades. Generator stator magneti c asymmetri es, resi dual magneti zati on of the rotor or frame,
and hi gh-frequency transi ents devel oped from thyri stor exci tati on control s may al so cause
shaft vol tages that can damage beari ngs.
Beari ng current erodes the beari ng babbi tt, resul ti ng i n a dul l surface (frosti ng), and spark
tracks or both, hi gher beari ng temperatures, and ul ti matel y beari ng fai l ure.
Thi s usual l y does not happen to a generator mai n beari ng but can occur on one of the hi gh-
pressure turbi ne beari ngs, the governor mechani sm, seal s, or other surfaces that operate wi th
a thi nner oi l l m that can break down i f sufci ent vol tage i s present. Groundi ng of the shaft
between the turbi ne and generator through brushes, copper brai ds, or an acti ve shaft ground-
i ng system can be used to neutral i ze these currents and prevent condi ti ons such as pi tted
beari ngs.
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12
Symmetri cal el ectri cal l ters between the exci ter and sl i p ri ngs are someti mes empl oyed
for stati c exci tati on systems to reduce shaft vol tage created by the sol i d-state recti er exci ta-
ti on system.
Conti nuous shaft vol tage moni tori ng wi th a dedi cated moni tor, or frequent measurement
wi th an osci l l oscope, may be desi rabl e to veri fy proper operati on of the shaft groundi ng sys-
tem.
7.2.5 Lubricating Oil Flow. The beari ngs must have a conti nuous ow of oi l for l ubri ca-
ti on and cool i ng. A owmeter can be i nstal l ed on the mai n suppl y, or on each beari ng suppl y
l i ne to moni tor the ow of l ubri cati ng oi l . A l ow-ow al arm may be provi ded.
7.2.6 Lubricating Oil Pressure. An al ternate to moni tori ng the oi l ow to each beari ng
woul d be to moni tor the oi l suppl y pressure for each generator beari ng. A l ow-pressure al arm
may be provi ded.
7.2.7 Lubricating Oil Temperature. The temperature of the l ubri cati ng oi l exi ti ng the
beari ngs gi ves an i ndi cati on of the condi ti on of the beari ng. Thi s temperature i s typi cal l y
moni tored and recorded for each beari ng, wi th a hi gh-temperature al arm.
7.3 Hydrogen Seals
7.3.1 Shaft Seal Oil Leak. There i s a mi ni mum requi red ow of seal oi l past the seal oi l
ri ngs. An overpressure of the seal oi l rel ati ve to the gas pressure, excessi ve seal ri ng cl ear-
ance, or excessi ve seal oi l temperature can cause excessi ve ow past the seal oi l ri ngs. Exces-
si ve ow past the seal oi l ri ngs on the generator shaft permi ts oi l to enter the generator frame
and may deposi t oi l on the wi ndi ngs or other l i ve parts, creati ng a potenti al for surface-track-
i ng di scharge (al so i ncreases the potenti al for addi ti onal stator-wi ndi ng vi brati on). Thi s condi -
ti on can be detected by the l i qui d-l evel detectors.
7.3.2 Seal Oil Flow. Very l ow oi l ow to the seal ri ngs can resul t i n l oss of seal i ng, thus
al l owi ng gas to escape from the generator. Excessi vel y hi gh oi l ow can resul t i n oi l enteri ng
the machi nepossi bl y as a resul t of excess cl earance i n the seal gap. Both l ow and hi gh ow
condi ti ons can be detected by moni tori ng the seal oi l pressure, and al armi ng when i t devi ates
from an acceptabl e range.
7.3.3 Seal Oil Pressure. Low oi l pressure can resul t i n overheati ng, i ncreased vi brati on,
and/or possi bl e rub condi ti on. Hydrogen may escape past the oi l barri er i f the pressure i s too
l ow.
NOTE: Requi red seal oi l pressure changes wi th hydrogen pressure.
The seal oi l pressure at each beari ng i s typi cal l y moni tored, wi th an al arm i f the pressure i s
too l ow (see 7.3.2). I f the machi ne i s equi pped wi th a di fferenti al pressure regul ator to mai n-
tai n the oi l to gas-di fferenti al pressure, the di fferenti al pressure at the regul ator may be mon-
i tored.
7.3.4 Seal Metal Temperature. By moni tori ng the temperature of the metal components
of the hydrogen seal s, i t may be possi bl e to detect seal rubs or mi sal i gnment.
7.3.5 Seal Oil Temperature. Oi l temperature shoul d be mai ntai ned between the normal
operati ng l i mi ts as dened by the manufacturer. Unbal anced temperature can resul t i n
i ncreased vi brati on l evel s. Excessi vel y hi gh oi l temperatures can resul t i n i ncreased oi l ow
and can cause some oi l to enter the generator. Excessi vel y l ow oi l temperatures can cause
reduced oi l ow, a l oss of cl earance, and a possi bl e rub wi th the rotor. The seal oi l temperature
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13
at each hydrogen seal may be moni tored wi th an al arm i f the temperature devi ates beyond
acceptabl e l i mi ts.
7.4 Permanent Magnet Generator (PMG)
7.4.1 PMG Voltage. Permanent magnet generator vol tage may be moni tored for vol tage
vari ati on as one possi bl e i ndi cati on that a magnet i n the PMG may have become demagne-
ti zed.
7.5 Collector Rings
7.5.1 Air In/Out Temperature. Col l ector ri ng temperatures cannot be moni tored di rectl y;
however, the di fference i n cool i ng medi um temperature owi ng through the ri ngs and brush
ri ggi ng, and the actual di scharge temperature, may be moni tored. Typi cal l i mi ts are: maxi -
mum di scharge temperature = 65 C, maxi mum temperature ri se = 25 C.
7.5.2 Plugged Air Filters (where applicable). Moni tor the pressure drop across the l -
ters to detect pl uggage.
7.5.3 Hydrogen Leaks. A devi ce to measure the presence of hydrogen i n the ai r may be
l ocated i n the vi ci ni ty of the sl i p ri ngs. Thi s detects hydrogen escapi ng from the radi al pi ns
connecti ng the upshaft l ead to the sl i p ri ngs.
7.6 Hydrogen Cooler
7.6.1 Hydrogen Cooler Leaks. I f the hydrogen cool er l eaks water from the cool ers own
cool i ng ci rcui t, then moi sture may be added to the gas, or standi ng water may col l ect under
the cool er frame. Li qui d l evel detectors under the generator are useful for moni tori ng thi s
probl em. I n machi nes whi ch operate under hi gher hydrogen pressure (60 or 75 psi g), the
hydrogen gas may enter i nto the cool i ng ci rcui t (dependi ng on cool i ng water pressure), resul t-
i ng i n hi gher gas consumpti on.
A cool er gas-bafi ng l eak, where hydrogen i s bypassi ng the cool i ng ci rcui t i nsi de the hydro-
gen cool er, resul ts i n the warm gas bei ng i nsufci entl y cool ed before bei ng returned to the
generator, causi ng reduced cool i ng system efci ency. Thi s resul ts i n a warmer exchange gas
for the generator to transfer i ts l osses.
7.6.2 Air-Bound Coolers. Shoul d the cool er vents become i noperati ve, ai r may col l ect i n
the cool er, i mpedi ng i ts performance. The cool er vent l i nes may be moni tored to ensure that
there i s a conti nuous ow of water. The water and hydrogen TCs or RTDs may al so i denti fy
thi s probl em.
8. Auxiliary External Systems
The external systems shoul d be gi ven speci al attenti on. These systems are cri ti cal to proper
operati on of the generator and may be moni tored to prevent mi soperati on and ensure opti mal
performance.
CAUTION
I f cool er l eaks do occur, hydrogen can accumul ate i n the cool er vent l i nes.
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14
8.1 Hydrogen System. Hydrogen gas i s ci rcul ated under pressure through some machi nes
for cool i ng of the rotor and stator. Conti nuous moni tori ng of the hydrogen can yi el d much use-
ful i nformati on. Those parameters that may be moni tored i ncl ude hydrogen dryness, puri ty,
pressure, temperature, consumpti on, l oss, and presence of parti cul ates.
8.1.1 Generator Humidity. A dryer may be used to mai ntai n the requi red gas dew poi nt
by removi ng moi sture from the gas when the generator i s both on and off l i ne. Prol onged oper-
ati on wi th hi gh dew poi nt can resul t i n el ectri cal tracki ng. I t can al so l ead to stress corrosi on
cracki ng of vari ous components, such as the rotor retai ni ng ri ngs i n the generator.
I f the temperature of the vari ous metal or i nsul ated parts i nsi de the machi ne fal l s bel ow
the dew poi nt of the gas, there may be a possi bi l i ty of formi ng a l m of surface moi sture due to
condensati on.
Gas-cool ant humi di ty may be moni tored conti nuousl y by a dew-poi nt i ndi cator and mai n-
tai ned at a val ue much l ower than the expected cool i ng water temperature. A gas-cool ant dew
poi nt of bel ow 0 C i s typi cal l y acceptabl e. An al arm may be provi ded i f the dew poi nt ri ses
above the set poi nt.
To mi ni mi ze condensati on, some manufacturers recommend that the generator metal and
i nsul ated surfaces shoul d be mai ntai ned at a hi gher temperature than the cool ant gas. On
these machi nes, therefore, the stator-cool i ng water i s typi cal l y mai ntai ned at l east 5 C
warmer than the col d cool ant gas. I f thi s temperature di fference fal l s bel ow 3 C, an al arm
may be acti vated. Refer to the manufacturer for actual temperature di fferenti al l i mi ts (i f
appl i cabl e).
8.1.2 Hydrogen Purity. A gas anal yzer may be provi ded to moni tor the concentrati on of
hydrogen gas i n the generator. Hydrogen from the generator may be conti nuousl y passed
through the anal yzer. The output from the anal yzer may be di spl ayed as hydrogen puri ty i n
the control room. I f the puri ty (concentrati on) shoul d fal l bel ow the manufacturers recom-
mendati on, an al arm may be acti vated; the operator shoul d i nvesti gate and i ni ti ate correcti ve
acti on.
The puri ty of the hydrogen gas i s normal l y mai ntai ned above 92% puri ty. For effecti ve ther-
mal performance, a puri ty above 98% i s typi cal l y preferred. Low hydrogen puri ty resul ts i n
i ncreased wi ndage l osses and l ower efci ency, and may al so rai se the stresses on the venti l a-
ti on system (bl ower).
Pure hydrogen wi l l not support combusti on. However, when mi xed wi th ai r, hydrogen i s
expl osi ve. At atmospheri c pressure, hydrogen concentrati ons from 4% to 74% are dangerous.
For thi s reason the concentrati on of hydrogen i n the generator must be mai ntai ned at a hi gh
l evel .
Addi ti onal moni tori ng for safety purposes may be requi red duri ng purgi ng operati ons.
8.1.3 Hydrogen Pressure.The heat removal capabi l i ty of hydrogen i s determi ned by i ts
pressure i nsi de the generator. The capabi l i ty curve l i mi ts are rel ated to the hydrogen pressure
of the generator. At ful l l oad, the hydrogen pressure shoul d be mai ntai ned at rated desi gn
pressure. At reduced l oad, the generator i s more efci ent i f the pressure i s just sl i ghtl y hi gher
than needed as determi ned by the capabi l i ty curves.
Pressure regul ators are used to reduce the suppl y pressure of the hydrogen gas to the
requi red operati ng pressure of the generator. Proper generator cool i ng depends on mai ntai n-
i ng proper hydrogen pressure. I f adequate pressure cannot be mai ntai ned, the l oad capabi l i ty
of the generator wi l l be affected.
The hydrogen pressure i nsi de the generator may be moni tored and di spl ayed i n the control
room. I n addi ti on, a l ow-pressure al arm may be provi ded and set bel ow the normal operati ng
pressure. The exi stence of a l ow-pressure al arm i ndi cates that a hydrogen l eak exi sts.
A di fferenti al -pressure i ndi cator and al arm may al so be provi ded to moni tor the pressure
across the rotor fan bl ades (bl owers). Thi s woul d provi de an i ndi cati on of restri cted ow,
changes i n puri ty, or changes i n moi sture. Thi s can al so be moni tored peri odi cal l y.
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A thi rd poi nt to moni tor i s the pressure di fference between the hydrogen and the stator-
cool i ng water system (i f appl i cabl e). The hydrogen pressure i s normal l y hi gher than the sta-
tor-cool i ng water pressure to prevent i ngress of water i nto the stator i n the event of a l eak i n
the stator-cool i ng water system.
8.1.4 TemperatureCold Gas. Col d gas temperature may be moni tored and mai ntai ned
between upper and l ower desi gn l i mi ts. I n general , the temperature of the col d gas suppl i ed
by each gas cool er i s typi cal l y bal anced to wi thi n 2 C i n general wi th onl y short excursi ons to
an unbal ance of up to 5 C. Normal recommended col d gas temperature can be obtai ned from
the manufacturers i nstructi on book.
The col d gas temperature may be measured by RTDs or TCs l ocated i n the gas ow path at
the di scharge of the gas cool ers. Usual l y a sensor i s provi ded for each cool er. A temperature
i ndi cati on and hi gh al arm may be provi ded.
8.1.5 TemperatureHot Gas. The temperature of the hot gas returni ng to the cool ers
reects the heat absorbed by the gas. The gas temperature ri se may be moni tored and i s
typi cal l y mai ntai ned at l ess than maxi mum recommended by the manufacturer. Excessi ve
temperature ri se can i ndi cate abnormal i ti es such as l ow puri ty, or pressure i n case of
hydrogen-cool ed machi nes.
The gas temperature may be measured by RTDs or TCs l ocated i n the gas ow path at the
i nl et to the gas cool ers. Usual l y a sensor i s provi ded for each cool er. A temperature i ndi cati on
and hi gh al arm may be provi ded.
For those machi nes that have di rect hydrogen-cool ed wi ndi ngs, the temperature of the
hydrogen l eavi ng sel ected coi l s may be measured by i ndi vi dual RTDs or TCs.
8.1.6 Hydrogen Consumption.Hydrogen consumpti on may be moni tored to ensure that
the consumpti on rate i s not i ncreasi ng, and that hydrogen l eakage rates are at acceptabl e l ev-
el s. Excessi ve l evel s of l eakage are both dangerous and expensi ve. Purge and l l (vent and
add) operati ons may be cl osel y watched and recorded. A gas-total i zi ng ow meter on the i nl et
(makeup) l i ne may provi de i ndi cati on of the total machi ne hydrogen consumpti on.
8.1.7 Hydrogen Loss to Stator-Cooling Water. Hydrogen gas l eakage i nto the stator
water system through the stator bar hol l ow strands or water hoses at the water mani fol d can
l ead to bl ockage of the cool i ng path, becomi ng hydrogen bound due to a gas bubbl e. Thi s may
resul t i n overheati ng of the bars. For water-cool ed stators, a gas ow measurement system
may be i nstal l ed on the vent l i ne of the stator water tank to moni tor excessi ve gas l eakage.
8.1.8 Hydrogen Loss to Hydrogen Coolers. A hydrogen cool er l eak may al so resul t i n
hydrogen enteri ng the cool er water system. Thi s condi ti on, whi l e di fcul t to moni tor, may
eventual l y be detected by hi gh hydrogen consumpti on.
8.1.9 Hydrogen Loss to Oil. Hydrogen gas l eakage i nto the seal oi l system i s possi bl e
where hydrogen and oi l come i nto contact. For systems wi th dual ow, i .e., separated ai r and
hydrogen si de suppl y, the hydrogen si de can be consi dered a cl osed l oop and no appreci abl e
hydrogen l osses are i ncurred. For si ngl e-ow systems, whi ch typi cal l y have a vacuum cham-
ber and pump, constant hydrogen l osses occur. They are i ncl uded i n total consumpti on.
8.1.10 Particulates. An i ndi cati on of general or l ocal overheati ng may be provi ded by a gas
parti cul ate detector commonl y cal l ed condi ti on moni tor or core moni tor. Thi s devi ce moni tors
a conti nuous sampl e of generator hydrogen. I f any overheati ng of the generator i nternal com-
ponents occurs (stator wi ndi ng, l ami nati ons, etc.), smal l parti cl es of organi c materi al are
rel eased i nto the gas stream due to thermal decomposi ti on. The gas-parti cul ate detector may
sense these parti cul ates and may provi de an al arm at a preset l evel .
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I n addi ti on, a pyrol ysate col l ector can be i ncorporated as part of the gas-parti cul ate detec-
tor. The col l ector wi l l automati cal l y col l ect a sampl e of the gas whenever a gas-parti cul ate
detector al arm i s acti vated. The sampl e can then be anal yzed to determi ne the actual source
of the parti cul ates.
8.2 Seal Oil System. The seal oi l system i s desi gned to prevent l eakage of hydrogen from the
generator to the atmosphere. Wi th some machi nes, the system i s spl i t i nto two partsthe ai r
si de and the hydrogen si de. The ai r-si de seal oi l i s pumped to the shaft seal s through cool ers
and l ters. I t then ows through the seal s vi a annul ar gaps between the shaft and the seal
ri ngs. Fi nal l y, i t drai ns to the ai r-si de seal oi l storage tank for reci rcul ati on.
The hydrogen-si de seal oi l system i s a si ngl e-ow system and i s si mi l ar to the ai r si de
except that the oi l ows i nto a separate seal oi l tank where the entrai ned hydrogen escapes
from the oi l . The hydrogen-si de seal oi l suppl y pressure i s mai ntai ned hi gher than the hydro-
gen gas pressure, and sl i ghtl y l ower or equal to the ai r-si de seal oi l suppl y, i f so equi pped.
8.2.1 Differential PressureFilters. The seal oi l l ter di fferenti al pressure may be mon-
i tored to ensure proper operati on of the l ter. A hi gh di fferenti al pressure may be a resul t of a
cl ogged l ter or excessi vel y hi gh oi l ow. A l ow di fferenti al pressure can be an i ndi cati on of
l ow oi l ow.
The di fferenti al pressure across the seal oi l system l ter may be moni tored (or peri odi cal l y
checked) wi th a di fferenti al -pressure i ndi cati on and a hi gh-pressure al arm.
8.2.2 Differential PressureGas to Oil. The di fferenti al pressure between the hydrogen
gas and the suppl y oi l must be mai ntai ned at a safe margi n (approxi matel y 10 psi g) to pre-
vent the hydrogen from escapi ng from the generator at the seal ri ngs. Oi l pressure must
al ways be hi gher than hydrogen pressure when there i s hydrogen i n the generator.
The di fferenti al pressure between the seal oi l and the hydrogen gas may be moni tored wi th
a di fferenti al -pressure i ndi cati on and a l ow-pressure al arm.
8.2.3 Differential PressureAir Side to Gas Side. The di fferenti al pressure of the seal
oi l between the ai r-si de seal oi l system and the hydrogen-gas-si de seal oi l system may be mon-
i tored wi th a di fferenti al -pressure i ndi cati on and a hi gh-pressure al arm.
8.2.4 Air-Side Seal Oil Pressure. The pressure of the seal oi l on the ai r si de of the system
may be moni tored, i f appl i cabl e, wi th a l ow-pressure al arm.
8.2.5 Hydrogen-Side Seal Oil Pressure. The pressure of the seal oi l on the hydrogen si de
of the system may be moni tored wi th a l ow-pressure al arm.
8.2.6 Seal Oil Pump Discharge Pressure. The di scharge pressure of the seal oi l pump
may be moni tored wi th a l ow-pressure al arm.
8.2.7 Seal Oil Tank Level. Vacuum detrai n tanks wi th hi gh oi l l evel s coul d back up i nto
the defoami ng tanks and eventual l y i nto the generator. Low oi l l evel s i ndi cate an oi l l eak from
the system.
The l evel of oi l i n the seal oi l tanks may be moni tored wi th hi gh- and l ow-l evel al arms.
8.2.8 Seal Oil System Temperature. Measure the temperature i n the seal oi l system at
the fol l owi ng poi nts: seal oi l l eavi ng the cool ers (hi gh temperature al arm); cool i ng water l eav-
i ng the cool ers; and cool i ng water i nl et to the cool er.
8.2.9 Seal Oil System Flow. Measure the seal oi l ow to each seal (i f possi bl e) on both the
ai r si de and the hydrogen si de of the seal oi l system.
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8.3 Stator-Cooling Water System. Di rect cool i ng of conductors usi ng dei oni zed water may
be the most effecti ve way to achi eve hi gh generator capaci ty. The cool i ng water i s passed
through hol l ow conductors or tubi ng i nsi de the wi ndi ng. To achi eve rel i abl e operati on, conti n-
uous moni tori ng and peri odi c sampl i ng may be provi ded to determi ne the water conducti vi ty,
temperature, pressure, and content of oxygen, hydrogen, copper, and pH val ue. Overheati ng
can cause thermal degradati on of the i nsul ati on, physi cal damage to the i nsul ati on due to rel -
ati ve movement, and boi l i ng of the water, produci ng gas pockets and i mpai red water ow.
8.3.1 Conductivity. The demi neral i zed water may be moni tored for acceptabl e conducti v-
i ty. Hi gh conducti vi ty may be dangerous i n the stator bar envi ronment of the water system.
Demi neral i zer beds shoul d be functi onal and effecti ve duri ng system operati on. Hi gh conduc-
ti vi ty can resul t i n el ectri cal tracki ng to ground. Typi cal conducti vi ty l evel s are between
0.1 /i n and 1.0 /i n. An al arm may be i ni ti ated whenever the conducti vi ty i s outsi de
acceptabl e l i mi ts as establ i shed by the manufacturer.
8.3.2 Differential PressureInlet to Outlet. The di fferenti al pressure across the stator
wi ndi ng from i nl et water mani fol d to outl et water mani fol d may be moni tored to ensure ade-
quate cool i ng water ow, and to mai ntai n the effecti veness of the cool i ng system. I ncreased
di fferenti al pressure at a gi ven ow may be an i ndi cati on of i ncreased ow resi stance due to
foul i ng or pl uggi ng.
8.3.3 Inlet Temperature. I nl et stator cool i ng water temperature may be moni tored for
stabl e operati on at acceptabl e l evel s as descri bed i n the manufacturers i nstructi on book. An
al arm may be provi ded at the maxi mum permi tted temperature, such as 50 C. Refer to ANSI
C50.13-1977 [1].
8.3.4 Outlet Temperature. Outl et stator cool i ng water temperature may be moni tored for
stabl e operati on at acceptabl e l evel s as descri bed i n the manufacturers i nstructi on book. Thi s
may i ncl ude an al arm at a temperature above that expected wi th normal operati on, such as
above 75 C.
8.3.5 Oxygen Content. The di ssol ved oxygen content of the water i n cl osed systems i s nor-
mal l y control l ed to prevent corrosi on of hol l ow copper strands, whi ch coul d bl ock off the cool -
i ng passage through the bars. Normal l evel i s typi cal l y l ess than 50 ppb (parts per bi l l i on) for
hydrogen-saturated systems. There i s essenti al l y no l i mi t for open venti l ated systems. See the
manufacturers i nstructi on book for requi rements. Oxygen content may be conti nuousl y moni -
tored.
8.3.6 Pressure. The water pressure of the stator cool i ng water system i s typi cal l y mai n-
tai ned at the proper l evel s to ensure adequate hi gh-pressure water suppl y to the i nl et water
mani fol d and (i f appl i cabl e) that the stator-cool i ng water pressure i s al ways l ess than the
hydrogen gas pressure.
8.3.7 Copper and Iron Content. Copper and i ron concentrati on may al so be moni tored.
Normal l evel s are typi cal l y l ess than 20 ppb.
8.3.8 Hydrogen Content (see 8.1.7).The hydrogen content of the water system typi cal l y
i s mi ni mal i f no l eaks i nto the system are present. Excessi ve venti ng from the rel i ef val ve on
the stator water tank may be an i ndi cati on that hydrogen i s enteri ng the system.
8.3.9 pH Value. The pH val ue of the water may be determi ned to ensure stabl e water
chemi stry accordi ng to the manufacturers recommendati ons.
19
A
Abrasi on, 4.3.8
Accel erometer, 4.3.8, 6.2.2
Acousti c, 3.1.2
Acti ve power, 4.1.4
Ai r bound cool ers, 7.6.2
Ai r-cool ed, 3.1.1, 4.2.2
Ai r l ters, 7.5.2
Ai r-gap ux densi ty, 3.2.6, 6.1.4
Ai r temperature, 7.5.1
Ai r-to-gas pressure, 8.2.3
Al i gnment, 3.0, 3.1.2, 6.2.2, 7.3.4
Axi al bol ts, 3.2.6
B
Babbi tt damage, 7.2.2, 7.2.4
Bafe damage, 7.1.1, 7.6.1
Bal ance, 3.1.2
Bar, 4.2.1, 4.2.2, 4.3.1, 8.3.1
Bar gas temperature, 3.2.1, 4.3.1, 4.3.2
Bar l eaks, 3.1.1
Bar outl et water temperature, 4.3.1, 4.3.2, 4.3.6
Bar pl ugged, 4.3.1, 4.3.3, 4.3.4, 4.3.6, 8.1.7, 8.3.5
Beari ng, 3.1.2, 4.1.3, 6.2.2, 7.2.1, 7.2.2, 7.2.3,
7.2.4, 7.2.5, 7.2.6, 7.2.7
Beari ng current, 7.2.4
Beari ng l oadi ng, 3.1.2
Bl ade, turbi ne, 4.1.3
Bl ocked cool i ng, 4.3.3, 4.3.6, 4.4.4, 8.3.5
Bl ocked passage, 4.3.3, 4.4.3, 4.3.6, 8.3.5
Bl ower (fans), 6.2.2, 7.1.1, 8.1.2, 8.1.3
Boi l i ng water, 8.3
Bottom bars, 4.2.1, 4.2.2
Brushl ess exci ters, 6.1.1
Brushes, 6.2.1, 7.5.1
Burnt i nsul ati on, 4.3.5, 4.3.7, 4.4.3, 4.6
Bushi ngs, 4.1.2, 4.5.1, 4.5.2
C
Capabi l i ty curve, 3.2.2, 8.1.3
Capaci tance probe, 4.2.3
Cavi tati on, 4.3.1
Ci rcul ati ng currents, 3.2.3
Ci rcumferenti al bol ts, 3.2.6
Coast-down vi brati on, 6.2.2
Col d gas temperature, 3.1.1, 3.2.1, 4.3.2, 8.1.4
Col d shutdown, 3.1.1
Col d water temperature, 4.3.2
Col l ector ri ngs, 7.5.1
Condensati on, 3.1.1, 8.1.1
Condi ti on moni tor, 8.1.10
Conducti vi ty, 4.3.1, 8.3.1
Conductor-cool ed, 4.2.1
Conductor temperature, 4.2.1
Copper i n water, 8.3.7
Cool ant, 8.3
Cool ant ow, 3.2.1, 4.2.1, 4.3.1, 4.3.2, 4.3.3,
4.3.4, 4.3.6, 4.4.2, 4.5.1, 4.5.2, 8.3.2
Cool ant l eak, 4.3.1, 4.4.1, 4.5.2
Cool ant temperature, 3.2.1, 4.2.1, 4.3.2, 4.3.3,
4.3.4, 4.3.7, 4.4.1, 4.5.1, 4.5.2, 8.1.1
Cool er l eak, 3.1.1, 4.4.1, 7.6.1
Cool er operati on, 3.1.2
Cool i ng system, 3.1.2, 4, 7.6.2, 8.3
Coupl i ng, 3.1.2
Core-end regi on, 3.2.2, 3.2.4, 3.2.5
Core heati ng test, 3.2.3
Core l ami nati ons, 3.2.3, 3.2.6
Core l oop test, 3.2.3
Core moni tor, 8.1.10
Core temperature, 3.2.1, 3.2.2, 3.2.3, 3.2.4,
3.2.5, 4.1.6
Core ti ghtness, 3.2.6
Core vi brati on, 3.1.2, 3.2.6
Corona, 4.2.3, 8.1.1
Corrosi on, 4.3.6, 8.1.1, 8.3.5
Cracked strand, 4.2.1, 4.3.1, 4.3.3, 4.3.7
Cri ti cal frequency, 4.1.3
CT temperature, 4.5.3
Current, 4.1.2, 6.1.1, 6.1.2
Current i mbal ance, 4.1.5
Current, negati ve sequence, 4.1.5
Current transformers, 4.1.2, 4.1.4, 4.2.3, 4.5.3
Cycl i ng, 4.3.7, 5.1.1
D
Demi neral i zer, 8.3.1
Dew poi nt, 3.1.1, 8.1.1
Di fferenti al pressure, 4.3.1, 7.1.1, 8.1.3, 8.2.1,
8.2.2, 8.2.3, 8.3.2
Di fferenti al temperature, 4.2.2
Index
20
Di rect axi s force, 3.2.6
Di rect-cool ed, 4.2.1, 8.1.5
Doubl e frequency, 3.2.6, 4.1.5
Drai ns, 3.1.1
Dryer (gas), 8.1.1
E
El ectri cal di scharges, 4.2.3, 7.3.1, 8.1.1, 8.3.1
El ectromagneti c sensor, 3.2.3
El ectrostati c charge, 7.2.4
End-tooth heati ng, 3.2.2, 3.2.4
End turns, 3.2.6, 4.3.8
End wi ndi ng, 4.3.8
Exci tati on, 3.2.2, 3.2.4, 3.2.5, 6.1.1, 6.1.2, 6.1.4,
6.2.1, 7.2.4
Exci ter el d, 6.1.2
F
Fans (bl ower), 6.2.2, 7.1.1, 8.1.2, 8.1.3
Faul t, el ectri cal , 5.1.1
Fi ber opti c, 4.3.8
Fi el d amps, 6.1.1, 6.2.1
Fi el d resi stance, 6.1.5, 6.2.1
Fi el d vol ts, 6.1.1, 6.2.1
Fi l ter, 7.2.4, 7.5.2, 8.2.1
Fl ashover, 4.2.3, 7.3.1, 8.1.1, 8.3.1
Fl exi bl e l eads, 4.6
Fl ux densi ty, 6.1.4
Fl ux trap heati ng, 3.2.5
Frame foot l oadi ng, 3.1.2
Frame vi brati on, 3.1.2, 3.2.6
Frequency, 3.2.2, 3.2.6, 4.1.3, 4.1.6
Frosti ng, 7.2.4
G
Gas anal yzer, 8.1.2
Gas bubbl e, 8.1.7, 8.3
Gas-cool ed, 4.3.1
Gas-di fferenti al pressure, 7.1.1, 8.2.3
Gas dryer, 3.1.1, 8.1.1
Gas ow, 3.2.1, 4.2.1, 4.3.1, 4.3.6, 4.4.1, 8.1.3,
8.1.6
Gas pressure, 3.2.1, 4.2.1, 4.3.1, 4.3.2, 8.1.3
Gas temperature, 3.1.1, 3.2.1, 4.3.1, 4.3.2, 4.3.6,
4.3.7, 6.2.1, 7.5.1, 8.1.1, 8.1.4, 8.1.5
Gas-to-ai r pressure, 8.2.3
Gas-to-oi l pressure, 7.3.3, 8.2.2
Gas-to-water pressure, 8.1.3
Gl and steam seal s, 3.1.1
Governor, 7.2.4
Ground faul t, 6.1.3, 6.1.4
Groundi ng brush, 7.2.4
Grouti ng probl em, 3.1.2
H
Hal l effect probe, 6.1.4
Header box l eak, 4.3.1
Hose l eak, 4.3.1
Hose outl et temperature, 4.3.3, 4.3.6
Hot gas temperature, 3.2.1, 8.1.5
Hot spot, 3.2.2, 3.2.3, 4.2.1, 6.2.1
Hot-to-col d bar temperature, 4.2.2
Humi di ty, 3.1.1, 8.1.1
Hydrogen, 3.1.1, 3.2.1, 4.3.1, 4.3.7, 7.5.3, 7.6.1,
8.1
Hydrogen consumpti on, 7.3.2, 7.3.3, 8.1.6, 8.1.8
Hydrogen dryness, 3.1.1, 8.1.1
Hydrogen embri ttl ement, 4.3.7
Hydrogen i n oi l , 8.1.9
Hydrogen i n water, 4.3.1, 4.4.1, 7.6.2, 8.1.3,
8.1.7, 8.1.8, 8.3.8
Hydrogen l eaks, 7.5.3, 8.1.3, 8.1.6, 8.1.7
Hydrogen pressure, 3.2.1, 4.3.1, 7.1.1, 7.3.3,
7.6.1, 8.1.3, 8.3.6
Hydrogen puri ty, 3.2.1, 7.1.1, 8.1.2, 8.1.5
Hydrogen seal s, 4.1.3, 6.2.2, 7.1.1, 7.3.2, 7.3.4,
7.3.5
Hydrogen vent, 4.3.1, 8.1.6, 8.1.7, 8.3.8
I
I nfrared scanner, 4.5.3
I nspecti on, 3.2.3, 4.3.8, 7.2.1
I nsul ated beari ngs, 7.2.2
I nsul ati on breakdown, 3.2.2, 4.2.1, 4.2.3, 4.3.3,
4.3.5, 8.3
I nternal di scharges, 4.2.3
I ron i n water, 8.3.7
L
Laggi ng power factor, 3.2.2
Lami nati on breakage, 3.2.6
Lami nati on short, 3.2.3
Leadi ng power factor, 3.2.2, 3.2.4, 3.2.5
21
Leak, 3.1.1, 4.3.1, 7.2.1, 7.3.1, 7.6.1, 8.1.3, 8.1.6,
8.1.7
Li qui d-cool ed, 4.2.2
Li qui d i n generator, 3.1.1, 7.2.1
Li qui d l evel detector, 3.1.1, 4.4.1, 7.2.1, 7.3.1,
7.6.1
Load swi ng, 4.3.7, 5.1.1
Load unbal ance, 4.1.5
Local overheati ng, 3.2.2
Loop test, 3.2.3
Loose bar, 4.3.7, 4.3.8
Loose core, 3.2.6
Loss of cool ant, 4.3.2, 4.5.1
Loss of oi l , 7.2.1, 7.2.2
M
Magneti c asymmetry, 3.2.6, 6.1.2, 7.2.4
Magneti c forces, 3.2.6, 4.2.1
Magneti c saturati on, 4.1.6
Mani fol d l eak, 3.1.1, 4.3.1
Megavars, 3.2.4, 4.1.4
Megawatts, 4.1.4
Metal temperature, 7.3.4
Meteri ng, 4.1.1, 4.1.2
Mi sal i gnment, 6.2.2, 7.3.4
Moi sture, 3.1.1, 7.6.1, 8.1.1, 8.1.3
N
Negati ve sequence, 4.1.5
Neutral current transformers, 4.2.3
Noi se, 3.2.6
O
Off l i ne, 3.1.1, 4.1.6
Oi l , 7.2.1, 7.2.5, 7.3.1
Oi l ow, 7.2.5, 8.2.1, 8.2.9
Oi l l eak, 3.1.1, 4.5.2, 7.2.1, 7.3.1
Oi l l evel , 8.2.7
Oi l pressure, 7.2.6, 7.3.3, 8.2.6
Oi l temperature, 7.2.7, 7.3.1, 7.3.5, 8.2.8
Oi l whi rl , 6.2.2
Outage, 3.1.1, 4.1.6
Oval i zi ng, 3.1.2
Overcurrent, 4.2.1
Overexci tati on, 3.2.1, 3.2.2
Overl oad, 3.2.1, 4.2.1, 4.3.2, 4.3.4
Overvol tage, 4.1.6
Oxygen content, 4.3.6, 8.3.5
Oxygen corrosi on, 4.3.6, 8.3.5
P
Paral l el ri ngs, 4.4.1, 4.4.2, 4.4.3
Parti al di scharge, 4.2.3
Parti cul ates, 3.2.2, 3.2.3, 3.2.4, 4.3.5, 4.3.7,
4.4.3, 4.6, 8.1.10
Pedestal beari ngs, 3.1.2
pH, 8.3.9
Phase current, 4.1.2
Phase connecti ons, 4.4.1, 4.4.2, 4.4.3
Phase ri ngs, 4.4.1, 4.4.2, 4.4.3
Pi tti ng, 7.2.2
Pl ugged l ter, 7.5.2
PMG, 7.4.1
PMG vol ts, 7.4.1
Pol e face, 4.1.5
Potenti al transformer, 4.1.1, 4.1.3, 4.1.4
Power, 4.1.4, 5.1.1
Power factor, 3.2.2, 3.2.4
Pressure, 7.2.6, 7.3.2, 7.3.3, 8.1.3, 8.1.5, 8.2.1-
8.2.6, 8.3.6
Pressure ai r si de, 8.2.4
Pressure ai r to gas, 8.2.3
Pressure hydrogen si de, 8.2.5
Proxi mi ty sensor, 6.2.2
Puri ty, 7.1.1, 8.1.2, 8.1.3, 8.1.5, 8.3.7
Pyrol ysate col l ector, 3.2.2, 8.1.9
Q
Quadrature axi s force, 3.2.6
R
Radi al pi ns, 7.5.3
Radi o frequency (RF), 4.2.3, 4.3.7, 4.6
Reacti ve power, 3.2.4, 3.2.5, 4.1.4
Recl osure, 5.1.1
Rel ayi ng, 4.1.1, 4.1.2
Resi dual magneti sm, 7.2.4
Resi stance, 6.1.3, 6.2.1, 6.1.5
Resonance, 3.1.2, 4.1.3, 4.3.7
Retai ni ng ri ng, 8.1.1
RF moni tor, 4.2.3, 4.3.7, 4.6
Rotor, 4.1.3, 5.1, 6.1
Rotor bal ance, 3.1.2, 4.1.5, 6.2.2
Rotor damage, 3.1.2, 4.1.3, 6.2.2, 8.1.1
22
Rotor ground, 6.1.3
Rotor heati ng, 3.1.2, 4.1.5, 6.1.4, 6.2.1, 6.2.2
Rotor mi sal i gnment, 3.1.2, 6.2.2
Rotor wedges, 4.1.5
RTD, 4.2.1, 4.3.1, 4.3.2, 4.3.3, 4.3.6, 4.4.1, 7.2.2,
7.6.2, 8.1.4, 8.1.5
Rub, 6.2.2, 7.2.2, 7.3.3, 7.3.4, 7.3.5
S
Saturati on, 4.1.6
Seal s, 4.1.3, 6.2.2, 7.1.1, 7.2.4, 7.3.4
Seal oi l , 3.1.1, 7.3.1, 7.3.2, 7.3.3, 7.3.5, 8.1.9, 8.2
Seal oi l tank, 8.2.7
Search coi l , 6.1.4
Sei smi c transducers, 3.1.2, 6.2.2
Shaft bowi ng, 6.1.4
Shaft current/vol tage, 5.1.2, 7.2.2, 7.2.4
Shaft torsi on, 4.1.3, 5.1.1
Shorted turn, 6.1.1, 6.1.2, 6.1.4
Sl i p ri ngs, 6.1.1, 6.1.2, 6.2.1, 7.2.4, 7.5.1
Sl ot di scharges, 4.2.3
Sl ot temperature, 4.2.2
Sl ot wedges, 4.1.5
Speed, 4.1.3
Stabi l i zers, 5.1.1
Stator bar l eak, 3.1.1, 4.3.1
Stator bar vi brati on, 4.2.1
Stator cool i ng water, 4.3.1, 4.4.1, 8.1.1, 8.1.7, 8.3
Stator wi ndi ng temperature, 4.2.1, 8.3.3, 8.3.4
Steam gl ands, 3.1.1
Strand crack, 4.2.1, 4.3.1, 4.3.3, 4.3.7
Stress corrosi on, 8.1.1
Subsynchronous resonance, 4.1.3
T
Taggi ng compounds, 3.2.2
Tank l evel , 8.2.7
Thermal expansi on, 4.6, 6.1.4
Thermocoupl e (TC), 3.2.1, 3.2.2, 3.2.4, 3.2.5,
4.2.2, 4.3.2, 4.3.3, 4.3.6, 4.4.1, 4.5.1, 7.2.2,
7.6.2, 8.1.4, 8.1.5
Temperature, 3.2, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 6.1.5, 6.2.1,
7.2.2, 7.2.7, 7.3.4, 7.3.5, 7.5.1, 8.1.1, 8.1.4,
8.1.5, 8.2.8, 8.3.3, 8.3.4
Termi nal box, 3.1.1
Termi nal bushi ngs, 4.1.2, 4.5.1, 4.5.2
Thermographi c, 3.2.3, 4.5.3
Thermovi si on, 3.2.3, 4.5.3
Thyri stors, 7.2.4
Top bars, 4.2.1, 4.2.2
Torsi onal , 4.1.5, 5.1.1
Torsi onal moni tor, 4.1.3, 5.1.1
Torsi onal vi brati on, 4.1.3, 4.1.5, 5.1.1
Tracki ng, 4.2.3, 7.3.1, 8.1.1, 8.3.1
Turbi ne bl ade damage, 4.1.3
Turn, shorted, 6.1.4
U
Unbal ance, 5.1, 6.1.4, 6.2.2
Unbal anced current, 4.1.2, 4.1.5
Underexci tati on, 3.2.2, 3.2.4, 3.2.5
Underfrequency, 4.1.6
Unequal cool i ng, 3.1.2, 6.2.2
Unequal magneti c pul l , 3.2.6, 6.1.3
V
Vent, 4.3.1, 7.3.2, 8.1.6, 8.1.7, 8.3.8
Vi brati on, 3.1.2, 3.2.6, 4.1.3, 4.1.5, 4.2.1, 4.3.1,
4.3.7, 4.3.8, 4.6, 5.1.1, 6.1.4, 6.2.2, 7.2.2, 7.3.1,
7.3.3, 7.3.5
Voi ds, 4.2.3
Vol tage, 3.2.2, 4.1.1, 4.1.3, 4.1.6, 6.1.1, 6.1.2,
7.4.1
Vol tage gradi ent, 4.2.3
Vol ts-per-Hertz rati o, 4.1.6
W
Water, 4.2.2, 4.3.2, 8.1.3, 8.1.7, 8.3
Water box, 4.3.1
Water chemi stry, 4.3.6
Water hose l eak, 3.1.1, 4.3.1
Water mani fol d l eak, 3.1.1, 4.3.1
Water pressure, 8.3.6
Water temperature, 3.2.1, 4.2.2, 4.3.2, 4.3.6,
8.1.1, 8.3.3, 8.3.4
Wedges, 4.1.5
Wet gas, 3.1.1, 8.1.1
Wi ndage, 8.1.2
Wi ndi ng (see bar), 4, 4.2.1

Recommended Practice For Monitoring and Instrumentation of Turbine Generators

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